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	Proinsulin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cell of the islets of langerhans.
		The c peptide is abstracted from the center of the proinsulin sequence; the two other ends (the b chain and a chain) remain connected by disulfide bonds.
		When some people use these insulins, the proinsulin can cause the body to react with a rash, to resist the insulin, or even to make dents or lumps in the skin at the place where the insulin is injected.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proinsulin (238 words)

	Mutant Proinsulin That Cannot Be Converted Is Secreted Efficiently from Primary Rat beta -Cells via the Regulated ...
		The mutant proinsulin (arrow) was precipitated quantitatively by anti-insulin serum.
		The extent of proinsulin conversion for the rat or the wild-type
		conversion of proinsulin is not a prerequisite for retention in
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/14/3/1195 (5264 words)

	Linco Research, Inc. - Human Intact Proinsulin ELISA Kit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Proinsulin is made by the beta cells of the pancreas.
		Proinsulin circulates in small quantities along with insulin and C-peptide due to incomplete modification.
		This Intact Proinsulin ELISA kit is used for the non-radioactive quantification of intact human proinsulin in serum and plasma.
	www.lincoresearch.com /products/ezhipi-17k.html (151 words)

	Insulin Does Not Mediate Glucose Stimulation of Proinsulin Biosynthesis -- Leibowitz et al. 52 (4): 998 -- Diabetes
		Proinsulin biosynthesis is expressed in dpm/islet (top), and specific proinsulin biosynthesis (bottom) is calculated as the ratio of proinsulin to total protein biosynthesis.
		Proinsulin biosynthesis was evaluated at the end of 1 h of exposure to actinomycin D in batches of 25 islets from each group pulsed with 25 µCi of
		Proinsulin biosynthesis was studied as described the legend to Fig.
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/full/52/4/998 (3985 words)

	Diabetes This Week (12/10/00): stem cell study; proinsulin & stroke; kids & type 2; kids' obesity study; ...
		The study on proinsulin, which is produced by the pancreas and later converted into insulin, was conducted by doctors at Umea University in Sweden.
		The researchers studied the proinsulin levels and diastolic blood pressure of 94 people who had had a stroke for the first time and 178 people who hadn't had a stroke.
		The researchers believe that high levels of proinsulin are a sign of larger metabolic problems, such as a resistance to insulin, which occurs with Type 2 diabetes.
	www.diabetesnet.com /news/news121000.php (1350 words)

	Proinsulin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Proinsulin is the substance made first in the pancreas that is then made into insulin.
		When insulin is purified from the pancreas of pork or beef, all the proinsulin is not fully removed.
		The purified insulins have less proinsulin and other impurities than the other types of insulins.
	www.paralumun.com /diabetesproinsulin.htm (87 words)

	Disruption of a Receptor-Mediated Mechanism for Intracellular Sorting of Proinsulin in Familial Hyperproinsulinemia -- ...
		We hypothesize that proinsulin oligomerizes and binds to CPE, a transmembrane sorting receptor, at the TGN via its ELLE sorting signal and enters the immature secretory granule (ISG) subsequent to budding of the TGN.
		Mutant proinsulin that is not bound to CPE at the TGN may enter constitutive secretory vesicles (CV) and be secreted in an unregulated manner.
		Mutant proinsulin that enters ISG by binding to CPE at the TGN or by default (10) would largely be removed into constitutive-like vesicles (CLV) due to inefficient binding to CPE in the ISG, and released primarily unprocessed, but may also include partially processed forms, in an unregulated manner.
	mend.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/17/9/1856 (5644 words)

	Proinsulin Endoproteolysis Confers Enhanced Targeting of Processed Insulin to the Regulated Secretory Pathway -- ...
		The total contents of labeled proinsulin and insulin produced by each clone were analyzed by immunoprecipitation in the gels shown at the far left.
		Quantitative analyses of the data for the proinsulin converters (PC1-expressing clones) and the nonconverter (Con) are shown in the bar graph at the far right: secretion of proinsulin is shown in the hatched bars, and secretion of insulin is shown in the closed bar.
		At early chase times, proinsulin entry into the stimulus-dependent secretory pathway is clear, although its utility as a granule marker wanes as a function of chase time.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/11/6/1959 (7848 words)

	Magic Marker: New Clue for Stroke Risk Found
		And women with high levels of the protein, known as proinsulin, appear to be at twice the risk of men.
		The risk of stroke in women with high proinsulin levels and high diastolic blood pressure -- the bottom number in a blood pressure reading -- was almost 20 times that of women who had the lowest levels of both.
		Nondiabetic men with the highest levels of proinsulin had twice the risk of stroke as men with the lowest levels, and women with the highest proinsulin levels had four times the risk of women with the lowest levels.
	www.webmd.com /content/Article/29/1728_65396.htm (689 words)

