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Topic: Procedural knowledge

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Propositional knowledge

KnowLedge

Procedural memory

Algorithm

Semantic memory

Problem solving

Episodic memory

How to Solve It

Fluid and crystallized intelligence

Win64

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Brian Hutton

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	Procedural knowledge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Procedural knowledge or know-how is the knowledge of how to perform some task.
		One limitation of procedural knowledge is its job-dependence; thus it tends to be less general than propositional knowledge.
		One advantage of procedural knowledge is that it can involve more senses, such as hands-on experience, practice at solving problems, understanding of the limitations of a specific solution, etc. Thus know-how can frequently eclipse theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Procedural_knowledge (233 words)

	Procedural Knowledge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Procedural knowledge might be thought of as muscle knowledge, in that it is in the action.
		Although procedural knowledge may be used as a tool in the process of communicating declarative knowledge, it is seperate from that knowledge.
		Procedural knowledge is used to meet other goals than communication, for instance locamotion.
	people.ku.edu /~dpaden/Memory/PK.html (212 words)

	Procedural knowledge - WikEd
		Procedural knowledge is knowing how to control the revant factors for examing some phenomenon (Reber and Reber, 2001), performing a certain task or completing an activity.
		Procedural knowledge is often thought about as certain skills we possess, tasks we can complete or processes we are able to follow.
		As for mathematical content, procedures are important in some mathematical processes such as simplifying expressions using the order of operations, but some teachers turn topics such as "equation solving" into a procedure with definite steps to be taken in a specified order.
	wik.ed.uiuc.edu /index.php/Procedural_knowledge (1684 words)

	[No title]
		“Knowledge of structures is regarded as meta-knowledge, growing out of arithmetical procedural proficiency, and has been developed as an extension of arithmetical knowledge.” (Morris,1999) In like manner, instruction in calculus often emphasizes procedural knowledge grounded in algebra.
		As researchers, we had two goals the first was, to assess the benefits of written mathematical thought during the semester in the assimilation (retention) of procedural knowledge and problemsolving skills on the final exam.
		Furthermore, procedural knowledge on the partial exam is more important that written conceptual knowledge on the partial exam in determining students proficiency with procedural knowledge on the final exam (retention of procedural knowledge).
	www.pmena.org /2004/pdfs/groups/conceptual.doc (690 words)

	The Knowledge in Knowledge Management (KM)
		Davenport and Prusak distinguish among data, information and knowledge, their working definition of knowledge incorporates information, accommodates the notion that knowledge is a state of being and, at the same time, accommodates the view that knowledge exists apart from the knowers.
		From all this it does seem safe to conclude that there are two basic kinds of knowledge: (1) the kind that is reflected in a person’s internal state as well as in that same person’s capacity for action and (2) the kind that has been articulated and frequently recorded.
		Third, if "knowledge management" is to have any meaning and any credence at all, we must say what we mean by knowledge – in all its variations and permutations – and we must do so in ways that are as free of conflict and overlap as we can make them.
	home.att.net /~nickols/Knowledge_in_KM.htm (2969 words)

	Strategies for Learning Grammar
		Procedural knowledge enables a student to apply a rule of grammar in communication.
		Procedural knowledge does not translate automatically into declarative knowledge; many native speakers can use their language clearly and correctly without being able to state the rules of its grammar.
		Likewise, declarative knowledge does not translate automatically into procedural knowledge; students may be able to state a grammar rule, but consistently fail to apply the rule when speaking or writing.
	www.nclrc.org /essentials/grammar/stratgram.htm (741 words)

	Readings (3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Procedural knowledge is "how" type of information that tells us rules to follow to accomplish a task.
		Applying my procedural knowledge of how to show Labs by knowing the most advantageous time and place to do so is an example of conditional knowledge.
		An example of conditional knowledge in driving is being able to brake differently and appropriately if stopping on a gravel road, a smooth dry road, a wet road, or an icy road.
	coe.etsu.edu /OnlineAcademy/Reading/a304/support/xpages/a304b0_20400.html (1191 words)

	Best Practices for Rule-Based Application Development (Microsoft Architect Journal)
		The word 'knowledge', like many words adapted for computer science, has a technical meaning that is different from its common meaning—and like many such words, it has been defined and re-defined many times to suit the needs of various trends in computer science.
		Unlike for factual and procedural knowledge, there is no core architectural component of a computer that is well suited to the storage and use of logical knowledge.
		Factual knowledge and procedural knowledge are both readily coded in computers because there is a reasonably small semantic gap between the way facts and procedures are described and the tools for encoding them.
	msdn.microsoft.com /library/en-us/dnmaj/html/aj1rules.asp?frame=true (6346 words)

	CWL Publishing Enterprises (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		If the knowledge in question can be articulated but hasn't, it is implicit knowledge, that is, its existence is implied by observable behavior or performance but it has not yet been made explicit.
		Strategic knowledge is used by some to refer to what might be termed know-when and know-why, that is, to knowing when to do something or why to do it.
		Third, if "knowledge management" is to have any meaning and any credence at all, we must say what we mean by knowledge - in all its variations and permutations - and we must do so in ways that are as free of conflict and overlap as we can make them.
	www.cwlpub.com /nickolsarticle.htm (2879 words)

