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Topic: Project Whirlwind

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	Visible Storage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Whirlwind I digital computer project began in late 1945 at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory and was operational about five years later.
		It began as a project to build a real-time aircraft simulator, but from 1947 onwards, efforts were directed to building an electronic digital computer.
		Whirlwind was the first computer to use magnetic core memory, a technology perfected by project leader Jay Forrester to replace the unreliable Williams tube (CRT) memory.
	www.computerhistory.org /virtualvisiblestorage/artifact_main.php?tax_id=02.01.01.00 (106 words)

	MITRE - About Us - MITRE History - Photo Archives - Project Whirlwind
		Whirlwind began as an analog computer developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the 1940s as part of a project studying aircraft stability problems for the U.S. Navy.
		March 1, 1950—Project Whirlwind’s on-site tube department manufactured all of the computer’s electrostatic storage tubes.
		Whirlwind assembly (cover panel removed) with electrostatic storage tube in place.
	www.mitre.org /about/photo_archives/whirlwind_photo.html (450 words)

	Whirlwind-1949 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Whirlwind was a large scale, general purpose digital computer begun at the Servomechanisms Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1946.
		Project Whirlwind was sponsored by the Special Devices Division of the Office of Research and Inventions of the U.S. Navy.
		Jay Forester was the Whirlwind Project director, Robert Everett was associate director.
	is.lse.ac.uk /History/Whirlwind-1949.htm (413 words)

	SAGE - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation SAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Whirlwind project, originally intended to control a US Navy flight simulator to train bomber crews, had run into problems and the Navy was losing interest.
		The project was a qualified success, and the Air Force took over the project under Project Claude, moving development to the new MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1954.
		Making a military-grade version of the Whirlwind was a massive project that required close connections between Lincoln Labs, industrial partners who would build the machines and communications, and the military.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/SAGE.html (1601 words)

	WHIRLWIND WHEELCHAIR INTERNATIONAL
		It will be the project’s policy that each person who receives a wheelchair will have to pay something for that wheelchair since universal experience reveals that less value is placed by recipients on giveaways and that they are viewed by many adults as personally demeaning.
		At the project’s conclusion, we will have put in place or expanded and improved upon a great many of the building blocks of an integral rehabilitation program on which future successes can be built.
		The project will support and work together with a series of NGOs and grassroots groups of people with disabilities and their families who will adopt the project as their own, facilitating the organization and implementation of the project’s activities.
	www.whirlwindwheelchair.org /newsarticles/recent/news_r02.htm (3912 words)

	Whirlwind Afghanistan - General Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Background: Whirlwind Wheelchair International, in partnership with the Center for International Rehabilitation (based in Chicago), is designing a wheelchair that will be appropriate for use in Afghanistan.
		The expectation is for Whirlwind to provide and deliver the following: a complete wheelchair design by February 18, 2002 in the form of (1) a finished prototype, and (2) a set of drawings to be taken to Pakistan for the manufacturer to begin fabrication.
		Whirlwind Wheelchair International, in partnership with the Center for International Rehabilitation (based in Chicago), is designing a wheelchair that will be appropriate for use in Afghanistan.
	home.earthlink.net /~aliuonline/whirlwind/afg-general.htm (774 words)

	Inventor of the Week: Archive
		Whirlwind became the direct forerunner of the computers that, today, control air traffic and weapons systems, operate real-time reservations and banking systems, and keep track of records.
		The Whirlwind Project conceived the technique of stringing the cores onto a matrix of wires and thus producing a random access memory.
		Forrester left the project in 1956 to focus on a new field -- system dynamics, where he introduced the world to the concept of using computer simulations to analyze social systems.
	web.mit.edu /invent/iow/everett=forrester.html (631 words)

	AIP International Catalog of Sources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Project Whirlwind was centered in the Servomechanics Laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology with its original objective being the development of a device that would simulate airplanes in flight.
		Project Whirlwind was sponsored by the Special Devices Center of the Office of Naval Research under Contract N5 ori 60.
		The project was centered in the Servomechanics Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.).
	www.aip.org /history/catalog/1026.html (458 words)

	House of Commons - Defence - Minutes of Evidence
		Project Whirlwind will, jointly with industry, bring both entities together, the design authority together with the supply chain management organisation to manage the overall supply chain.
		What we aim with Whirlwind is to put together a lean, agile support chain to incentivise repair and overhaul organisations through repair contracts, and we are moving more and more towards spares inclusive operation where there are fewer agencies involved in that process.
		We are clearly in discussion, through the integrated project team, with our partners to explain to them and show them our thinking on what we believe to be the best development in support strategy in the current environment.
	www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk /pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmdfence/261/1021405.htm (5884 words)

