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	Fides Quaerens Intellectum » The Problem of the Criterion
		The Problem of the Criterion is an argument that purports to show that all epistemological theorizing must involve circular reasoning; therefore, no belief has any justification whatsoever.
		The Problem of the Criterion would say no. So I may be seen as “biting the bullet” and agreeing that the Problem of the Criterion has a large scope.
		If the problem of criteria is not proper to epistemology, but the question of what knowledge is is proper to it, then we can conclude that the dilemma between A and B alternatives is not preoperly speaking an epistmological dilemma- because one belongs to epistemology properly speaking, and the other does not.
	blog.johndepoe.com /?p=340 (5220 words)

	Ach! "Oh! (my)" - A System for Analyzing the Problem of the Criterion
		The Problem of the Criterion (Rowman and Littlefield: Maryland, 1993), 11-12.
		The Problem of the Criterion (Rowman and Littlefield: Maryland, 1993), 13.
		The Problem of the Criterion (Rowman and Littlefield: Maryland, 1993), 9, 30.
	vap0rtranz.livejournal.com /54412.html (2971 words)

	real_philosophy: A System for Analyzing the Problem of the Criterion
		The problem of the criterion is subtle, as Amico has characterized it, and carries a stigma of skepticism festered by Chisholm.
		This problem has been pejoratively referred to as "the diallelus" or the problem of "the wheel" or (quite negatively) the "vicious cycle", but I am not necessarily discussing the problem of self-refutation, the BIV paradox, or other variants stigmatized for dogmatic skeptics.
		By not refuting the problem of the criterion, we might imply a plurality of truths and logics inconsistent with traditional theories of knowledge.
	community.livejournal.com /real_philosophy/395641.html (2383 words)

	The Problem of the Criterion (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Problem of the criterion is defined as follows: To know anything - that is, to distinguish the "good" kind of beliefs from the "bad" kind - we need a method or criterion, a process that guarantees that what we claim to know is truly knowledge.
		The problem of the criterion is one of the most important and most difficult of philosophy.
		If there is a criterion of truth, then this criterion should satisfy three conditions: it should be internal, objective, and immediate.
	www.brianpedigo.com /personal/notes/criterion.htm (525 words)

	Observation Sentences, Quine, and Empiricism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fries encapsulated the problem in a trilemma: either some beliefs are accepted dogmatically and without justification, or else there is an infinite regress of justification, or else some beliefs are justified directly by sensory experience.
		The problem is particularly perplexing for empiricists, as rules of translation (indeed, rules of any sort) are not directly observable; rules do not immediately present themselves to the senses.
		The problems that certain things or kinds of sentences were initially supposed to address is often lost in the dialectic, or else the problems are transformed by the dialectic; in either case, current problem situations can be clarified, if only slightly, through analysis of the historical development of the problem.
	nicholaosj.0catch.com /p863A1a.html (6188 words)

	Statistics Solutions : Validity
		Criterion validity, also called concurrent validity, has to do with the correlation between scale or instrument measurement items and known and accepted standard measures or criteria.
		The authors conclude that the results suggest that the instrument "cannot yet be used as a scientifically validated instrument for judging the truthfulness of allegations of child sexual abuse." Logic: A good instrument would identify valid cases of child abuse and for valid cases, the outcomes would tend to be different.
		Other researchers use the criterion that two constructs differ if the correlations between a given scale and a specific criterion measure are greater in magnitude than the correlations between that same scale and criterion measures used for other unrelated scales.
	www.statisticssolutions.com /Validity.htm (4096 words)

	EXAMINING THE EXAM:
		The problem with the AACSB testing procedure is that it is time consuming (1.5 days per student), expensive ($198 per student), and tests at the level of the entire curriculum (Dobbins, 1989).
		A short-term criterion that has potential in the case of students is a rating of on-the-job performance in the same areas assessed by the action skills testing procedure.
		Consider the extent to which he assures that the problem is one of motivation (vs. communication, knowledge), determines the nature of any motivation problem, ascertains the motivational needs of other individuals, jointly sets performance goals, and finds ways to reinforce desirable behaviors in others through provision of valued outcomes contingent upon performance.
	cobe.boisestate.edu /msr/skilbook/mcevoy.htm (3591 words)

	Phil 300: Sample Answers
		To answer this well, it may be helpful to keep in mind that the Problem of the Criterion applies to criteria for belief, not to particular beliefs.
		To answer this, you require a criterion for telling true from false; but to justify the criterion you must prove that its good.
		One problem this theory has is that it doesn't fit with the way we use beliefs to explain behavior.
	newton.uor.edu /facultyfolder/jeremy_anderson/old/300f04/300samples.html (1048 words)

	Settlement criteria of definition of the purposes and problems
		Pay attention, I began the previous offer from concept of the purpose (it would be possible also problems), and have stopped a problem (it would be possible a problem), but thus the outcome of our desires and operations was not changed - a radio receiver.
		Naturally, it is important numerical estimations of a modification of conditions of process and a certain function which with a good degree of an exactitude would describe its behaviour is necessary.
		Having taken advantage of my program it is possible to conduct researches of behaviour, both the function, and a phenomenon of transition of reaching of the purpose circumscribed to it to the category of problems, to be exact process of accumulation and practical use of knowledge.
	www.ironya.com /purposeen.html (1989 words)

