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Topic: Proctodeum

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	Bird - Wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the males of species without a phallus (see below), sperm is stored within the proctodeum[?] compartment within the cloaca[?] prior to copulation.
		During copulation, the female moves her tail to the side and the male either mounts the female from behind or moves very close to her.
		Except during copulation, it is hidden within the proctodeum[?] compartment within the cloaca, just inside the vent.
	wikipedia.findthelinks.com /av/Aves.html (902 words)

	PROCTODEAL GLAND FOAM ENHANCES COMPETITIVE FERTILIZATION IN DOMESTIC JAPANESE QUAIL
		Foam may act as a medium for suspending sperm in the female's proctodeum (a pocket out of the way of the egg as it is being laid; Fig.
		Nevertheless, the single incident of oviposition provided strong evi- dence that foam in the proctodeum of the fe- male was unaffected by oviposition.
		If the proctodeum of the female con- tains foam from a previous copulation, additional deposits from subsequent copula- tions may have a much higher chance of being eliminated.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v106n02/p0286-p0291.html (5834 words)

	[No title]
		The proctodeum of the male is essentially a modified rectum.
		Tissues that contribute to the proctodeum include the rectal valve and rectal glands, the cloaca, the copulatory spicules, the spicule channels and the gubernaculum (MaleEpiFIG29A, B).
		The various cuticles of the proctodeum (lumenal, spicule and gubernacular), initially secreted during L4, become substantially thickened by the adult stage.
	www.wormatlas.org /maleHandbook/EpithelialMalePartIII.htm (1869 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		The dorsal and the lateral aspects of that ring correspond to the proctodeum, from which the hindgut, the anal pads and the Malpighian tubules later develop.
		A high level of apoptosis is detected in the proctodeum of byn embryos as well as in the posteriormost mesoderm.
		These results demonstrate that the defective migration and the death of the CVM cannot be attributed to the disordered morphology of the posterior gut structures.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/gene/forkhed4.htm (2283 words)

	XI. Splanchnology. 2. The Digestive Apparatus. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		The anal canal is formed by an invagination of the ectoderm behind the urorectal septum.
		This invagination is termed the proctodeum, and it meets with the entoderm of the hind-gut and forms with it the anal membrane.
		By the absorption of this membrane the anal canal becomes continuous with the rectum (Fig.
	www.bartleby.com /107/241.html (2817 words)

	[No title]
		The stomodeum and proctodeum are lined with cuticle which is shed along with body cuticle during molts
		The stomodeum and proctodeum are also regions into which glands open.
		Developmentally the intestine is endodermal in origin whereas the stomodeum and proctodeum have a mixed lineage from ectodermal and mesodermal origins
	www.wormatlas.org /handbook/alimentary/alimentary1.htm (4649 words)

	THE STRUCTURE OF THE CLOACAL PROTUBERANCE OF THE VESPER SPARROW (POOECETES GRAMINEUS) AND CERTAIN OTHER PASSERINE BIRDS
		About midway in this chamber on a line running up the genital papillae to their tips the epithelium changes abruptly from a columnar to a stratified type, the anterior half of the genital chamber and papillae thus being covered with simple columnar glandular epithelium while the posterior half is covered with stratified epithelium.
		The proctodeum (figure 6, P) extends posteriorly from the muscular cloacal papilla to the anal opening.
		During coition the proctodeum may be partially everted, the cloacal papilla being carried through the anal opening.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v071n01/p0064-p0073.html (5291 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		During copulation the spicules, housed inside the cloaca, probe for the vulval opening and insert into the vulva fully so that the cloacal opening is closely opposed to the vulva.
		Most of the muscles associated with the proctodeum are derived from muscle myoblast M, which is the source of an entirely different complement of sex muscles in the hermaphrodite.
		Neurons that innervate the male somatic gonad and the proctodeum are derived from B and Y (Klass et al., 1976; Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Kimble and Hirsh, 1979; Sulston et al., 1980; Hodgkin, 1988; The Male Wiring Project).
	exon.psc.edu /maleHandbook/ReprodMale_PartI_Intro.htm (371 words)

	lsans10.html
		1.The cloaca becomes divided by the intrusion of the urorectal septum passing between the urogenital sinus and the hindgut to meet the proctodeum.
		The proctodeum opens allow two openings: the urethral tube from the bladder and the anus from the rectum.
		The allantois persists for a time in order for the primordial germ cells to migrate from the yolk sac to the genital ridge.
	www.msu.edu /~kopachik/zol320/website/notes/stdgds/answers/lsans10.html (936 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The adult male gonad consists of a single J-shaped arm that connects to the cloaca (rectal epithelial tube) of the proctodeum.
		This structure is a common outlet for both the alimentary tract and the genital tract.
		Some are sex-specific and while others are present in both sexes but modified in the male (the sphincter and anal depressor muscles) to accomodate the dual role of the proctodeum in defecation and ejaculation (Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Sulston et al., 1980).
	exon.psc.edu /maleHandbook/GenIntroMalePartII.htm (1210 words)

