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Topic: Prochlorococcus

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	Prochlorococcus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prochlorococcus is a genus of marine cyanobacteria that now includes some three dozen species, differentiated on the basis of their ribosomal DNA.
		Prochlorococcus is ubiquitous between 40°N and 40°S and dominates in the oligotrophic (nutrient poor) regions of the oceans.
		Prochlorococcus occupies two distinct niches, leading to the nomenclature of the low light (LL) and high light (HL) groups, which vary in pigment ratios (LL possess a high ration of chlorophyll b2: a2 and HL low b2: a2), light requirements, nitrogen and phosphorus utilization, copper and virus sensitivity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prochlorococcus (309 words)

	Prochlorococcus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Prochlorococcus wasn't discovered until the 1980s when researchers wee able to detect the dim red fluorescence emitted by its unique divinyl derivatives of chlorophyll a and b.
		Prochlorococcus is a tiny, single-celled, cyanobacteria, that inhabits the ocean in a latitudinal band from 40 degrees north to 40 degrees south where they occupy a key position at the base of the food web.
		Molecular ecology of the marine cyanobacterial genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus.
	biology.kenyon.edu /Microbial_Biorealm/bacteria/prochlorococcus/prochlorococcus.htm (652 words)

	JGI P. marinus MED4 Home
		The Prochlorococcus group is speculated to be the most abundant photosynthetic organism on the planet (Partensky et al 1999), and is responsible for a significant fraction of photosynthesis in the world's oceans.
		Prochlorococcus is a unicellular cyanobacterium that dominates the temperate and tropical oceans.
		Prochlorococcus marinus is the type species of an only in 1992 described group of marine cyanobacteria that use (divinyl-)chlorophyll a and b.
	genome.jgi-psf.org /finished_microbes/prom4/prom4.home.html (520 words)

	Phycobiliprotein genes of the marine photosynthetic prokaryote Prochlorococcus: evidence for rapid evolution of genetic ...
		light-harvesting apparatus in Prochlorococcus, as it is in Synechococcus,
		of phycobiliproteins in Prochlorococcus, we sequenced the cpeB
		Goericke, R. and Repeta, D. The pigments of Prochlorococcus marinus: the presence of divinyl chlorophyll a and b in a marine procaryote.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/147/11/3171 (3815 words)

	CSBi :: Sallie (Penny) Chisholm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Currently, we are focused on the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus, which is the most abundant photosynthetic microbe in the sea and can account for up to half of the total chlorophyll over vast oceanic regions.
		Prochlorococcus is a âminimal phototroph,â which means that it converts CO2, solar energy and inorganic nutrients into a living cell with approximately 1,700 genes.
		The global success of Prochlorococcus may arise in part from the existence of physiologically and genetically distinct âecotypesâ that require different light intensities for growth and have adapted to life at different depths in the ocean.
	csbi.mit.edu /faculty/Members/PennyChisholm (533 words)

	Prochlorococcus: A Window into the photosynthetic machinery of the oceans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Multiple ecotypes of Prochlorococcus have been identified, which are adapted for optimal growth and photosynthesis at different light intensities.
		Thus what appears to be a stable homogeneous population is actually a mixture of genetically distinct physiological types (ecotypes) which alternate in dominance as the mixed layer of the surface oceans changes.
		We now have the complete genome sequence of two Prochlorococcus ecotypes, and they have proven to be quite different: One has roughly 1700 genes, and the other has 2400 genes.
	www.mbari.org /seminars/2002/spring2002/may30_chisholm.html (207 words)

	Streamlined Regulation and Gene Loss as Adaptive Mechanisms in Prochlorococcus for Optimized Nitrogen Utilization in ...
		Superscript 1 indicates that amino acid uptake by Prochlorococcus has been shown in the field (85), but otherwise utilization of amino acids, oligopeptides, and cyanate is unknown, although it is strongly suggested by genomic analysis.
		Elemental composition of marine Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus: implications for the ecological stoichiometry of the sea.
		Prochlorococcus marinus strain PCC 9511, a picoplanktonic cyanobacterium, synthesizes the smallest urease.
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/4/630 (5952 words)