	Adenovirus-mediated transfer of a modified human proinsulin gene reverses hyperglycemia in diabetic mice -- Short et ...
		Mobility of authentic insulin (I; mol wt = 5,800) and proinsulin (PI; mol wt = 9,400) are indicated by arrows.
		to the mobility of proinsulin and insulin (Fig.
		Mobility of authentic insulin (mol wt = 5,800) and proinsulin (mol wt = 9,400) are indicated by arrows.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/5/E748 (5121 words)

	Exposure of human islets to cytokines can result in disproportionately elevated proinsulin release -- Hostens et al. ...
		release of insulin with that of proinsulin, because the prediabetic
		Proinsulin release between 4 and 24 or 48 hours is significantly higher during cytokine exposure.
		proinsulin was disproportionate to that of insulin, as indicated
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/104/1/67 (3800 words)

	Do Increased Proinsulin Concentrations Explain the Excess Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Diabetic and Prediabetic ...
		Proinsulin is a precursor of insulin that is enzymatically
		Proinsulin and insulin concentrations in relation to carotid wall thickness: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study.
		The relation of proinsulin, insulin and proinsulin-to-insulin sensitivity and acute insulin response in normoglycemic subjects.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/105/17/2008 (1403 words)

	Proinsulin disulfide maturation and misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum -- Liu et al., 10.1074/jbc.C400475200 -- ...
		Proinsulin disulfide maturation and misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum
		Upon nonreducing tris-tricine-urea-SDS-PAGE, newly-synthesized proinsulin from pancreatic islets of normal rodents forms a predominant band of fast mobility representing the native disulfide isomer, which is efficiently secreted.
		The 'Akita-type' proinsulin mutation, which causes dominant-negative diabetes mellitus due to point mutation C(A7)Y that leaves B7-cysteine without its disulfide pairing partner, is recovered as a form that near quantitatively co-migrates with the aberrant "isomer #1 band" of proinsulin.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/C400475200v1 (331 words)

	Self-Antigen Presenting (SAP) Cells expressing Proinsulin exist in Peripheral Blood besides Thymus and Peripheral ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Genes coding for proinsulin and other type 1 diabetes autoantigens such as GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) and the tyrosine-phosphatase-like protein IA-2 are transcribed in the human thymus
		We hypothesized that PAE cells may also exist in peripheral blood and that proinsulin, GAD and IA-2 epitopes could be expressed on their surface for presentation to lymphocytes.
		The GAD peptide did not affect proinsulin staining, while the proinsulin peptide did not affect the staining of the GAD and IA-2 antibodies on human peripheral blood cells.
	www.med.miami.edu /MNBWS/Pugliese75.html (866 words)

	Proinsulin 2 Knockout NOD Mice: A Model for Genetic Variation of Insulin Gene Expression in Type 1 Diabetes -- ...
		Proinsulin 2 Knockout NOD Mice: A Model for Genetic Variation of Insulin Gene Expression in Type 1 Diabetes -- Dubois-Lafforgue et al.
		Knockout of the proinsulin 2 gene in the
		Expression of proinsulin 1 mRNA in thymus of proinsulin 2
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/full/51/suppl_3/S489 (2369 words)

	Acceleration of type 1 diabetes mellitus in proinsulin 2-deficient NOD mice -- Thébault-Baumont et al. 111 (6): ...
		importance of proinsulin as an autoantigen in the NOD mouse.
		the islets of Langerhans and the expression of proinsulin in
		Proinsulin Expression by Hassall's Corpuscles in the Mouse Thymus
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/111/6/851 (4457 words)

	Glucose-Regulated Proinsulin Gene Expression Is Required for Adequate Insulin Production during Chronic Glucose ...
		proinsulin gene transcription and stabilizing the mRNA (9, 10).
		Proinsulin gene expression was quantified using primers complementary to the 5' and 3' ends of rat proinsulin I gene.
		the proinsulin biosynthetic response to glucose observed by
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/143/9/3214 (3750 words)

	Glucagon-like peptide-1 improves insulin and proinsulin binding on RINm5F cells and human monocytes -- Ebinger et al. ...
		I-proinsulin binding was determined by subtracting the amount of radioactivity bound nonspecifically in the presence of 1 µM unlabeled proinsulin.
		Proinsulin stimulates growth of small intestinal crypt-like cells acting via specific receptors.
		Stimulation by proinsulin of expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-I in endothelial cells.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/279/1/E88 (4321 words)

	Production of human proinsulin using a novel vector system (US5460954)
		The specification describes a process for producing human proinsulin in Escherichia coli (E. coli) using gene manipulation technology.
		The process can provide for human proinsulin in high yields by a novel expression vector having strong regulatory elements of an insulin gene and a stable recombinant gene product.
		Human insulin is prepared from the proinsulin fusion protein by in vitro conversion.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US05460954 (608 words)