	Gastrointestinal Embryological Development Summary - Gastrointestinal Embryological Development Information
		The cloacal membrane is formed where the cloaca meets the ectoderm of the proctodeum.
		The lower anal canal develops from the invagination of surface ectoderm due to the proliferation of mesoderm surrounding anal canal (proctodeum).
		The hindgut and proctodeum are involved in the embryologic formation of the entire anal canal.
	www.bookrags.com /other/health/gastrointestinal-embryological-deve-wap.html (951 words)

	eMedicine - Imperforate Anus : Article Excerpt by: Daniel A Beals, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The anus develops by a fusion of the anal tubercles and an external invagination, known as the proctodeum, which deepens toward the rectum but is separated from it by the anal membrane.
		Interference with anorectal structure development at varying stages leads to various anomalies, ranging from anal stenosis, incomplete rupture of the anal membrane (ie, covered anus), or anal agenesis (a low lesion) to complete failure of the upper portion of the cloaca to descend and failure of the proctodeum to invaginate (a high lesion).
		Continued communication between the urinary tract and rectal portions of the cloacal plate causes rectourethral fistulas or rectovaginal fistulas.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/byname/imperforate-anus.htm (625 words)

	Nematoda
		Paired chemoreceptors (amphids) are located laterally and posteriorly to or intermingled with the four posterior cephalic sensilla.
		The oral opening is followed by the alimentary canal that is divisible into the stomodeum (stoma, esophagus, esophagointestinal valve), mesenteron (intestine), and proctodeum (rectum), which opens through a subtenninal anus.
		In males the reproductive system forms a cloacal junction with the proctodeum.
	nematode.unl.edu /tol/nematoda.html (482 words)

	Drosophila tissue and organ development: Gut ectoderm - Foregut and hindgut
		The ectodermal derivatives of the gut are the stomodeum and the proctodeum.
		The proctodeum is formed concurrently with germ-band elongation [Images] while formation of the foregut continues later and is associated with head involution.
		Adult foregut consists of the esophagus, pharynx, crop and the sucking pump or cibarium found at the base of the proboscis.
	flybase.bio.indiana.edu /allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimorph/gut-ecto.htm (374 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Xsox2 is expressed in the anterior gut, spanning the oesophagus and stomach but terminating at the stomach/intestine boundary.
		Xcad1 and Xcad2, two caudal-type homeobox genes, are expressed in a region with an anterior limit at this boundary and a posterior limit between the colon and proctodeum, therefore covering the whole of the small and large intestines.
		Intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP) is expressed only in the anterior small intestine, and the even-skipped homeobox gene Xhox3 is expressed in the most posterior part of the gut, the proctodeum.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/09254773/articles/96/1/S092547730000379.abstract.en (224 words)

	For other meanings of bird see Birds are...
		Black-browed Albatross Black-browed Albatross In the males of species without a phallus phallus (see below), sperm is stored within the proctodeum proctodeum compartment within the cloaca cloaca prior to copulation.
		During copulation copulation, the female moves her tail to the side and the male either mounts the female from behind or moves very close to her.
		Except during copulation, it is hidden within the proctodeum proctodeum compartment within the cloaca, just inside the vent.
	www.biodatabase.de /Aves (1304 words)

	Regulation of sex-specific differentiation and mating behavior in C. elegans by a new member of the DM domain ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Failure of mab-23 mutant males to sire progeny is due primarily to defective sex muscle-mediated turning during copulatory behavior and likely compounded by impairment of sperm passage through the proctodeum.
		mab-23 is required for the patterning of posterior sensory neurons in the male nervous system, sex muscle differentiation, and morphogenesis of the posterior hypodermis, spicules, and proctodeum.
		In the male nervous system, mab-23 refines ray neuron subtype distribution by restricting expression of dopaminergic neurotransmitter identity through interactions with the Hox gene egl-5 and a TGF-beta-related signaling pathway.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/9552025.html (231 words)

	Xenbase: gene expression patterns \| AML \| Xenopus acute myelogenous leukemia \| blood \| CBF
		Ventral Xaml expression in a stage 26 embryo extends to the proctodeum (arrow).
		aT1-globin expression in a stage 26 embryo, has not yet reached the proctodeum (arrow) demonstrating that Xaml expression precedes a-globin in the VBI.
		Graphical representation of Xaml expression, with Xaml shown in purple superimposed upon the gastrulation images of Keller (1991).
	www.xenbase.org /index/blood/AML/aml.html (162 words)

