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Topic: Project Stormfury

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	AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING SQUADRON FOUR
		Project Stormfury is a joint Navy and Weather Bureau (Environment Science Services Administration) weather experimental program.
		The objective of Project Stormfury is the design and execution of a series of experiments on hurricanes for better understanding, prediction, and possible eventual control of some aspects of these severe storms.
		Project Stormfury has developed from a single aircraft experiment in 1961to a complex series of experiments simultaneously employing eleven aircraft in 1965.
	www.aewa.org /Library/vw4/vw4.html (1336 words)

	Blast a hurricane away? Forget about it! - Hurricanes Archive Section - MSNBC.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The idea was raised during the Eisenhower administration after several major storms hit the East Coast in the mid-1950s, killing 749 people and causing billions in damages.
		During Stormfury, scientists also seeded hurricanes in 1963, 1969 and 1971 over the open Atlantic Ocean far from land.
		Project Stormfury was abandoned in the 1980s after spending hundreds of millions of dollars.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/9440978/print/1/displaymode/1098 (551 words)

	USATODAY.com - Project Stormfury attempted to weaken hurricanes in the 1960s and 70s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Stormfury hypothesis was to seed the first rain band outside the wall of clouds around the eye.
		In the 1970s, Project Stormfury turned its attention to efforts to better understand hurricanes.
		Joanne Simpson, says the only idea other than seeding that had much merit was to spread a film on the ocean to reduce evaporation, thus reducing the amount of humid air available to fuel the storm.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/research/2005-09-06-project-stormfury_x.htm (1159 words)

	FAQ : HURRICANES, TYPHOONS, AND TROPICAL CYCLONES
		The STORMFURY seeding targeted convective clouds just outside the hurricane's eyewall in an attempt to form a new ring of clouds that, it was hoped, would compete with the natural circulation of the storm and weaken it.
		The idea was that the silver iodide would enhance the thunderstorms of a rainband by causing the supercooled water to freeze, thus liberating the latent heat of fusion and helping a rainband to grow at the expense of the eyewall.
		To learn about the STORMFURY project as it was called, read Willoughby et al.
	www.aoml.noaa.gov /hrd/tcfaq/C4.html (433 words)

	[No title]
		STORMFURY also performed significant hurricane modeling and analysis, thanks in part to its military origins, which provided highly skilled storm-chaser pilots and capable aircraft.
		Project STORMFURY suggested that if it could devise a method to coax the eyewall to widen, one could effectively "defuse" or at least diminish a hurricane.
		Early results were promising, and the project performed several seeding experiments between 1962 and 1971.
	articles.techrepublic.com.com /5102-6228-5313398.html (1092 words)

	HRD History
		This lead to the formal organization of Project STORMFURY in 1962, as a joint venture of the USN, USWB, and the National Science Foundation.
		This was the first in a long series of multi-national experiments to which the Project in its various forms was to contribute its expertise in tropical weather and in airborne meteorological observation.
		The Project was initially supposed to run for only a few years; time enough, it was thought, to answer all the basic questions about hurricanes.
	www.aoml.noaa.gov /hrd/hrd_sub/stormfury_era.html (1026 words)

	Who Will Stop the Rain? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		His Project Cirrus report was initially classified, to his consternation, and when the report was finally released to the scientific community, it contained a highly skeptical assessment by a panel of “experts,” hand-picked by the DOD, who suggested that Langmuir’s experiments were inconclusive, at best, that his science did not meet acceptable standards.
		Project Corona is an exemplary model of a secret program that persisted in total flout for decades.
		In 1966, Project Hailswath involved 14 research groups in hail suppression; meanwhile the U.S. DOD research on dissipation of cold fog had moved into operational use by the Army and Air Force.
	thewebfairy.com /911/uav/2.htm (3564 words)

	Past Attempts To Control Hurricanes
		Overcoming a lack of enthusiasm and interest in the subject from some scientists, the program took off in the early 1960s with Project Stormfury, which was headed by Dr. Robert H. Simpson, director of the National Hurricane Research Labs.
		The project team of workers from both the U.S. Weather Bureau and the Navy was able to decrease the sustained winds in the storm by ten percent.
		Ultimately though, Project Stormfury was cancelled in 1980 since the team was unable to clearly ascertain whether or not the seeding efforts were really causing storms to weaken, or the systems just became victims of the environment around them.
	www.hurricaneville.com /project_stormfury.html (1042 words)

	Scientific American: Controlling Hurricanes
		In the early 1960s a U.S. government-appointed scientific advisory panel named Project Stormfury performed a series of courageous (or perhaps foolhardy) experiments to determine whether that approach might work.
		Project Stormfury aimed to slow the development of a hurricane by augmenting precipitation in the first rain band outside the eye wall--the ring of clouds and high winds that encircle the eye [see "Experiments in Hurricane Modification," by R. Simpson and Joanne S. Malkus; Scientific American, December 1964].
		They attempted to accomplish this goal by seeding the clouds there with silver iodide particles dispersed by aircraft, which would serve as nuclei for the formation of ice from water vapor that had been supercooled after rising to the highest, coldest reaches of the storm.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=000593AE-704B-1151-B57F83414B7F0000 (3345 words)

