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Topic: Programmed cell death

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Apoptosis

Biological immortality

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Morphogenesis

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Organelle

Leonard Hayflick

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	Programmed cell death - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Programmed cell death (PCD) is the deliberate suicide of an unwanted cell in a multicellular organism.
		In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of cell death that results from acute tissue injury and provokes an inflammatory response, PCD is carried out in a regulated process that generally confers advantages during an organism's life cycle.
		The fact that programmed cell death has been the subject of increasing attention and research efforts was highlighted by the award of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Sydney Brenner (United Kingdom), H.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Programmed_cell_death (1381 words)

	Programmed cell death
		Programmed cell death proceeds in three genetically distinguishable phases: during the "specification phase", a cell is instructed to undergo programmed cell death; in the "killing phase", the apoptotic program is activated in the cell instructed to die; during the "execution phase", cells are dismantled and subsequently engulfed by neighboring cells (Horvitz, 1999; Figure 2).
		Sulston, J.E., and Horvitz, H.R. Post-embryonic cell lineages of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans.
		Sulston, J.E., and Horvitz, H.R. Abnormal cell lineages in mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
	www.wormbook.org /chapters/www_programcelldeath/programcelldeath.html (5937 words)

	Apoptosis in Development
		Programmed cell death (PCD) is an important mechanism in both development and homeostasis in adult tissues for the removal of either superfluous, infected, transformed or damaged cells by activation of an intrinsic suicide program.
		One form of PCD is apoptosis, which is characterized by maintenance of intact cell membranes during the suicide process so as to allow adjacent cells to engulf the dying cell so that it does not release its contents and trigger a local inflammatory reaction.
		Cells undergoing apoptosis usually exhibit a characteristic morphology, including fragmentation of the cell into membrane-bound apoptotic bodies, nuclear and cytoplasmic condensation and endolytic cleavage of the DNA into small oligonucleosomal fragments (Steller, 1995).
	www.acs.ucalgary.ca /~browder/apoptosis.html (1406 words)

	Programmed Cell Death
		Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically controlled process that is essential to the development, differentiation and homeostasis of multicellular organisms.
		PCD occurs in various types of plant cells during development and in response to environmental stimuli.
		The potential control of cell death by hormone such as ABA, ethylene, and the mutual regulation of ROS and proteasome are also investigated.
	www.sfu.ca /biology/faculty/kermode/laboratory/cell-death.htm (166 words)

	Apoptosis--Cell Death -- Cancer
		necrosis, which is a form of cell death that results from acute tissue injury, apoptosis is carried out in an ordered process that generally confers advantages during an organism's life cycle.
		B cells and T cells are sophisticated –and very effective– front-line players in the body's defenses against infectious agents, as well as against local cells that have acquired or developed a malignancy.
		Cell damage or infection), Takaoka and co-workers have described their research on how interferon alpha and beta (IFN-alpha/beta)induce transcription of the p53 gene, resulting in the increase of p53 protein level and enhancement of cancer cell-apoptosis.
	www.pipelinedrugs.com /biotechnology_encyclopedia/apoptosis.htm (3550 words)

	Programmed Cell Death (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Programmed cell death is the natural, necessary death of individual cells for the good of the organism as a whole.
		The number of cells in a tissue is maintained by two opposing processes: one of cell addition, by cell division; and one of cell deletion, by cell death.
		The red-stained areas of a mutant fruit fly's developing brain (lower half of the picture) contain cells that are undergoing programmed cell death because they could not form connections with dying cells in the fly's retina (red-stained areas in the top half of the picture), which did not develop normally.
	www.hhmi.org /annual95/b150.html (1507 words)

	Apoptosis in Development
		For example, death receptors that are members of the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family sit in cell membranes, but their intracellular domains have direct access to the cell death machinery that lies ready and waiting within the cell (Ashkenazi and Dixit, 1998).
		Bcl-2 facilitates survival of cells in which it is expressed and possesses a hydrophobic tail that allows it to associate with various cellular membranes, including those of the mitochondrial outer membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope.
		This gene is specifically expressed in cells destined to die and its pattern of expression anticipates the pattern of cell death in the Drosophila embryo.
	ucalgary.ca /UofC/eduweb/virtualembryo/death.html (3093 words)

	ScienceDaily: Critical Role In Programmed Cell Death Identified
		Their cell death machinery is simple, with one component for each of the different factors involved in the central cell killing apparatus.
		The genetically programmed death of cells is a normal part of embryonic development and occurs throughout the lifetime of...
		Programmed cell death -- Programmed cell death (PCD) is the deliberate suicide of an unwanted cell in a multicellular organism.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/02/050223123614.htm (1864 words)