	Undergraduate Medical Education
		Procedural knowledge is provided to the students primarily through the use of schemes.
		Through the union of both declarative and procedural knowledge during the pre-clinical years, there is no need for students to restructure their knowledge prior to entering clerkship.
		By combining declarative and procedural knowledge early within the medical school curriculum and by providing opportunities for guided practice in clinical problem-solving, students' medical expertise is advanced.
	www.ucalgary.ca /UofC/faculties/med/education/ume/thought-exchange/articles/article06.htm (368 words)

	Knowledge Matrix (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It differs from procedural knowledge in that the knowledge is being expressed through and not contained within the action of speaking, writing, drawing, or acting.
		This means that they had rote cerebral knowledge of the stimulation and reacted with rote procedural knowledge screening out that stimulation, allowing them to attend to novel stimuli or stimuli to which they can begin to attach meaning.
		Understood procedural knowledge is the ability to use knowledge of the reasons a procedure works to modify the procedure based upon new information.
	people.ku.edu /~dpaden/KnowledgeMatrix.html (1623 words)

	Tacit knowledge: A critique of Sternberg's position--Scott Armstrong
		Tacit knowledge: A critique of Sternberg's position--Scott Armstrong
		This aspect of Sternberg’s characterization of tacit knowledge is important because it suggests that some explicit learning environments may actually decrease the likelihood and extent of the acquisition of tacit knowledge.
		Whether the acquired knowledge was actually tacit for the learners is a gap in the PIFS research that seems to have been left unanswered.
	www.gse.harvard.edu /~t656_web/From_2000-2001_students/Critique_of_Sternbergs_position_Scott.htm (1780 words)

	Concepts and Procedures Reinforce
		Procedural knowledge is tied to specific problem types and therefore is not widely generalizable.
		According to concepts-first theories, children initially develop (or are born with) conceptual knowledge in a domain and then use this conceptual knowledge to generate and select procedures for solving problems in that domain.
		Developing children’s procedural knowledge in a domain is an important avenue for improving children’s conceptual knowledge in the domain, just as developing conceptual knowledge is essential for generation and selection of appropriate procedures.
	www.wcer.wisc.edu /news/coverStories/Concepts_and_Procedures_Reinforce.php (1155 words)

	Linear movies and modularized slide shows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This instructional strategy may not be effective in teaching procedural knowledge such as using statistical software to compute the power level and the sample size, to design an experiment by specifying factors and levels, and to examine the relationships of multiple variables.
		For the procedural group, the assessment was the posttest only because no subjects had prior experience in using the chosen software packages, thus a pretest was not necessary.
		Since conceptual knowledge and procedural knowledge might be integral, future research should adopt a within-subject factorial design, in which learners could be exposed to both conceptual and procedural treatments.
	seamonkey.ed.asu.edu /~alex/pub/scip_qt.html (2894 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Proponents of simultaneous activation as described by the authors propose remediating computational errors through the use of concrete models (manipulatives) and that conceptual knowledge is both necessary and sufficient for the correct use of procedures.
		The authors concluded that knowledge of the relative size of fractions is not sufficient for detecting the error of simply adding numerators and denominators (instead of finding the lowest common denominator) when adding unlike fractions.
		Although there were no significant differences among conditions in pretest conceptual knowledge, the average math grade of subjects in the distinction only condition was significantly higher than that of subjects in the distinction plus manipulatives group and nearly significant in the distinction plus analogy group.
	www.state.ia.us /educate/ecese/tqt/tc/prodev/mathematics/math_3-5_17.doc (1237 words)

	declarative-procedural (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Architectures with declarative representations have knowledge in a format that may be manipulated decomposed and analyzed by its reasoners.
		Often times, whether knowledge is viewed as declarative or procedural is not an intrinsc property of the knowledge base, but is a function of what is allowed to read from it.
		The distinction between declarative and procedural representations is somewhat artifical in that they may easily be interconverted, depending on the try of processing that is done on them.
	ai.eecs.umich.edu /cogarch2/prop/declarative-procedural.html (219 words)

	The US is beginning to experience a backlash against current mathematics education reform efforts
		The modal way of categorizing mathematical knowledge -- conceptual and procedural knowledge --is limited in that: (a) it is almost exclusively focused on the mathematics of elementary school, and (b) in studies using this framework, knowledge of procedures and concepts are assessed in very different ways.
		on the topic, the terms "conceptual knowledge" and "procedural knowledge" have served as a widely-used framework for thinking and analyzing mathematical knowledge.
		By contrast, procedural knowledge is assessed uni-dimensionally and non-verbally by observing the execution of a procedure.
	www.west.asu.edu /cmw/pme/resrepweb/PME-rr-star.htm (2002 words)

