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Topic: Project Mohole

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	Project Mohole - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Project Mohole was an ambitious attempt to drill through the Earth's crust into the Mohorovičić discontinuity, and to provide an Earth science complement to the high profile Space Race.
		Project Mohole was to include three phases, the first consisting of an experimental drilling program, the second consisting of an intermediate vessel program, and the third consisting of the final drilling to the Mohorovicic Discontinuity.
		Once initial funds for Project Mohole had been obtained from NSF, AMSOC in 1958 took charge of the effort as an official study unit of the National Research Council's Division of Earth Sciences.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Project_Mohole (492 words)

	Digging a Hole in the Ocean: Project Mohole, 1958-1966
		Project Mohole was an attempt to retrieve a sample of material from the earth's mantle by drilling a hole through the earth's crust to the Mohorovicic Discontinuity, or Moho.
		The project was suggested in March 1957 by Walter Munk, NAS member (1956) and member of the National Science Foundation (NSF) Earth Science Panel.
		Although Project Mohole failed in its intended purpose, it did show that deep ocean drilling was a viable means of obtaining geological samples.
	www.nas.edu /history/mohole (572 words)

	Mohole, Project on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		MOHOLE, PROJECT [Mohole, Project] program proposed in 1957 to drill a hole down to the boundary between the crust and the mantle, known as the Mohorovičić discontinuity at about 4 to 43 mi (7 to 70 km) below the earth's surface.
		Initiated by the American Miscellaneous Society, a loose organization of scientists, the main purposes of the project were to determine the nature of this boundary and to attempt to fill gaps in the geologic record from samples of the rocks encountered.
		The project was abandoned by 1966, as funding to support the ever-increasing costs of the project failed to gain congressional approval.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/m/mohole-p1.asp (352 words)

	AIP Center for History of Physics Newsletters: Fall 1996
		Popularly promoted as an exploration of "inner space," the Mohole drilling project proposed to drill under the ocean floor, where the earth's crust is thinnest, to the upper layer of the mantle.
		Mohole is one of the most important and least understood big science projects in postwar America.
		The National Academy Mohole Committee records are open and available at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. Approximately eight shelf feet of Mohole records detail the National Academy's and the American Miscellaneous Society's involvement in the drilling project.
	www.aip.org /history/newsletter/fall96/mohole.htm (586 words)

	Geology History: Project Mohole
		Description of Project Mohole, which was an attempt to drill to the mantle of the Earth.
		The barge used for the Mohole Project was named the Cuss I. It was literally converted from a naval barge for the project and was equipped with heavy drilling equipment.
		The Mohole Project was cancelled in 1966 and approximately $50 million had already been committed, without even beginning phase two.
	scsc.essortment.com /projectmohole_rdry.htm (691 words)

	:: The Mars Project - Terraforming Mohole :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The moholes, like the one pictured here, go anywhere from 10 to 20 kilometers deep and the temperatures at the bottom are a modest 300 degrees Kelvin (27 centigrade).
		However, this is in contrast to the surface temperatures of 100 to 200 degrees Kelvin (-173 to -73 centigrade).
		There are about 30 such moholes on Mars now, and they have raised the temperature of the surface about 40 degrees Kelvin.
	www.marsproject.com /mohole.htm (180 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Secrets Of Inner Space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		"Mohole" is often modestly described as "a plan to drill a hole in the bottom of the sea." Actually, it is a considerably complicated experiment which will cost the National Science Foundation from $45 to $68 million and probably not be completed until 1967.
		The project directors have decided that the easiest route to the Moho, and thence the mantle, is through the ocean floor.
		Though there still remain many problems to be worked out, the project's study of American offshore petroleum technology and its own test drillings in the Pacific, both have proven the feasibility of using the standard rotary drill common to the oil industry.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/196306/the.secrets.of.inner.space.htm (2147 words)

	Project Mohole - TheBestLinks.com - Miocene, Basalt, National Science Foundation, Mohorovicic discontinuity, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Project Mohole - TheBestLinks.com - Miocene, Basalt, National Science Foundation, Mohorovicic discontinuity,...
		Mohole, Project Mohole, Miocene, Basalt, National Science Foundation...
		Project Mohole was an ambitious attempt to drill through the Earth's crust into the Mohorovicic discontinuity.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Mohole.html (201 words)