	[No title]
		The rule of faith is a criterion (from the Greek meaning a means of judging) or standard for determining what is true of false in regard to religious knowledge.
		Now if that criterion is called into question, perhaps the skeptic proposes another competing criterion (a criterion which would decide that "God is not a trinity." is true), you then have a serious problem.
		The second challenge -- that of justifying the criterion for the truth of particular propositions is an expecially difficult problem -- and so it is known as the the problem of the criterion.
	www.oregonstate.edu /instruct/phl302/distance/montaigne/back1.html (1449 words)

	The Misapprehension of Presentational Immediacy
		From Whitehead’s perspective this problem clings to the concept of undifferentiatedly enduring substance, but that concept is itself the outgrowth of the misapprehension of presentational immediacy.
		On the surface an attempt to solve the problem of repeatability directly without grappling with presentational immediacy would seem like treating a serious sinus infection with aspirin, relieving the symptoms, but leaving the bacteria free to continue their ugly work.
		Indeed from Whitehead’s perspective the clear and distinct criterion is one of those philosophical notions inconsistent with the Cartesian turn because it is "derived from another point of view" (PR 167/253).
	www.religion-online.org /showarticle.asp?title=2573 (5039 words)

	UC Davis Philosophy 22 Lecture Notes: The Skeptical Crisis in European Philosophy
		The challege cannot be met by appeal to the criterion under dispute, or to that which the criterion is supposed to decide.
		The criterion cannot be pre-evident, for then the existence and nature of gods would be pre-evident, while the disagreement shows it is not.
		On the other hand, if the criterion is non-evident: "for he who asserts this will be driven into circular reasoning when we keep demanding proof every time for the non-evident fact which he produces as proof of the one last propounded.
	www-philosophy.ucdavis.edu /mattey/phi022/skeptic.htm (1276 words)

	Wordgems - Philosophy: Adler's Syntopicon Essays: Truth
		THE PROBLEM OF THE criteria or signs of truth does not seem to be of equal concern to all who discuss the nature of truth.
		THE PROBLEM of the criterion of truth is sometimes closely connected with the problem of the causes of error.
		Looking at the problem from the point of view of the theologian, Aquinas holds that Adam, in his state of innocence before the fall, could not be deceived.
	www.word-gems.com /philos.adler.truth.html (4150 words)

	TPM Online Article
		Now it might seem as if the answer here is obvious, in that one should start simply by looking at the cases in which one has knowledge and considering what is common to each case.
		If knowledge only required true belief, then we might be entitled to think that so obvious a set of criteria for knowledge could be determined without making use of any putative instances of knowledge (though note that we have already begun to illicitly bring examples into our discussion, so this claim is far from uncontentious).
		In this way, we might be able to weaken the force of the Problem of the Criterion.
	www.philosophersnet.com /magazine/article.php?id=862&el=true (1740 words)

	Direction: Modernism, Postmodernism, and the Problem of the Criterion
		The problem of the criterion is a fundamental problem in epistemology, the theory of knowledge.
		Although I have presented the problem of the criterion as a problem in epistemology, the same (or at least similar) problems arise in a wide variety of situations.
		I believe that the problem of the criterion and the orientations of both modernism and postmodernism arise because of an internalist epistemology.
	www.directionjournal.org /article/?1173 (5386 words)

	Answering the Skeptic
		There are three main responses to the problem of the criterion.
		The third response to the problem of the criterion is called "particularism." According to particularists, you know many things without being able to prove that you do and without understanding how you know them.
		For example, in order to sort your beliefs into those that count as knowledge and those that do not, you may start with the things you know about morality (murder is wrong) and law (taxes are to be paid by April 15) and go on to formulate criteria for when something is moral or legal.
	www.family.org /faith/A000000722.cfm (0 words)

	What's still wrong with rubrics: focusing on the consistency of performance criteria across scale levels. Tierney, ...
		Each criterion statement is clearly articulated in the left-side column, and then modified four times to describe each level of the performance’s attribute(s).
		The attributes of this criterion would be the accuracy and the depth of the student’s understanding.
		In this case, accuracy and depth should be explicitly stated in the criterion statement, and they should also be present in each of the qualitative descriptors for that criterion across the levels of achievement.
	www.pareonline.net /getvn.asp?v=9&n=2 (3556 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The rule of faith is a criterion (from the Greek meaning a means of judging) or standard for determining what is true of false in regard to religious knowledge.
		Now if that criterion is called into question, perhaps the skeptic proposes another competing criterion (a criterion which would decide that "God is not a trinity." is true), you then have a serious problem.
		The second challenge -- that of justifying the criterion for the truth of particular propositions is an expecially difficult problem -- and so it is known as the the problem of the criterion.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/phl302/distance/montaigne/back1.html (1449 words)