	Insulin Resistance Does Not Change the Ratio of Proinsulin to Insulin in Normal Volunteers -- Wang et al. 82 (10): 3221 ...
		in proinsulin and insulin concentrations are proportionate to the
		that the molar ratio of proinsulin to insulin was unchanged
		in proinsulin disproportionate to the increase in insulin concentration
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/82/10/3221 (3005 words)

	Incomplete Processing of Proinsulin to Insulin Accompanied by Elevation of Des-31,32 Proinsulin Intermediates in Islets ...
		for the conversion of proinsulin to insulin is increased approximately
		Proinsulin and Insulin-like Immunoreactive Products in Serum and Pancreas-- Pancreatic extracts were prepared as described previously (15).
		in proinsulin maturation in the storage granule compartment.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/273/6/3431 (5083 words)

	Evidence That a Peptide Spanning the B-C Junction of Proinsulin Is an Early Autoantigen Epitope in the Pathogenesis of ...
		Evidence That a Peptide Spanning the B-C Junction of Proinsulin Is an Early Autoantigen Epitope in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes -- Chen et al.
		Evidence That a Peptide Spanning the B-C Junction of Proinsulin Is an Early Autoantigen Epitope in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes
		proinsulin is expressed in the thymus of young nonobese diabetic
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/abstract/167/9/4926 (849 words)

	From The Cover: The fusion of bone-marrow-derived proinsulin-expressing cells with nerve cells underlies diabetic ...
		the guinea pig proinsulin antibody and the presence or absence
		CD45-positive but proinsulin-negative reaction is seen at the plasma membrane of white blood cells (small arrowheads), proinsulin-positive DRG neuronal cell body (large arrowheads), and proinsulin-positive axon (small arrow) as shown in a higher-magnification view of the area enclosed by a rectangle.
		Data are from nondiabetic STZ-diabetic proinsulin (-) or STZ-diabetic proinsulin (+) DRG neurons on days 1 and 4 of culture.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/102/35/12525 (4108 words)

	Proinsulin Concentration Is an Independent Predictor of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: An 11-year follow-up of ...
		Proinsulin Concentration Is an Independent Predictor of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: An 11-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study -- Alssema et al.
		Proinsulin Concentration Is an Independent Predictor of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality
		Nijpels G, Popp-Snijders C, Kostense PJ, Bouter LM, Heine RJ: Fasting proinsulin and 2-h postload glucose levels predict the conversion to NIDDM in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the Hoorn Study.
	care.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/full/28/4/860 (3315 words)

	Sex Differences in the Association Between Proinsulin and Intact Insulin With Coronary Heart Disease in Nondiabetic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The relationships of concentrations of insulin, intact proinsulin and 32–33 split proinsulin with cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic subjects.
		Disproportionately increased proinsulin levels are associated with the insulin resistance syndrome.
		A rapid and sensitive radioimmunoassay for the measurement of proinsulin in human serum.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/105/11/1311 (2858 words)

	GS-9A8 proinsulin non-processed Antibody
		binds to B-C junction of proinsulin — not competing with GN-ID4 binding to C-peptide moiety
		human and monkey proinsulin; does not cross-react to insulin nor C-peptide; cross reaction to rodent proinsulins require aldehyde fixation
		proinsulin is processed to insulin and C-peptide before secretion
	www.uiowa.edu /~dshbwww/gs-9a8.html (164 words)

	High Proinsulin Levels Precede First-Ever Stroke in a Nondiabetic Population -- Lindahl et al. 31 (12): 2936 -- Stroke
		High Proinsulin Levels Precede First-Ever Stroke in a Nondiabetic Population -- Lindahl et al.
		proinsulin and diastolic blood pressure as well as between insulin
		Proinsulin Concentration Is an Independent Predictor of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: An 11-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/31/12/2936 (534 words)

	Proinsulin and Insulin Concentrations in Relation to Carotid Wall Thickness : Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study ...
		Proinsulin and Insulin Concentrations in Relation to Carotid Wall Thickness : Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study -- Haffner et al.
		Proinsulin and Insulin Concentrations in Relation to Carotid Wall Thickness
		However, the relation between proinsulin and IMT was stronger
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/29/8/1498 (947 words)

	Proinsulin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		• Proinsulin is a protein manufactured by the pancreas.
		Once produced, it is processed to form the hormone INSULIN, which helps to regulate blood sugar levels..
		• Type in the word "proinsulin" to the UCSC browser, and then answer the following questions:
	www.brown.edu /Courses/BI0020_Miller/scavenger/proinsulin.html (115 words)

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