	Hurricane control clandestine weather modification Stormfury Isabel
		During the past year he played a crucial role on the Project Stormfury Advisory Panel as it sought to evaluate the results of experiments aimed at reducing the intensity of hurricanes.
		By 1965, the mantle of artificial rain-maker had fallen on the shoulders of Dr. Richard Blasband, who conducted a series of thirty eight rain-making operations with a success ratio of 18 induced downpours when the chances of rain were only ten per cent, according to the local weather bureau.
		This brought the Project under the direct management of NHRL and required a greater commitment of the Laboratory's personnel and resources.
	www.bariumblues.com /storm_fury.htm (5518 words)

	NOAA 200th: Feature Stories: Fifty Years of NOAA Hurricane Research
		STORMFURY was a government project to investigate the effect of silver iodide to “seed” hurricanes and decrease their intensity.
		Projects such as STORMFURY that investigated whether it was possible to modify hurricanes to decrease their intensity figured prominently during this period.
		In addition to supporting their operational partners within NOAA and other federal agencies, NOAA HRD researchers will also be focusing on a number of research projects this hurricane season and in the future — namely continued hurricane "intensity" research, new efforts to improve hurricane modeling, and the use of unmanned aircraft in hurricane observations.
	celebrating200years.noaa.gov /magazine/50yrs_hurricane_res/welcome.html (1885 words)

	Tropical cyclone disruption - Patent 5441200
		As a result of the larger eye, barometric pressure in the eye increases, wind speed slows, and the storm surge decreases to minimal proportions.
		Another method of seeding mature tropical cyclones, was used by Project Stormfury.
		The aim of the project was to lessen the fury of the winds in mature tropical cyclones.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5441200.html (2171 words)

	ProjectArcix: Natural Disasters > Hurricane > Necessary Government Response
		Recently, however, the United States government was criticized strongly for its mismanagement and lack of leadership in its relief response to the 2005 Hurricane Katrina.
		In the 1960s, Project Stormfury of United States attempted a technique to impact the condensation process through seeding the clouds near the hurricane with silver iodide particles.
		The hope was to allow cool clouds to grow quickly and consume the warm moist air near the ocean’s surface which would enlarge the eye and lessen the hurricane’s strength.
	www.projectarcix.com /text/naturaldisasters/hurricane/govtresponse.html (346 words)

	Project STORMFURY
		Project STORMFURY was an ambitious experimental program of research on hurricane modification carried out between 1962 and 1983.
		That the positive results inferred from the seeding experiments in the 1960s stemmed from inability to discriminate between the expected results of human intervention and the natural behavior of hurricanes.
		Willoughby, H. Jorgensen, R. Black, and S. Rosenthal, 1985: Project STORMFURY, A Scientific Chronicle, 1962-1983, Bull.
	www.aoml.noaa.gov /hrd/hrd_sub/sfury.html (223 words)

	COAST TO COAST AM WITH GEORGE NOORY: SHOWS
		Project Stormfury was an experimental program run by the US government from 1962 to 1983.
		The project's goal was to weaken hurricanes by seeding clouds in the eyewall of the storm with silver iodide.
		It was thought the silver iodide would cause supercooled water in the storm to freeze, disrupting the inner structure of the hurricane.
	www.coasttocoastam.com /shows/2004/09/18.html (428 words)

	Katrina and the Politics of Preemption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1962 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) began Project Stormfury, which for more than a decade not only analyzed but also on at least three occasions cloud-seeded these atmospheric whirlpools of destruction.
		Stormfury also investigated other exotic techniques for altering hurricanes, such as coating ocean paths ahead of a storm to reduce its pickup of the sea surface heat that fuels the immense energy engine of hurricanes.
		Through Project Stormfury and other research we have begun learning how to dissipate such storms in their infancy, to snuff them out in their mid-Atlantic cradle before they grow into giant storms.
	www.frontpagemag.com /ARticles/Printable.asp?ID=19430 (1374 words)

	DeadlyStorms.com Hurricane Science - Stopping Hurricanes
		According to the center for atmospheric research, the heat energy released by a hurricane equals 50 to 200 trillion watts or about the same amount of energy released by exploding a 10-megaton nuclear bomb every 20 minutes.
		Project STORMFURY came to a formal end in 1982, as no hurricane modification experiments had been flown in over a decade, and as serious doubts about the assumptions of STORMFURY came to be expressed.
		In part the new cloud physics data showed that the amount of supercooled liquid water available in a hurricane was far less than had been thought, and studies of the natural cycles of storm strength showed that the effect of seeding might have been nugatory.
	www.deadlystorms.com /science/stopping.htm (1185 words)