	[No title]
		Usually, knowledge is elicited during several sessions with the participation of both the domain expert(s) and knowledge engineer(s).
		Most of this procedural knowledge is aimed towards human experts who are required to perform certain prescribed actions and depending on their outcome either reach a conclusion or perform another set of prescribed actions until enough information has been obtained to allow the establishment of a conclusion.
		A flowchart incorporates procedural knowledge pertaining to diagnosis, calibration, operation etc. Once a flowchart has been compiled the resulting cluster of rules joins the collection of other clusters to form a knowledge base of procedures normally, associated with a particular system.
	www.lapis.ece.uvic.ca /papers/1993/1993_09.doc (2473 words)

	CHAPTER II
		Simply put, declarative is factual knowledge, procedural is skills knowledge, metacognitive is self-regulatory knowledge and contextual is situational knowledge.
		A subset of metacognitive knowledge is contextual knowledge.
		Central to this theory is the discrimination between declarative and procedural knowledge.
	www.shs.d211.org /math/faculty/RJB/RJBChap2.html (2516 words)

	Procedural Representations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A simple example of human procedural knowledge is the ability to ride a bike.
		Procedural knowledge representation contrasts with declarative, which stores knowledge in a more flexible but harder to immediately use format.
		Use of this knowledge may not preclude the agent from this form of meta-knowledge and it certainly does not imply cognitive impenetrability.
	ai.eecs.umich.edu /cogarch0/common/prop/procedure.html (217 words)

	Chapter-5
		Procedural knowledge is knowledge about how to do things; it is often kinesthetic.
		However, once you develop a reasonable level of procedural skill in a particular area, such as touch typing or piano playing, quite a bit of this procedural knowledge stays with you for a lifetime.
		The specific balance of knowledge that is needed for problems in a particular domain varies both with the domain and with the person working to solve a problem.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~moursund/Books/PS-Expertise/chapter-5.htm (6796 words)

	[No title]
		A program possesses KNOWLEDGE if it moves tokens/symbols around that have a meaning or semantics both to the program (internal semantics) and the programmer (external semantics) that describe something, that can be true or false.
		KNOWLEDGE might be thought of as the ability for the program and programmer to converse about the environment, even in the most trivial way.
		DATA is KNOWLEDGE when both you and the program treat it as describing states of the world.
	www.cs.wustl.edu /~loui/313f97/ideas2 (1143 words)

	Knowledge Management Exchange
		Knowledge management is concerned with the representation and processing of knowledge by machines, people, organizations, and societies.
		Knowledge is not monolithic, but is of several types (e.g., descriptive knowledge is distinct from procedural knowledge, and both are distinct from reasoning knowledge).
		Proficiency in knowledge management is increasingly important to the competitiveness of decision makers as we move rapidly into the global knowledge society.
	www.uky.edu /BusinessEconomics/dssakba/kmexch.htm (191 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The relevance of this topic is that a knowledge theory is needed to study principles and methodologies for declarative knowledge representation.
		The relevance of such a knowledge theory for this topic lies in the fact that it provides a framework wherein it is possible to study and distinguish particular sorts of knowledge.
		One thesis was that there is a difference between non-procedural and procedural knowledge, and therefore, that there are certain forms of knowledge that cannot be expressed in procedural languages.
	www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be /~marcd/KNOWLEDGETHEORY/discussion.html (670 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the seminar, a procedural language was defined as a formal logic confined to describe processes.
		A first remark is on your statement that I claim a difference between declarative and procedural knowledge.
		This is the same as saying that in some -good- sense, the sort of knowledge such as expressed by the statement (1) cannot be expressed in procedural languages.
	www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be /~marcd/KNOWLEDGETHEORY/Hendriks.email.reply.html (507 words)

	[No title]
		Specifically, the knowledge of alphabet arithmetic can be represented either declaratively (e.g., “N is 3 letters after K”) or procedurally (e.g., “To find out the letter that is 3 letters after K, count from K three times, and output the result”).
		While procedural knowledge is universially appliable and supports more general problem solving such as searching, it is time consuming.
		On the other hand, when the specific knowledge necessary to solve the problem is not readily retrievable, some problem solving methods based on generally-purposed procedural knowledge, such as serial counting, have to be used.
	acad88.sahs.uth.tmc.edu /research/publications/AACogSci2000.doc (2518 words)

	Knowledge Representation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Knowledge is represented in a knowledge base, which consists of knowledge structures (typically symbolic) and programs.
		Knowledge is represented in a labeled, directed graph whose nodes represent concepts and entities, while its arcs represent relationships between these entities and concepts.
		Below is a table showing a survey of six AI texts and their coverage of various of knowledge representation and reasoning paradigms.
	blackcat.brynmawr.edu /~dkumar/UGAI/kr.html (1521 words)

	PRS-CL
		SRI's procedural reasoning system (PRS-CL) was developed for representing and using an expert's procedural knowledge for accomplishing goals and tasks.
		Procedural knowledge amounts to descriptions of collections of structured actions for use in specific situations.
		Acts, consist of an invocation part that defines what events (such as the posting of a goal or the addition of a new fact) trigger the use of the procedure and what the state of the world must be for the procedure to be executed.
	www.ai.sri.com /~prs (656 words)

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