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	Procedural programming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Procedural programming is a programming paradigm based upon the concept of the procedure call.
		Procedures, also known as routines, subroutines, methods, or functions (not to be confused with mathematical functions, but similar to those used in functional programming) simply contain a series of computational steps to be carried out.
		Procedural programming is often a better choice than simple sequential or unstructured programming in many situations which involve moderate complexity or which require significant ease of maintainability.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Procedural_programming (710 words)

	Programming language - Wikipédia
		Most languages that are widely used, or have been used for a considerable period of time, have standardization bodies that meet regularly to create and publish formal definitions of the language, and discuss extending or supplementing the already extant definitions.
		Type-inferred languages superficially treat all data as not having a type, but actually do sophisticated analysis of the way the program uses the data to determine which elementary operations are performed on the data, and therefore deduce what type the variables have at compile-time.
		Programming languages are not error tolerant; however, the burden of recognising and using the special vocabulary is reduced by help messages generated by the programming language implementation.
	su.wikipedia.org /wiki/Programming_language (1603 words)

	Structured programming - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The two most common are Jackson Structured Programming, which is based on aligning data structures with program structures and Dijkstra's structured programming, which is based on splitting programs into sub-sections, each with a single point of entry and of exit.
		It is possible to do structured programming in almost any procedural programming language, but since about 1970 when structured programming began to gain popularity as a technique, most new procedural programming languages have included features to encourage structured programming, (and sometimes have left out features that would make unstructured programming easy).
		Structured programming languages provide constructs (often called "if-then-else", "switch", "unless", "while", "until", and "for") for creating a variety of loops and conditional branches of execution, although they may also provide a GOTO to reduce excessive nesting of cascades of "if" structures, especially for handling exceptional conditions.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /structured_programming.htm (846 words)

	ipedia.com: Procedural programming Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Procedural programming is a method of computer programming based upon the concept of the unit and scope.
		Procedural programming is a method (a programming paradigm) of computer programming based upon the concept of the unit and scope (the data viewing range of an executable code statement).
		A procedural program is composed of one or more units or modules--either user coded or provided in a code library; each module is composed of one or more procedures, also called a function, routine, subroutine, or method, depending on programming language.
	www.ipedia.com /procedural_programming.html (235 words)

	programming language. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		All computers operate by following machine language programs, a long sequence of instructions called machine code that is addressed to the hardware of the computer and is written in binary notation (see numeration), which uses only the digits 1 and 0.
		PL/1 [Programming Language 1], developed in the late 1960s by the IBM Corp., and ADA [for Ada Augusta, countess of Lovelace, biographer of Charles Babbage], developed in 1981 by the U.S. Dept. of Defense, are designed for both business and scientific use.
		With some languages, such as C or Pascal, the program is turned into a separate machine language program by a compiler, which functions much as an assembler does.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pr/progrlan.html (1032 words)

	Procedural programming -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Procedural programming is a (Click link for more info and facts about programming paradigm) programming paradigm based upon the concept of the modularity and scope of program code (i.e., the data viewing range of an executable code statement).
		Procedural programming and (Click link for more info and facts about imperative programming) imperative programming are interchangeable terms.
		An alternative view is that a non-imperative yet procedural language is the (Click link for more info and facts about Logo programming language) Logo programming language, which specifies sequences of steps to perform, but does not have an internal state (imperative languages would be defined as procedural languages having an internal state).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pr/procedural_programming.htm (385 words)

	Simple Procedural vs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Logic programming language, on the other hand, is designed to be used for the development of artificial intelligent machines and natural language understanding.
		Languages used for logic programming are called declarative languages because programs written in them consist of declarations rather than assignments and control flow statements.
		The approach of logic programming on the other hand is to use as a database a collection of facts and rules that state relationships between facts, and to used an automatic inferencing process to check the validity of new propositions.
	cctr.umkc.edu /user/jzzhang/proj2part4.htm (1155 words)

	Procedural language - Computing Reference - eLook.org
		Any programming language in which the programmer specifies an explicit sequences of steps to follow to produce a result.
		An example (non-imperative) procedural language is LOGO, which specifies sequences of steps to perform but does not have an internal state.
		Both these types of language are in contrast to declarative languages, in which the programmer specifies neither explicit sequences of actions nor internal state manipulation.
	www.elook.org /computing/procedural-language.htm (84 words)

	APPLEs: Advanced Procedural Programming Language Elements
		Today's programming languages have received a considerable degree of complexity, raising the question whether all the concepts provided are really necessary to solve typical programming problems.
		As an alternative to object-oriented and aspect-oriented languages, advanced procedural programming languages are suggested, which slightly extend the two basic concepts of classical procedural languages, i.
		e., open procedures need the concept of modules (since the order of their branches depends on the initialization order of modules) and open types need the concept of open procedures (since their attributes are actually pairs of open procedures).
	www.informatik.uni-ulm.de /rs/mitarbeiter/ch/apple (465 words)