	Storm fury stymied Boat/US Magazine - Find Articles
		And she had experience using silver iodide to seed clouds from aircraft, having ridden along during early Stormfury experiments with her husband Bob Simpson, the first director of the National Hurricane Center and co-creator of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.
		It is this transfer of energy that researchers working on Project Stormfury were trying to use to their advantage.
		The goal of the project was to see if it was possible to decrease a hurricane's sustained winds by at least 10%.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0BQK/is_6_10/ai_n15858059 (889 words)

	Man VS Nature - Weather Modification in the 21st Century
		During these trials, the peak wind speed decreased from 115 mph to about 80 mph, a 30% reduction, and although the winds eventually returned to their original speeds, repeated seeding continued to have a positive effect (3).
		Despite these results, the scientists could not be sure that Debbie wouldn’t have weakened without seeding, so Project Stormfury eventually died in 1980 with a collection of inconclusive evidence.
		Thus, the scientific research on weather modification projects like cloud seeding continues to be a conglomeration of arguments for and against its actual effectiveness.
	www.airapparent.ca /library/full_text/man_vs_nature.htm (2023 words)

	SHG - UFO Symposium 1968: McDonald Statement
		Ryan, may I just say we had agreed that this was not the place to discuss that particular project, and that the purpose of the symposium was not to go into the activities of another branch of government, but rather to explore that as a scientific phenomena.
		Thus, after 1966, I was not dealing with a body of witnesses reporting Venus, fireballs, and aircraft strobe lights, because such cases are so easily recognizable that the groups whose prior checks I was taking advantage of had already culled out and rejected most of such irrelevant material.
		Scientists will tend to be put off by some of his scientific commentary, as well as by his style; but on UFO case material, his reliability must be recognized as impressive.
	www.project1947.com /shg/symposium/mcdonald.html (19506 words)

	Myths
		For a couple decades NOAA and its predecessor tried to weaken hurricanes by dropping silver iodide - a substance that serves as an effective ice nuclei - into the rainbands of the storms.
		Observations made in the 1980s showed that most hurricanes don't have enough supercooled water for STORMFURY seeding to work - the buoyancy in hurricane convection is fairly small and the updrafts correspondingly small compared to the type one would observe in mid-latitude continental super or multicell storms.
		The STORMFURY project, as it was called, proposed that the silver iodide would enhance the thunderstorms of the rainband by causing the supercooled water to freeze, thus liberating the latent heat of fusion and helping the rainband to grow at the expense of the eyewall.
	www.prh.noaa.gov /cphc/pages/FAQ/Myths_Modifications.php (3476 words)

	FLHurricane.com: Project storm fury really a failure?
		I had always thought that the project was a failure, but that is actually far from the truth.
		During the project, I know that a seeding candidate had to be a mature hurricane, and also one that would not hit land any time in the near future (the public thought that the seeding somehow changed the course of the storm).
		It might be worth it for someone down the line to go through the database of Stormfury storms, the cases in which known attempts were made to influence the intensity of the storms, and see if any definitive conclusions can be drawn knowing what we do now.
	flhurricane.com /cyclone/showflat.php?Number=42228 (1125 words)

	NOAA Magazine Online (Story 37)
		In 1955, Congress authorized funding to create the National Hurricane Research Project, whose mission was to conduct hurricane research in hopes of improving not only our scientific understanding, but improve hurricane forecasting as well.
		It was decided that the best way to protect American citizens from hurricanes was to study them from every possible aspect to increase the accuracy of forecasts and warnings.
		The National Hurricane Research Project now exists as the Hurricane Research Division within the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, a NOAA research lab based on Virginia Key in Miami, Fla. Today, NOAA boasts the only organization in the world that routinely designs and executes scientific research flights into hurricanes.
	www.magazine.noaa.gov /stories/mag37.htm (1136 words)

	Angels Don’t Play This HAARP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Note that the Air Forces’ Project Stormfury continued in ENMOD pursuits for five years subsequent to the U.S. ratification of the 1977 International ENMOD treaty.
		Looking at ways to cause earthquakes, as well as to detect them, was part of the project named Prime Argus, decades ago.
		Twelve patents [comprise] the backbone of the HAARP project, and are now buried among the thousands of others held in the name of Raytheon.
	thewebfairy.com /911/uav/10.htm (1173 words)

	History Channel: Nonsense that Russia is controlling ...
		If you look at Project Stormfury on google you will see hundreds of articles on this project which the US government developed technology to control hurricanes thirty years ago.
		Under stormfury, look for an article published in the Oct. 2004 edition of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN entitled Controlling Hurricanes by Dr. Hoffman, a NASA scientist, who presented three methods of controlling these storms.
		Since the article was published 18 months ago the government has not appropriated one cent to control these storms yet they have appropriated billions for fighting the non-existent bird flu epidemic.
	boards.historychannel.com /thread.jspa?threadID=600015454 (1234 words)

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