	[No title]
		Whirlwind was being judged in the context of mathematical research, in which the salary of a professor and a research assistant was the standard by which projects were measured.
		The Whirlwind project had shown that a reliable real-time computer could be constructed and that aircraft could be tracked and intercepted.
		The Whirlwind project proved that a realtime computer reliable enough to work could be built and that aircraft could be tracked and intercepted.
	ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/TheCompMusRep/TCMR-V22.html (8897 words)

	Whirlwind Women's Wheelchair Building Project in Uganda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Whirlwind Women is a project of Whirlwind Wheelchair International (WWI), a not-for-profit organization established to promote the social and economic integration of people with disabilities worldwide by teaching them to enhance their own and others' mobility and gain economic independence.
		Whirlwind Women was founded to counter such stereotypical thinking and to help maximize women's participation in all aspects of the wheelchair industry.
		Whirlwind Women's first project was an intensive training in basic tool use for three Ugandan and three Kenyan women in Kenya in 1997.
	www.disabilityworld.org /01-02_01/women/uganda.htm (1107 words)

	The History of Montauk Air Force Station
		Whirlwind is well hidden within the pages of history, which will prove to be odd, given the significance of the technologies that were developed to complete the project.
		Whirlwind was born in December 1944 when the Navy approached the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to begin a feasibility study of a general purpose flight trainer.
		Whirlwind became the cornerstone of SAGE, which in turn became the cornerstone of the defense of the United States.
	www.geocities.com /Area51/Shadowlands/6583/bases068.html (4094 words)

	Section 2: The emergence of computer graphics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Whirlwind received positional data related to an aircraft from a radar station in Massachusetts.
		The Whirlwind programmers had created a series of data points, displayed on the screen, that represented the eastern coast of Massachusetts, and when data was received from radar, a symbol representing the aircraft was superimposed over the geographic drawing on the screen of a CRT.
		The Whirlwind project was very expensive and made up the bulk of the Office of Naval Research budget.
	accad.osu.edu /~waynec/history/lesson2.html (2220 words)

	Whirlwind Technology - Client Projects
		Whirlwind's seasoned application development staff has provided web-enabled solutions to a multitude of clientele.
		Whirlwind provides the first true on-line corporate greeting card print shop to this seasoned catalog-based HR product and greeting card company.
		Whirlwind's Content Management solution for Linda Roth PR (www.lindarothpr.com) voted Web Site of the Month by National Association of Women Business Owners.
	www.whirlwindtechnology.com /project_template.cfm (500 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research (1999)
		The Whirlwind computer was originally intended to be part of a general-purpose flight simulator, but it evolved into the first real-time, general-purpose digital computer.
		Jay Forrester, the leader of the computer portion of the ASCA project, soon recognized that analog computers (which were typically used on aircraft simulators) would not be fast enough to operate the trainer in real time.
		Forrester originally planned Whirlwind as a 2-year, $875,000 program, but he increased his cost estimate for the Whirlwind computer itself to $1.9 million in March 1946 and to almost $3 million by 1947 (Campbell-Kelly and Aspray, 1996, pp.
	www.nap.edu /openbook.php?record_id=6323&page=92 (781 words)

	C:\BELLBO~1\COMPSR&E\HTMFILES\00000157.HTM
		Project Whirlwind is a high-speed computer activity sponsored at the Digital Computer Laboratory, formerly a part of the Servo-mechanisms Laboratory, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) by the Office of Naval Research (O.N.R.) and the United States Air Force.
		Historically, the project has always been primarily interested in the fields of real-time simulation and control; but since about the beginning of 1947 most of its efforts have been devoted to the design and construction of the digital computer known as Whirlwind I (WWI).
		Whirlwind I was designed for use in control and simulation work such as air traffic control, industrial process control, and aircraft simulation.
	www.research.microsoft.com /~gbell/Computer_Structures__Readings_and_Examples/00000157.htm (649 words)

	Edwards - "Computers in Society and Culture" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		But military sponsors did not need to undertake detailed direction of research projects in order to achieve their goals, which were in any case of a very general character in relation to new technologies such as the computer.
		This practical goal distinguished Whirlwind from almost all other digital computer projects of this era, because it required a computer which could (a) be used as a control mechanism, and (b) could perform this function in real time.
		Whirlwind research also focused heavily, and successfully, on increasing vacuum tube lifespan, a major cause of breakdowns in early computers.
	www.si.umich.edu /~pne/impact.htm (10435 words)

	Whirlwind Wheelchair International Launches Industrialization Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Called Whirlwind Industrialization Project (WIP), the goal is to "industrialize" local shops by teaching wheelchair-building using advanced jigs and fixtures to make precise, interchangeable parts as is common in developed countries where, on a grander scale, it is called mass production.
		Whirlwind is providing the basic wheelchair designs and will lead the startup in Vietnam.
		Although active in philanthropy, WIP is the first project in which ABS has gone beyond a funding role to take an active part in project design and implementation, through the involvement of the Schultz family's interest in HandiNor.
	www.disabilityworld.org /11-12_03/access/wwi.shtml (1142 words)