	Blackwell Plant Sciences - Latest News - [Article Title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Prochlorococcus they are spread more widely geographically and are more closely related to freshwater species that show tight genetic linkage to the chloroplasts (1).
		Prochlorococcus (2) cyanobacterial strains was analyzed, together with cyanophages – viruses that infect one or both varieties of cyanobacteria (3).
		Prochlorococcus strains that live in warm surface (MED4), or near surface (MIT9313), waters have adapted to the ammonium-rich environment by losing those genes required for nitrate/nitrite absorption.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /plantsci/latest/article.asp?id=30 (2040 words)

	"Goal 3 -- Characterize the Functional Repertoire of Complex Microbial Communities in their Natural Environments at the ...
		This will be accomplished by flow sorting the Prochlorococcus cells away from the rest of the microbial community, constructing a BAC library, and, depending of the diversity encountered, either assembling the complete genomes or large contigs to determine the structure of co-existing genomes.
		Prochlorococcus abundance is low in the mixed layer in summer, and very high in the static sub-surface chlorophyll maximum layer at the base of the euphotic zone.
		Prochlorococcus cells will be sorted from other phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria using the MIT flow cytometry facility, which is equipped with several MoFlo flow cytometers (Cytomation).
	arep.med.harvard.edu /DOEGTL/GTLBOS_goal3.htm (18253 words)

	"Goal 2 -- Characterize Gene Regulatory Networks"
		In order to model mechanisms of adaptation of Prochlorococcus to simulated variations in environmental parameters it is important to consider the effects of concurrent adaptations of their native co-inhabitants.
		Since we are just starting gene expression analysis in Prochlorococcus, we are interested in both the steady state expression patterns in cells grown at different light levels, and in the dynamics of expression when the cells are shifted between optimal and sub-optimal levels of light.
		Prochlorococcus populations will be monitored by flow cytometry, and the heterotrophs will be monitored by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (FISH) with species-specific probes, and by viability counts.
	arep.med.harvard.edu /DOEGTL/GTLBOS_goal2.htm (7463 words)

	Prochlorococcus, a Marine Photosynthetic Prokaryote of Global Significance
		Prochlorococcus typically divides once a day in the subsurface layer of oligotrophic areas, where it dominates the photosynthetic biomass.
		Recent studies suggest that it evolved from an ancestral cyanobacterium by reducing its cell and genome sizes and by recruiting a protein originally synthesized under conditions of iron depletion to build a reduced antenna system as a replacement for large phycobilisomes.
		This vertical species variation has allowed Prochlorococcus to adapt to the natural light gradient occurring in the upper layer of oceans.
	www.fiu.edu /~goldberg/marinebio/prochlorococcus.html (304 words)

	Genotyping of axenic and non-axenic isolates of the genus Prochlorococcus and the OMF-Synechococcus' clade by size, ...
		Genotyping of axenic and non-axenic isolates of the genus Prochlorococcus and the OMF-Synechococcus' clade by size, sequence analysis or RFLP of the Internal Transcribed Spacer of the ribosomal operon -- Laloui et al.
		the ITS on the RNA-like strand in the rrn operon of Prochlorococcus
		Hess, W. R., Steglich, C., Lichtlé, C. and Partensky, F. Phycoerythrins of the oxyphotobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus are associated to the thylakoid membranes and are encoded by a single large gene cluster.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/148/2/453 (6290 words)

	Cyanophages infecting the oceanic cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus : Nature
		Prochlorococcus is the numerically dominant phototroph in the tropical and subtropical oceans, accounting for half of the photosynthetic biomass in some areas
		Here we report the isolation of cyanophages that infect Prochlorococcus, and show that although some are host-strain-specific, others cross-infect with closely related marine Synechococcus as well as between high-light- and low-light-adapted Prochlorococcus isolates, suggesting a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer.
		Prochlorococcus cyanophage isolations were done initially using an axenic strain of Prochlorococcus (MED4ax; M. Saito and J.B.W., unpublished observations).
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v424/n6952/full/nature01929.html (2722 words)