	Issues in S and T, Fall 1999, Archives
		Project Mohole represented, as one historian described it, the earth sciences' answer to the space program.
		The project involved a highly ambitious attempt to retrieve a sample of material from the Earth's mantle by drilling a hole through the crust to the Mohorovicic Discontinuity, or Moho.
		Although Project Mohole failed in its intended purpose of obtaining a sample of the Earth's mantle, it did demonstrate that deep ocean drilling is a viable means of obtaining geological samples.
	bob.nap.edu /issues/16.1/archives.htm (204 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000 (2000)
		The Mohole Project Office was attached to the Office of the NSF Director, but because of the huge budget and administrative implications of the contract, the coordinator actually reported to NSF's Associate Director for Administration.
		Oceanographers were among Mohole's leaders from the project's conception to its demise; but perhaps because of the lack of a clear disciplinary identity for oceanography in NSF at the time, the field escaped much of the blame for its failure.
		He was disturbed by the dis-unity of the academic leadership of the project and the lack of scientific capability of Brown and Root.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309063981/html/100.html (1567 words)

	BMC to put microbes to work at Deonar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A pilot project will soon be started at the dump, wherein the corporation will unleash the power of bacteria to deal with piles of garbage.
		Explaining the working of the project, Mohole says, “Effective Microbs (EM), which comprises several forms of bacteria, will be added to the garbage.
		Mohole pegs the cost of the project at Rs 4 lakh.
	web.mid-day.com /metro/chembur/2005/may/108734.htm (485 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		There have been a number of other projects to drill deep into the Earth's crust, though none has succeeded in reaching the mantle, as this Japanese team is trying to do.
		Some of the more well-known ones: Project Mohole: That was a US team back in 1961 that managed to drill to 183 m below the sea floor, in 3500 m of water off the Mexican coast.
		This Japanese project is going to drill through the sea floor in the Pacific, in a spot where the crust is thin, which will hopefully allow them to reach the mantle in only 7 km, under 2.5 km of water.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=6683995&postID=111788608476399136 (356 words)

	UH Cullen College of Engineering: Parameters Magazine
		In addition to teaching, Schneider also pursued a high-profile research career that was highlighted by work in the 1960s on Project Mohole, a nationally funded effort to drill a hole through the earth’s crust beneath the floor of the ocean to reach the interior of the earth.
		The project lost political support and funding before the goal of drilling to the mantle could be reached, but two technologies developed during Mohole had significant impact on the offshore drilling industry: the dynamic positioning system and the sonar system for hole re-entry.
		After the Project Mohole, Schneider decided to return to teaching and began consulting for the National Science Foundation on the deep sea drilling exploration vessel Glomar Challenger.
	www.egr.uh.edu /parameters/spring2002?e=schneider (1467 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Science/Health -- Sea Worthy
		Rather than mull the past, he prefers discussing his current projects, including measuring the ocean's internal tides and how they effect deep-water mixing, and the possibility of using acoustics to chronicle underwater frontal boundaries marking temperature and current shifts.
		Project Mohole began with a successful test hole, drilled off Mexico's Guadalupe Island, 220 miles south of San Diego.
		Project Mohole was abandoned and forgotten in the rush to go to the moon.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/science/20021218-9999_1c18munk.html (2580 words)

	Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) was born out of Mohole's ashes in 1964, when JOIDES (Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling) was organized and in 1966 when SIO signed a contract with NSF to administer the project.
		The project was originally developed to study how manganese nodules form, but a wider study called MANOP grew out of it in 1977.
		It was the first major research program that brought meteorologists and oceanographers together to analyze interactions between ocean and atmosphere over long periods of time in large areas of ocean with the goal of learning the causes of low frequency fluctuations of the ocean-atmosphere system.
	scilib.ucsd.edu /sio/archives/siohstry/nsf.html (1598 words)

	projection
		map projection - map projection, transfer of the features of the surface of the earth or another spherical body onto...
		projective geometry - projective geometry, branch of geometry concerned with those properties of geometric figures that...
		Mohole, Project - Mohole, Project, program proposed in 1957 to drill a hole down to the boundary between the crust...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0917772.html (99 words)

	Peek into the earth \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		"Project Mohole" was to be Earth sciences' answer to the space program.
		Project Mohole's goal was to reach the point where the crust and upper mantle meet.
		Because the crust is thinnest on the ocean floor, Project Mohole began drilling off the coast of Mexico, 11,700 feet underwater.
	www.csmonitor.com /2002/1105/p18s02-hfks.htm (1230 words)

	Project Mohole Photo Gallery
		Phase I of Project Mohole involved drilling near Guadalupe Island, off the coast of Mexico, in spring of 1961.
		The ship used was a converted Navy barge that had been fitted with experimental deep-water drilling equipment and a dynamic positioning system invented for the occasion by Willard Bascom, oceanographer and project director.
		Overhead view of CUSS I, the converted Navy Barge used for Project Mohole's deep-sea drilling tests in spring of 1961.
	www7.nationalacademies.org /archives/mohopix.html (197 words)