	Functional vs. Procedural Programming Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A procedural program is written as a list of instructions, telling the computer, step-by-step, what to do: Open a file, read a number, multiply by 4, display something.
		Functional programming is particularly useful for mathematical work, where the notion of ``function'' is already a well established concept.
		Mathematica is, in essence, a functional programming language that is implemented as a term rewriting system with very extensive pattern-matching capabilities; one can program in Mathematica using the procedural style of programming (e.g., using Do loops) but it is definitely preferable to adopt the functional or rule-based style.
	www.colorado.edu /its/scico/Info/details/funcproc.html (579 words)

	AI of a Simple Nested Procedural Language
		The XSB (actually Prolog) program shown below is an interpreter for a simple procedural language that supports nested procedures, static scoping, and call-by-value parameter passing.
		When a procedure is executing, it must have access to all variables that are visible to it.
		So the state for a procedure is kept as a list of ARs, the first being the procedure's own AR, the second being the AR of the immediately enclosing procedure, etc. We call such a list of AR's a Stack.
	www.cs.sunysb.edu /~warren/xsbbook/node67.html (719 words)

	What is programming language? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		Each language has a unique set of keywords (words that it understands) and a special syntax for organizing program instructions.
		Assembly languages are similar to machine languages, but they are much easier to program in because they allow a programmer to substitute names for numbers.
		The choice of which language to use depends on the type of computer the program is to run on, what sort of program it is, and the expertise of the programmer.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/p/programming_language.html (672 words)

	Prolog as a Procedural Programming Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Prolog, as a programming language, is a little unusual.
		Prolog procedures have only local variables and all the information that a procedure can use or produce must be passed through its arguments.
		C can be viewed as a procedural language by thinking of using it without functions; i.e., all functions return void, and information is passed to and from functions through their arguments only.
	www.cs.sunysb.edu /~warren/xsbbook/node4.html (125 words)

	esm_deitel_os_3\|Hardware and Software Concepts\|Key Terms
		I/O transfer via DMA is more efficient than programmed I/O or interrupt-driven I/O because the processor does not need to supervise the transfer of each byte or word of data.
		Fortran—Procedural programming language developed by IBM in the mid-1950s for scientific applications that require complex mathematical computations.
		procedural programming language—Programming language that is based on functions rather than objects.
	wps.prenhall.com /esm_deitel_os_3/0,8727,1127048-,00.html (2715 words)

	Language list
		C is often described, with a mixture of fondness and disdain varying according to the speaker, as "a language that combines all the elegance and power of assembly language with all the readability and maintainability of assembly language".
		ICI is a programming language with a dynamic, object based data model with the flow control constructs and operators of C. It is designed for use in many environments, including embedded systems, as an adjunct to other programs and as a text based interface to compiled libraries.
		Oberon-2 is a general-purpose programming language in the tradit ion of Pascal and Modula-2.
	home.nvg.org /~sk/lang/lang.html (5710 words)

	Computer Science 3675 Syllabus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		You should be familiar with at least one procedural programming language, such as C, C++ or Pascal.
		Programming languages are the notation in which programmers express their creations.
		The student should come away with an appreciation for different forms of programming languages, as well as an ability to use different programming styles (regardless of the language used) when the need arises.
	www.cs.ecu.edu /~karl/3675/fall00/syllabus.html (268 words)

	eXtropia \| Tutorials \| Introduction to Perl 5 for Web Developers \| Procedural Programming
		In the 1970's procedural-based programming was all the rage.
		You should be very familiar with procedural-based programming since this tutorial assumes that you are already familiar with Perl 4, which is very much a procedural-based programming language.
		In a procedural-based programming language, a programmer writes out instructions that are followed by a computer from start to finish.
	www.extropia.com /tutorials/perl5/procedural_programming.html (146 words)

	SimulationTutorial.nb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The purpose of this tutorial is to provide a basic introduction to the use of Mathematica as a programming language for writing scientific simulations, with a particular focus on simulating stochastic processes.
		Examples in Pascal or procedural "pseudocode" will be provided, to highlight the differences in programming philosophy and methodolgy between these languages and Mathematica.
		In order to program in Mathematica as it was intended, one needs to throw out the habits and ways of thinking that come with procedural programming, and embrace a new programming style.
	octavia.zoology.washington.edu /Mathematica/MathTutorial (432 words)

	object-oriented programming on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Each module, or object, combines data and procedures (sequences of instructions) that act on the data; in traditional, or procedural, programming the data are separated from the instructions.
		The first object-oriented programs, written in the language Simula 67, were used extensively for modeling and simulation, primarily in Europe during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
		Modular Programming Building a program in modules, or independent routines, is common practice.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/o1/objecto.asp (522 words)