	Today in Technology History - May 11
		These computer projects -- with their enormous costs in equipment, electrical power and brainpower -- were often funded by the U.S. military, which had urgent need for computing power.
		One such project, sponsored by the U.S. Navy, was Project Whirlwind at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
		The Whirlwind computer stayed in operation until 1959, although it was never actually used as a flight simulator.
	www.tecsoc.org /pubs/history/2001/may11.htm (259 words)

	Project History: Magnetic Core Memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Jay Forrester, who was head of the Whirlwind computer project, invented core memory at MIT in the late 1940s.
		Whirlwind was MIT’s first digital computer and the first digital computer built specifically for real-time control.
		This project history will work primarily with the core memory collection in the MIT archives, one of the richest sets of documentation for a particular invention that exists.
	web.mit.edu /6.933/www/core.html (305 words)

	Box 4.1: Project Whirlwind and SAGE \| 4: The Organization of Federal Support: A Historical Review \| Funding a ...
		The resulting Project Charles Summer Study Group recommended that the Air Force ask MIT to build a laboratory to carry out the experimental and field research necessary to develop a system to safeguard the United States (Freeman, 1995, p.
		By late 1951, a prototype ferrite-core memory system was demonstrated, and by 1953, the Whirlwind's entire memory was replaced with core memory boasting a 9-microsecond access time, effectively ending the research phase of the program.
		On the hardware side, Whirlwind and SAGE pioneered magnetic-core memory, digital phone-line transmission and modems, the light pen (one of the first graphical user interfaces), and duplexed computers.
	www.nap.edu /readingroom/books/far/ch4_b1.html (1607 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Whirlwind was chosen, by civilian scientists, as the central controller for the hugely ambitious SAGE continental air defense system.
		This choice saved the project and led to a vast array of tec hnical developments, such as analog/digital conversion techniques, real-time digital computing, and extremely high reliability, that would be essential to the viability of computers in military control systems.\par }\pard \sb240 {\f16 \tab SAGE was the first large-scale, computerized command, control, and communications system.
		Whirlwind thus helped to define both the meaning and the uses of \ldblquote speed\rdblquote in early digital computing.}{\f16\up6 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s246 \fs20 {\f16 \chftn }{\f16.
	www.stanford.edu /group/mmdd/SiliconValley/Edwards/ClosedWorld1995.book/Chapter3.rtf (13329 words)

	WHIRLWIND WHEELCHAIR INTERNATIONAL
		Whirlwind Wheelchair International works to make it possible for every person in the developing world who needs a wheelchair to obtain one that will lead to maximum personal independence and integration into society.
		Whirlwind and its two main international partners, The Center for International Rehabilitation of Chicago and Motivation of England, have formed an organizing committee to promote appropriate standards for products, services, and training in the provision of wheelchairs in developing countries.
		Whirlwind Technology has been taken to over 45 countries worldwide, providing the best in wheelchair design and construction utilizing local resources
	www.whirlwindwheelchair.org (116 words)

	CHAPTER 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Whirlwind was the largest computer project of the late 1940s and early 1950s.
		Since Whirlwind was designed for real_ time applications, it was the fastest computer of the early 1950s, able to add two sixteen_bit words in two microseconds or multiply them in twenty microseconds.
		Whirlwind was the first sixteen_bit computer.) As for Whirlwind's internal read/write mem ory, it consisted of thirty_two CRTs, or electrostatic tubes, storing a total of 2,048 sixteen_bit words.
	www.stanford.edu /group/mmdd/SiliconValley/Augarten/chapter7.html (8763 words)

	[No title]
		After the WHIRLWIND I project, Forrester agreed to lead a division of MIT's Lincoln Laboratory in its efforts to create computers for the North American SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) air defense system.
		The computers created by Forrester's team during the SAGE project were installed in the late 1950s, remained in service for approximately twenty-five years, and had a remarkable "up time" of 99.8%.
		He views the latter project as crucial, not only for the future health of the field of system dynamics, but also for the future health of human society.
	www.systemdynamics.org /DL-IntroSysDyn/origin.htm (1826 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Whirlwind was MIT's first computer project and one which led to the formation of the Lincoln Laboratory and MITRE Corporation, an MIT spinoff.
		"It" was the Whirlwind Com- puter, the "first attempt at a real-time system, the first with magnetic core storage, the first cathode tube displays, the first synchronous electronic parallel machine, the first time-sharing hysteresis loop, and proceeded to try to put that kind of materi- al into a matrix structure.
		While Whirlwind was obsolete by 1959 and now resides in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, "today's machines show more traces of Whirlwind than the other machines that existed at the same time," said Forrester.
	www-tech.mit.edu /archives/VOL_094/TECH_V094_S0230_P003.txt (635 words)

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