	Haze Gray & Underway Mystery Picture #163 Answer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		CUSS I was a converted Navy barge used in Project Mohole, an early effort at deep undersea drilling.
		Mohole was a National Science Foundation research project, intended to drill down to the Mohorovicic Discontinuity, the boundary between the earth's crust and the mantle.
		Mohole was cancelled in 1966 due to the cost of the project.
	www.hazegray.org /mysteries/oldmyst/ans163.htm (130 words)

	Biography of Willard Bascom
		In 1954, Willard joined the staff at the National Science Foundation, where he organized and directed the first phase of Project Mohole (involving SIO and other institutions), the first effort to drill in deep water through the earth’s crust.
		The project was abandoned in 1966 because the ever-increasing costs failed to gain congressional approval.
		However, the Mohole Project laid the foundations for the Deep-sea Drilling Project, which incorporated Project Mohole’s ship positioning and design as well as its drilling technology.
	www.boostdam.net /OSE/bascom_bio.htm (824 words)

	AIP International Catalog of Sources
		The project became known as the Mohole Project and was supported by the National Science Foundation.
		In 1966 with NSF funding, the Deep Sea Drilling Project was operated at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO).
		In 1966 with NSF funding, the Deep Sea Drilling Project was operated at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
	www.aip.org /history/catalog/icos/357.html (230 words)

	Moving Image Collection, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This is a projection print of an original silent, color film made by Scripps Institution of Oceanography during Expedition Downwind (October 21, 1957-March 1, 1958), one of the International Geophysical Year expeditions.
		This projection print is identified as "Visayan Sea Expedition of the R/V Alpha Helix, Dr. William A. Dunson, Chief Scientist, August 21-October 2, 1975 in the Philippine Islands." The film includes footage of R/V ALPHA HELIX at port and work aboard the vessel during the expedition.
		Audience: SIO 86-37 Projection print of a film documenting the visit of HRH Queen Elizabeth II of Britain and HRH Prince Philip to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, on a rainy February 26, 1983.
	www.scilib.ucsd.edu /sio/archives/guides/film.html (13484 words)

	witts.org
		The birth of this study can be traced to the Mohole Project, in 1957 where some scientists sought to probe the boundary between the earth's crust and its mantle, which also marks a change in the physical properties of the two.
		Encouraged by its success, a more ambitious digging program was contemplated, near Moho about 300 km off the Hawaiian Island of Oahu, but this effort, called the Mohole Project, was eventually given up owing to cost overruns and lack of sufficient funding.
		Before this project folded up, another project was launched, this time to extend the paleoceanographic history to the period when continental glaciers waxed and waned repeatedly in the northern hemisphere, causing major changes in sea level.
	www.witts.org /oceanwealth_12_dec04/infocus.htm (665 words)

	HighBeam Research: Library Search: Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A last-minute science project doesn't have to be an experiment in terror.
		The project is being headed by the Mortenson Investment...
		The project is expected to cost $50 million.
	www.highbeam.com /library/search.asp?refid=ency_botresults&q=project (605 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Mohole Project was initiated in the late 1950s to test the feasibility of tapping the thermal energy of the earth's interior.
		According to the literature, the project was canceled for "money and political reasons." 74 However, the main reason Mohole was terminated was because the project was proved not feasible in this location.
		They confirm that everywhere the oceanic crust is younger than about 200,000,000 years and that the stratigraphic age determined by micropaleontology of the overlying oceanic sediments is close to the age of the oceanic crust calculated from the magnetic anomalies.
	jpdawson.com /pelgnet/pelchap3/Chap3.html (6730 words)

	Am I correct that a volcanic plume was recently detected on one of Jupiter's moons by a space probe? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Also, if the series of rocks that hit Jupiter a few years ago were to hit the earth, would they start a volcano on Earth or upset this planets volcanism.
		As for Project Mohole - it was planned for the 1960s or 70s, but was finally abandoned because of cost.
		This isn't deep enough to penetrate the mohole in the continents, but would be if they had drilled on the ocean floor as we had proposed.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/frequent_questions/grp12/question870.html (289 words)

	USSSP Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Scientific ocean drilling had its beginnings in the Mohole Project, the objective of which was to drill a deep hole through the entire ocean crust into the upper mantle.
		The demise of this project was followed by the National Sediment Coring Program, which was carried out by the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) from 1968 to 1974.
		Drilling into the ocean crust during these early days was usually limited to very short penetrations into basalts which were useful primarily to determine the age of the crust, thence the age of magnetic anomalies, using fossils in sediments just above basement.
	www.usssp-iodp.org /Publications/Greatest_Hits/plates.html (483 words)

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