	Prochlorococcus_marinus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Prochlorococcus marinus is among the most abundant organisms in the ocean and derives energy from sunlight
		The marine unicellular cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is the smallest-known oxygen-evolving autotroph.
		Prochlorococcus marinus lacks phycobilisomes that are characteristic of cyanobacteria, and contains chlorophyll b as its major accessory pigment.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /2can/genomes/bacteria/Prochlorococcus_marinus (242 words)

	MIT Department of Biology: Sallie W. Chisholm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In recent years we have focused our attention on a single group, the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus, which is the smallest and most abundant microbe in ocean ecosystems — sometimes accounting for half of the total chlorophyll.
		Their global abundance may be due in part to the existence of physiologically and genetically distinct “ecotypes” which have different minimum, maximum, and optimal light intensities for growth, and are thus differentially suited for growth at different depths in the oceans.
		In addition, we are studying the distribution and abundance of Prochlorococcus ecotypes in the global oceans to develop a framework for interpreting the evolution of their metabolic differences.
	web.mit.edu /biology/www/facultyareas/facresearch/chisholm.shtml (1231 words)

	Diel Expression of Cell Cycle-Related Genes in Synchronized Cultures of Prochlorococcus sp. Strain PCC 9511 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The cell cycle of the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is characterized by a well-defined and discrete DNA synthesis
		Expression of the psbA gene in the marine oxyphotobacteria Prochlorococcus spp.
		Phycoerythrins of the oxyphotobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus are associated to the thylakoid membranes and are encoded by a single large gene cluster.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/183/3/915 (3086 words)

	JGI - Why Sequence Prochlorococcus?
		The overall goal of this project is to understand the genomic underpinnings of the observed ecological diversity and distribution of Prochlorococcus.
		This unicellular cyanobacterium is an extremely abundant primary producer in the world’s oceans, is the smallest known oxygenic phototroph, and has a compact genome (as small as 1.7 Mbp).
		Involving Prochlorococcus cells from the surface and from deeper in the euphotic zone (at depths of 30 m and 120 m), the research will focus on estimation of the total genomic diversity of Prochlorococcus, the nature of variation among genomes, and comparison of environmental sequences with those of cultured strains.
	www.jgi.doe.gov /sequencing/why/CSP2005/prochlorococcus.html (199 words)

	Niche-Partitioning of Prochlorococcus Populations in a Stratified Water Column in the Eastern North Atlantic Ocean -- ...
		In the upper panels are graphs showing the differential hybridization of the HLI and LL probes to oxygenic phototroph 16S rDNA sequences PCR amplified from different depths in depth profiles 1 (A) and 2 (B), together with the temperature and fluorescence data.
		Dot blots corresponding to the graphs from which the relative hybridization of each genotype-specific probe was quantified are shown in the lower panels, together with the PAR measured at each depth.
		Laloui, W., Palinska, K. A., Rippka, R., Partensky, F., Tandeau de Marsac, N., Herdman, M., Iteman, I. Genotyping of axenic and non-axenic isolates of the genus Prochlorococcus and the OMF-Synechococcus' clade by size, sequence analysis or RFLP of the Internal Transcribed Spacer of the ribosomal operon.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/65/6/2585 (5267 words)

	EO News: Genomes of Tiny Microbes Yield Clues to Global Climate Change - August 13, 2003
		There are some 100 million Prochlorococcus cells per liter of seawater, for example." Chisholm, a coauthor of one of the Nature papers, was part of the team that first described Prochlorococcus in 1988.
		The two Prochlorococcus and the Synechococcus genomes sequenced by JGI were analyzed by the Genome Analysis Group of the Life Sciences Division at DOE's Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
		According to the authors, the Prochlorococcus comparison reveals "dynamic genomes which are constantly changing in response to myriad selection pressures.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/MediaAlerts/2003/2003081315327.html (702 words)

	Resolution of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus Ecotypes by Using 16S-23S Ribosomal DNA Internal Transcribed Spacer ...
		Low-B/A Prochlorococcus isolates all have short spacers, while high-B/A isolates have longer spacer lengths and are not as similar to one another.
		Predicted secondary structures of the ITS regions of the rRNA operon in (A) Prochlorococcus strain MED4, (B) Prochlorococcus strain MIT 9313, and (C) Synechococcus strain WH 8102.
		The pigments of Prochlorococcus marinus: the presence of divinyl-chlorophyll a and b in a marine prokaryote.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/3/1180 (6738 words)