	Spotlight: Programmed cell death (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As the embryo grows its cells mature and begin to specialize, or differentiate, into their different functional forms building up the different tissues and organs in nematode and human alike.
		Working in parallel with these growing processes is a third process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis.
		Cell death culls unwanted or damaged cells, hollowing out balls of cells to make chambers and vessels, and separating out once-webbed fingers and toes.
	www.intute.ac.uk /sciences/spotlight/issue7/cell.html (338 words)

	Apoptosis/Programmed Cell Death
		The term "programmed cell death" appeared in the 1960's (Lockshin and Williams, 1964; Lockshin and Williams, 1965), and "apoptosis" in the 1970's.
		In programmed cell death, there is documentation or presumption of an inherent genetic control, prevention of death by use of cycloheximide or actinomycin D, and detection of progress to death before the death becomes irreversible.
		The term that can be apposed to "apoptosis" and "programmed cell death" is necrosis, or failure of cells when, through loss of energy resources, puncture of the membrane, or other problems, they lose control of ion flow.
	brain.biologie.uni-freiburg.de /Fischbach/death.html (1796 words)

	BC Online: 9D - APOPTOSIS
		Cells can be instructed to undergo apoptosis through cell surface interactions with other cells which are often immune cells.
		One of the jobs of the immune cell is to destroy an altered cell (for example a virally-infected cell or a tumor cell).
		The endpoint of apoptosis is the engulfment of the fragmented cell by a phagocytic cell (such as a macrophage).
	employees.csbsju.edu /hjakubowski/classes/ch331/signaltrans/apoptosis.htm (2022 words)

	About programmed cell death
		By this mechanism, unwanted cells (such as cancer cells, infected cells and cells that have already completed their roles during development) are safely terminated in a strictly controlled manner.
		In animals, one of the main types of programmed cell death is apoptosis.
		Virus-infected animal cells can undergo cell death on their own or with the help of other cell types (such as NK cells in mammals).
	research.dfci.harvard.edu /innate/apoptosis.html (290 words)

	ScienceDaily: 2002 Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine: Programmed Cell Death (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In parallel with this generation of new cells, cell death is a normal process, both in the foetus and adult, to maintain the appropriate number of cells in the tissues.
		The Laureates have identified key genes regulating organ development and programmed cell death and have shown that corresponding genes exist in higher species, including man. The discoveries are important for medical research and have shed new light on the pathogenesis of many diseases.
		He showed that specific cells undergo programmed cell death as an integral part of the normal differentiation process, and he identified the first mutation of a gene participating in the cell death process.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2002/10/021008064740.htm (2734 words)

	Drosophila gene families: Apoptosis - Programmed cell death
		Genetic and biochemical evidence from Drosophila argues that IAP-dependent inhibition of caspase activity is essential for cell survival, and that one mechanism for cell death activation involves inhibition of IAP function (Wang, 1999; Goyal, 2000; Lisi, 2000; Vernooy, 2000 and references therein).
		Programmed cell death (PCD), important in normal animal physiology and disease, can be divided into at least two morphological subtypes, including type I, or apoptosis, and type II, or autophagic cell death.
		Autophagic cell death is shown to be associated with the induction of genes that participate in protein synthesis, transcription, multiple signal transduction pathways, and two ubiquitin-like pathways required for autophagy.
	flybase.bio.indiana.edu /allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aignfam/apoptoss.htm (4833 words)

	Exploring News & Features - Study of key enzyme sheds new light on programmed cell death and may lead to new drugs ...
		This process, called programmed cell death or apoptosis, is programmed into all but the most primitive of cells.
		It causes the cell to shut down in an orderly manner so that its contents can be absorbed by surrounding cells without initiating an attack by the body's internal self-defense systems.
		The view of cancer as a disease of uncontrolled cell growth is gradually being expanded by its additional characterization as a disease resulting from malfunctions in the process of cell death.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /exploration/news/news_dapk.htm (1089 words)

	Glossary
		eukaryotic cells Cells that have a nuclear envelope, cytoplasmic organelles, and a cytoskeleton.
		MAP kinases A family of mitogen-activated protein-serine/threonine kinases that are ubiquitous regulators of cell growth and differentiation.
		prokaryotic cells Cells lacking a nuclear envelope, cytoplasmic organelles, and a cytoskeleton (primarily bacteria).
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=cooper.glossary.2886 (7511 words)