	Zac Hensley » Blog Archive » Scripturalism For Dummies Part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		There have really been no satisfactory solutions to this problem (commonly called ‘the problem of the criterion’; for a good introduction check out Roderick Chisholm’s The Problem of the Criterion), at least not satisfactory to a large group of philosophers.
		Some philosophers like Kierkegaard and Nietzsche thought that this problem precluded objective knowledge (that is, knowledge that is true apart from what you think); the former thought it led to subjective truth that was merely an objective uncertainty held with an infinite passion, and the latter thought it led to nihilism (no truth at all).
		Hume showed that empiricism (that is, the belief that all knowledge comes through experience) leads to skepticism, and Kant believed that rationalism (specifically the culmination of the rationalist tradition in Leibniz) led to dogmatism, for the rationalist philosopher attempted to use pure reason (apart from experience) to delve into the depths of metaphysics.
	www.zachensley.com /?p=43 (1221 words)

	Problem of the criterion - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In philosophy (and more specifically epistemology), the diallelus or problem of the criterion is an argument attributed to Sextus Empiricus.
		If we apply the same criterion C to judge the truth of Q, we are engaging in circular argument, because Q contains C as part of itself, so we must use a new criterion, and so on.
		Because of this argument, the view that one must have a criterion of truth to be justified in believing a proposition leads inevitably to skepticism.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Problem_of_the_criterion (760 words)

	Luciano Floridi
		The battery of objections just sketched has been known as the problem of the criterion since at least the time of Sextus Empiricus, for whom the previous alternatives were nothing but fallacies undermining the validity of any epistemological project.
		The sceptical problem of the criterion is such a manifest and momentous question in philosophy that, though in different forms and contexts, its formulation, the discussion of its nature and the attempts to solve it constitute a continuous thread in the history of epistemology.
		There I show that Sextus Empiricus' diallelus, Montaigne's rouet, the Cartesian Circle, Chisholm's Problem of the Criterion, Hegel's "Scholasticus' absurd resolution", Fries' trilemma and Albert's Munchhausen's trilemma must all be interpreted as stages in the intellectual development of the meta-epistemological question.
	www.philosophyofinformation.net /abstract.htm (692 words)

	Healthinmind/MentalDisorders/SleepDisorders
		The diagnostic problem is extremely complex because of the very large number of substance-related or medical conditions that can underlie sleep disorders.
		Any medical condition that causes severe pain is a candidate for causing a sleep problem; two with which one of the authors of this web site (WAH) is all too familiar are hip pain (cured by a hip replacement) and shoulder pain (cured by a shoulder operation).
		In neither case, however, did the sleep problem meet the criterion that it was "sufficiently severe to warrant independent clinical attention." The medication prescribed for pain also helped with the sleep problem, which, therefore, did not receive "independent" clinical attention.
	healthinmind.com /english/sleepdis.htm (679 words)

	Hauptli's Lecture Supplement on Chisholm's The Problem of the Criterion
		He sketches a resolution to the problem of the criterion championing an orientation he terms "particularism," which he distinguishes from skepticism and "methodism." These dialectical alternatives are distinguished via these two questions:
		As "particularists" in our approach to the problem of the criterion, we will fit our rules to the cases--to the apples we know to be good and to the apples we know to be bad.
		When confronted with doubts with regard to these claims, he appeals to "what we all know" rather than attempting to validate his claims by appeal to a general criterion of knowledge--indeed, the general criterion must be grounded in these particular knowledge claims.
	www.fiu.edu /~hauptli/Chisholm'sTheProblemoftheCriterion.html (2746 words)

	The Problem of the Criterion
		But his most influential contributions to the subject is surely his penetrating and subtle treatment of the so-called problem of the criterion.
		This is, in bare outline, Chisholm's treatment of the criterion problem.
		One may object: 'Does not this mean, then, that the sceptic is right after all?' I would answer: 'Not at all.' His view is only one of the three possibilities and in itself has no more to recommend it than the others do.
	atschool.eduweb.co.uk /cite/staff/philosopher/mille.htm (1664 words)

	Free Software and Free Manuals - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)
		The problem with these manuals was not that O'Reilly Associates charged a price for printed copies—that in itself is fine.
		The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms.
		These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because, as a practical matter, they don't stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the manual to fit the modified program.
	www.gnu.org /philosophy/free-doc.html (0 words)

	criterion
		And if we say that the candidate criterion is correct because it satisfies another, deeper criterion, then the whole problem of whether an alleged criterion really is one arises all over again for this deeper criterion candidate.
		It is one of the three most important epistemological problems that we have inherited from the ancient Greeks (the other two being the problem of defining knowledge and the Meno problem of how inquiry is possible).
		Besides, in order to decide the dispute which has arisen about the criterion, we must possess an accepted criterion by which we shall be able to judge the dispute; and in order to possess an accepted criterion, the dispute about the criterion must first be decided.
	wolfweb.unr.edu /homepage/nickles/sts/criterion.htm (3016 words)

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