	Prochlorococcus, a Marine Photosynthetic Prokaryote of Global Significance -- Partensky et al. 63 (1): 106 -- ...
		Synechococcus is virtually absent, and the chlorophyll fluorescence of Prochlorococcus is much higher than near the surface (compare the fluorescence of Prochlorococcus and that of the standard beads).
		Prochlorococcus, and it is the focus of much investigation.
		The proteins whose genes have been sequenced partially or totally are shown in dark gray (see Table 3), and those which have been characterized only by immunoblotting (35, 90, 132) are shown in light gray.
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/63/1/106 (9379 words)

	P r o c h l o r o c o c c u s
		Prochlorococcus is studied in the group of Wolfgang Hess who left our lab in 2003.
		Hess W.R., Partensky F. Analysis of a phycobiliprotein gene cluster in Prochlorococcus marinus CCMP 1375: Identification of a putative linker polypeptide and the phylogeny of Prochlorococcus phycoerythrins.
		Hess W.R., Steglich C., Lichtlé C., Partensky F. Phycoerythrins of the oxyphotobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus are associated to the thylakoid membranes and are encoded by a single large gene cluster.
	www.biologie.hu-berlin.de /~genetics/prochloro.html (623 words)

	Experimental and computational analysis of transcriptional start sites in the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus MED4 -- ...
		The experimentally identified TSS (labelled by arrows above the sequence), 5'-Gaacat for Prochlorococcus MED4 (this work) and 5'-gAacat for Synechococcus WH 7803 (21), are part of a conserved nucleotide motif at the mRNA 5' end.
		Garcia-Fernandez,J.M., Hess,W.R., Houmard,J. and Partensky,F. (1998) Expression of the psbA gene in the marine oxyphotobacteria Prochlorococcus spp.
		Vaulot,D., Marie,D., Olson,R.J. and Chisholm,S.W. (1995) Growth of Prochlorococcus, a photosynthetic prokaryote, in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/31/11/2890 (5554 words)

	Low-light-adapted Prochlorococcus species possess specific antennae for each photosystem: Nature 2003
		Prochlorococcus, the most abundant genus of photosynthetic organisms1, owes its remarkably large depth distribution in the oceans to the occurrence of distinct genotypes adapted to either low- or high-light niches2,3.
		The pcb genes, encoding the major chlorophyll-binding, light-harvesting antenna proteins in this genus4, are present in multiple copies in low-light strains but as a single copy in high-light strains5.
		MIT 9313 has one iron-stress-induced pcb gene encoding an antenna protein serving photosystem I (PSI)—comparable to isiA genes from cyanobacteria6,7—and a constitutively expressed pcb gene encoding a photosystem II (PSII) antenna protein.
	www.bio.ic.ac.uk /research/nield/Nature3paper03/NatProc2_start.html (216 words)

	Genomes of tiny microbes yield clues to global climate change
		Three of the microbes — two strains of Prochlorococcus and one of Synechococcus — were among the first organisms to have their DNA sequenced at JGI in the late 1990s, and are the first ocean bacteria to be sequenced.
		Cyanobacteria are important in part because of their ability to turn sunlight and carbon into organic material.
		Scientists estimate that Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus remove about 10 billion tons of carbon from the air each year — as much as two-thirds of the total carbon fixation that occurs in the oceans.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-08/dgi-got081303.php (824 words)

	Prochlorococcus marinus Chisholm et al. 1992 subsp. pastoris subsp. nov. strain PCC 9511, the first axenic chlorophyll ...
		The formal description of Prochlorococcus marinus Chisholm et al.
		Prochlorococcus PCC 9511 differs from the latter in possessing
		The signal transducer PII and bicarbonate acquisition in Prochlorococcus marinus PCC 9511, a marine cyanobacterium naturally deficient in nitrate and nitrite assimilation
	ijs.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/50/5/1833 (635 words)

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