	Avian Anatomy
		When an egg is travelling through the reproductive tract of the hen, it enters the urodeum before it passes out through the vent.
		The proctodeum is also the site of the Bursa of Fabricius, an organ that produces cells to fight infections.
		The bursa is unique to birds and should always be harvested for histopathology if a baby bird dies, because it is often very helpful in diagnosing many avian conditions and diseases.
	www.exoticpetvet.net /avian/anatomy.html (7146 words)

	proctodeum - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "proctodeum" is defined.
		proctodeum : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
		proctodeum : Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary [home, info]
	onelook.com /?w=proctodeum (109 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The renal portal system is simple and can be shut down for short periods during times of stress to allow for increased blood flow to other organs.
		The Cloaca or vent has three parts: 1) the coprodeum that receives feces and passes it to the 2) proctodeum the discharge area for eggs, and all waste and the 3) Urodeum which recieves waste products from the kidneys and either eggs or sperm and passes them to the proctodeum.
		In male ducks, swans and geese the cloaca may form a copulatory organ.
	members.aol.com /offmymedz/urogen.html (554 words)

	Gut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		posterior rectum and anus are derived from the proctodeum*
		Fig 16.1a A vertebrate embryo showing the stomodeum and proctodeum (Walker/Liem, 1994).
		derived from the posterior hindgut and the proctodeum*
	www.lander.edu /RSFOX/308gutLec.html (1966 words)

	Transcriptional regulation of BMP4 synexpression in transgenic Xenopus
		A well-characterized example is the BMP4 synexpression group (Figure 1A), members of which are expressed like this growth factor—dorsally in the eye, heart and proctodeum of tailbud stage Xenopus embryos (Figure 1B).
		Expression in the heart and proctodeum was present in the majority of transgenic embryos, whereas expression in the dorsal eye was rarely seen and only when the bambi enhancer was combined with its own proximal promoter (Figure 4J).
		Using the entire 6 kb bambi promoter improved the reproducibility of pattern except for dorsal eye expression, as was the case for a 155 kb bacterial artificial chromosome containing the human bambi ortholog nma (Figure 4Q).
	www.nature.com /emboj/journal/v23/n4/full/7600101a.html (7728 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		transcripts are first detected in stage 11 embryos in the proctodeum and in within a cluster of cells in the posterior-lateral portion of the eighth abdominal segment.
		Transcripts also accumulate in the hindgut and in the developing anterior and posterior midguts.
		in situ [t] E [a] epidermis [of] embryonic maxillary segment [p] [t] E [a] proctodeum [p] [t] E [a] embryonic/larval hindgut [p] [t] E [a] anterior embryonic/larval midgut [p] [t] E [a] posterior embryonic/larval midgut [p] [t] E [a] embryonic abdominal segment 8
	bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il /databases/flybase/docs/fbhelp/data-structure/FBtr.astruc-val.xml (245 words)

	DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
		The cloaca is divided into three regions but these are difficult to distinguish.
		The rectum enters the cloaca at the coprodeum, the urinary and genital ducts enter at the urodeum and the opening to the exterior is called the proctodeum.
		Dorsal to the proctodeum is a region of lymphoidal tissue called the bursa of Fabricius.
	www.aps.uoguelph.ca /~swatland/ch1_1.htm (1661 words)

	Identification of Genes Controlling Malpighian Tubule and Other Epithelial Morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster -- ...
		region of the proctodeum is required for extension of the buds.
		the primordia remain in the proctodeum as a ring (Figure 1E).
		the proctodeum into the tubule buds, as a continuation of bud
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/151/2/685 (5617 words)

	Embryology Lecture Notes
		The endoderm of the primitive gut gives rise to the epithelial lining of most of the digestive tract, biliary passages and parenchyma of liver and pancreas.
		The epithelium of the cranial and caudal ends of the digestive tract is derived from the ectoderm of the stomodeum and proctodeum (fig.
		The muscular and connective tissue components of the digestive tract are derived from splanchnic mesenchyme surrounding the primitive gut.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/duong/EMBRYOL.html (7431 words)

	Biology 104 Spring 2004 Endoderm and Skeleton
		Instead, they form a posterior infolding called the proctodeum.
		The proctodeum is an infolding of the somatic ectoderm, equivalent to the stomodeum at the other end.
		Bone is stronger and more rigid, but can grow only by surface deposition.
	www.bio.unc.edu /faculty/harris/Courses/2004biol104/lecture26.html (622 words)

	SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
		Read each question carefully and choose the best answer from the choices given and record it in the blue book.
		The last pair of pharyngeal pouches develop the swim bladder in fish and the __________ in mammals.
		a) liver b) stomach c) lungs d) umbilical cord e) proctodeum
	www2.sunysuffolk.edu /sabatil/703.htm (685 words)

	Cassowary Husbandry
		When relaxed, it lies within a pocket beneath the mucosa on the ventrum of the proctodeum of the cloaca.
		The finger must be inserted deeply into the proctodeum and pressure exerted on the floor to force extrusion of the phallus as the finger is withdrawn.
		vas deferens, B. urideum, C. proctodeum, D. pocket to contain phallus, E. erectile wall of phallus, F inverted hollow tube of phallus, G. phallic sulcus, H. erectile tissue, and I. erect phallus with blind hollow tube.
	www.cassowary.com /workshop.html (10515 words)

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