	Study Implicates Programmed Cell Death in Familial Alzheimer's Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Scientists have found additional evidence that dysregulation of programmed cell death --the normal process by which old or superfluous cells self-destruct -- may underlie the earlier onset and more rapid downhill course of inherited forms of Alzheimer's disease.
		In the course of investigating several genes they had identified as being involved in apoptosis, or programmed cell death -- the choreographed cell suicide that helps sculpt developing tissues and organs -- they stumbled across a gene fragment that is a piece of mouse PS2.
		It was the first objective evidence that part of the programmed cell death pathway might be involved in Alzheimer's disease.
	www3.niaid.nih.gov /news/newsreleases/1996/alzheimers.htm (870 words)

	2001 GRC on Cell Death
		Correct cell number is maintained by a balance of two physiological processes: cell division (mitosis) and cell death (apoptosis).
		Until 10 or so years ago the efforts of the scientific community were focused almost exclusively on analysis of the cell cycle, with cell death being overlooked.
		Since the late 1980s the importance of apoptosis has become fully appreciated, and the cell and molecular biology of apoptosis has been studied in great detail in a number of invertebrate and vertebrate model systems.
	www.grc.org /programs/2001/celdeath.htm (531 words)

	Apoptosis - BioChemWeb.org
		Cell Death Society - A general overview of apoptosis and programmed cell death.
		CELLS Alive!: Apoptosis - Image sequence of a neutrophil undergoing apoptosis.
		The Interactive Fly: Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) - "A common pathway for developmentally regulated cell death." (Society for Developmental Biology)
	www.biochemweb.org /apoptosis.shtml (463 words)

	Apoptosis: Dance of Death
		Human neutrophils are constantly produced in the marrow and released into the blood to search for invading pathogens.
		Apoptotic cells break into smaller pieces called apoptotic bodies that other body cells recognize and eat.
		For the current science on this subject, two good sources are John W. Kimball's Apoptosis Page and the APOPTOSIS/PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH HOME PAGE.
	www.cellsalive.com /apop.htm (136 words)

	Programmed cell death is lecture topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Douglas Green, the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology scientist known for his pioneering research in apoptosis (programmed cell death) will speak Thursday, May 3, at 3 p.m.
		Speaking at the invitation of graduate students in the Department of Molecular Medicine, Green will discuss "Apoptotic Response to Cellular Death." Green was one of the first to show that proto-oncogenes also can have a central role in regulating cell death.
		His research extends from the role of apoptosis in the regulation of immune responses in the whole organism to the fundamental molecular events directing cell death.
	www.news.cornell.edu /http://www.new/Chronicle/01/4.26.01/cell_death.html (106 words)

	Programmed cell death.
		Programmed cell death of some cells or group of cells belongs to the development of multicellular organisms.
		Apoptosis also represents one aspect of the cell defense strategy against infectiosnor against growth of potentially harmful cells.
		Here the death of one cell in thr two-cellular sporangium of bacili or autolysis of a portion of cells or hyphae in the case of myxobacteria and streptomycetes permits the complection of their developmental cycle.
	www.img.cas.cz /bl/61_34_249-271.htm (144 words)

	Alternative, Nonapoptotic Programmed Cell Death: MEDIATION BY ARRESTIN 2, ERK2, AND Nur77 -- Castro-Obregón et ...
		Programmed cell death (pcd) may take the form of apoptosis or
		cell death programs are much less well characterized.
		R-mediated cell death was inhibited by a dominant
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/279/17/17543 (533 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Her research has been largely focused on understanding the regulation of physiological cell death (apoptosis) and survival in leukaemia.
		Several types of leukaemia or lymphoma are primarily due to insufficient cell death in the immune system.
		Sensitisation of HL60 human leukaemic cells to cytotoxic drug-induced apoptosis by inhibition of PI-3-kinase survival signals.
	www.ccrc.ie /staffsmckenna.htm (760 words)

	2005 CSHL Meeting on Programmed Cell Death (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		We are pleased to announce the sixth meeting on Programmed Cell Death, to be held at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory from Wednesday evening September 21st till after lunch on Sunday, September 25th, 2005.
		The meeting will cover the field of programmed cell death and apoptosis by specific sessions devoted to the topics listed below.
		The format of the meeting will include morning and evening sessions consisting of short talks, limited to approximately 15 minutes, principally on unpublished work.
	meetings.cshl.edu /meetings/pcd05.shtml (334 words)

	Critical role in programmed cell death identified (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Dartmouth Medical School geneticists have found links in the cell death machinery of worms and mammals, opening new avenues for studying and targeting a process vital to development and implicated in cancer and autoimmune diseases.
		Scientists identify protein with a crucial role in cell death
		I'm for it, as long as the stem cell source is non-feotal
	www.biologynews.net /archives/2005/02/16/critical_role_in_programmed_cell_death_identified.html?action=results&poll_ident=6 (1031 words)

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