	Open Directory - Computers: Programming: Languages: Procedural (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Alex - A programming cross platform rapid GUI development language, working with Microsoft Windows, as well as Motif and OpenLook on a very wide variety of Unix operating systems.
		The cT Programming Language and Environment - An algorithmic language like C, Pascal, Fortran, and Basic, but greatly enhanced by multimedia capabilities, including easy-to-use support for color graphics, mouse interactions, and even movies in QuickTime or Video for Windows format.
		SiMPLE (SiMPLE Modular Programming Language and Environment) - A beginner-friendly programming language for kids (and adults) who are looking for a new way to have fun with their computers.
	dmoz.org /Computers/Programming/Languages/Procedural (724 words)

	The Icon Programming Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Procedural programming languages are used to write programs that produce a list of instructions that tell the computer step-by-step what to do.
		Other procedural languages you may be familiar with include C, C++, Fortran, Pascal and Basic.
		Icon is a general-purpose programming language but is common for short programs and debugging.
	students.bath.ac.uk /cs2apn/ICON/space.html (148 words)

	Principles of Programming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		To instil a proper and full understanding of how a computer program is designed, constructed and executed using a block-structured procedural programming language.
		This unit introduces students to the basic principles of programming using a block-structured procedural programming language in a command-line environment.
		Emphasis in the unit is at all times on a sound undersanding of the principles involved, with particular attention being paid to worked examples to demonstrate these principles in a clear and straightforward fashion.
	spike.scu.edu.au /~jmaltby/popus.html (458 words)

	Linux Links - The Linux Portal: Software/Programming/Languages/Procedural
		It is a full implementation of the language including all of the optional Annexes of the Language Reference Manual.
		Felix is an advanced Algol like procedural programming language with a strong functional subsystem.
		a programming language with BASIC syntax, it's a typed and a compiled language, its source is compiled into a platform-independent virtual machine assembler that is later transformed into a platform-dependent representation by the just-in-time compiler.
	linuxlinks.com /Software/Programming/Languages/Procedural/index.shtml (964 words)

	Open Directory - Computers:Programming:Languages:Python (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Python is a highly dynamic, powerful, object-oriented language that easily scales from a scripting language for casual one-use programs, to a many-thousand line application language.
		Python is a very good language for learning programming, because it is interpreted, dynamically typed, well documented, and has several sources of free documentation.
		Python is a highly-dynamic, object-oriented language that easily scales from a scripting language to a multi-thousand line application language.
	dmoz.org /Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/desc.html (201 words)

	C - a Whatis.com definition
		C is a structured, procedural programming language that has been widely used both for operating systems and applications and that has had a wide following in the academic community.
		With the increasing popularity of object-oriented programming, C is being rapidly replaced as "the" programming language by C++, a superset of the C language that uses an entirely different set of programming concepts, and by Java, a language similar to but simpler than C++, that was designed for use in distributed networks.
		SearchDomino.com has information about the C programming language for Lotus Domino and Notes professionals.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,289893,sid9_gci211723,00.html (205 words)

	Some Experiences with Rules in Procedural Languages (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Abstract: We report on experiences on adding a rule based expression mechanism to an existing procedural programming language (C++) and on designing and implementing a selfcontained language -- and its integrated programming environment -- supporting similar but more general capabilities.
		Both languages, XC and XE, are based on abstract data types and XE is a close relative of CLU.
		983 Programming Language (context) - Stroustrup, The - 1986
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /52344.html (472 words)

	Rule-Based Expression Mechanisms for Procedural Languages - Arkko, Hirvisalo, Kuusela, Nuutila, Tamminen (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Abstract: We report on experiences on adding a rule based expression mechanism to an existing procedural programming language (C++) and on designing and implementing a self-contained language -- and its integrated programming environment -- supporting similar but more general capabilities.
		Combining Rule-Based and Procedural Programming in the XC and XE..
		983 Programming Language (context) - The - 1986
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /arkko89rulebased.html (478 words)

	Mathematica as a Programming Language
		Mathematica is an unprecedentedly flexible and intuitive programming language.
		Mathematica includes advanced programming methods from modern computer science--as well as adding a host of new ideas of its own.
		Mathematica incorporates a range of programming paradigms--so you can write every program in its most natural way.
	www.wolfram.com /products/mathematica/tour/page15.html (100 words)

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