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Topic: Prolactin

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Prolactin, overview

Prolactin, actions of

Prolactin secretion, regulation of

Prolactin release inhibiting factor

Prolactin secretion

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	Prolactin test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Prolactin is a hormone secreted by the anterior portion of the pituitary gland (sometimes called the "master gland").
		Prolactin secretion is controlled by prolactin-releasing and prolactin-inhibiting chemicals (factors) secreted by an area of the brain called the hypothalamus.
		Moderately high prolactin levels are found to a lesser extent in women with secondary amenorrhea, galactorrhea, low thyroid, anorexia, and a disorder known as polycystic ovary syndrome, a disease whose cause is not well-known.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/prolactin_test_pr.jsp (729 words)

	Prolactin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pituitary prolactin secretion is regulated by neuroendocrine neurons in the hypothalamus, most importantly by neurosecretory dopamine neurons of the arcuate nucleus, which inhibit prolactin secretion.
		Prolactin has many effects, the most important of which is to stimulate the mammary glands to produce milk (lactation).
		The prolactin receptor - encoded by a gene on Chromosome 5p13-14 - interacts with the prolactin molecule as a transmembrane receptor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prolactin (1045 words)

	Prolactin Test Information on Healthline
		Because high prolactin levels are more likely due to pituitary adenoma than other causes, the prolactin level is used to diagnose and monitor this type of tumor.
		Increased prolactin levels are found in galactorrhea, amenorrhea, prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor, infiltrative diseases of the hypothalamus, and metastatic cancer of the pituitary gland.
		Decreased prolactin levels are seen in Sheehan's syndrome, a condition of severe hemorrhage after obstetric delivery that causes decreased blood supply to the pituitary.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/prolactin-test (665 words)

	Antipsychotic Olanzapine Doesn’t Increase Prolactin Levels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Prolactin elevations may be associated with sexual and reproductive dysfunction, premature menopause and other complications when elevated levels persist over time.
		Prolonged elevations of prolactin in women may be associated with infertility, sexual dysfunction and menstrual problems and may induce estrogen deficiencies that increase the risk for developing osteoporosis or cardiovascular disease.
		Mean prolactin levels in the olanzapine group did not differ significantly from baseline during the acute phase.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/823F6.htm (1062 words)

	Pituitary Network Association - Disorders - Prolactinomas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In women, relatively small elevations in prolactin cause irregular menstrual periods or complete loss of menses (amenorrhea), ability to ovulate (remain fertile) and may cause milky discharge from the breasts (galactorrhea).
		The diagnosis of a prolactinoma is confirmed by demonstrating persistently elevated blood levels of prolactin.
		A prolactin level of over 150-200 ng/ml is almost always due to a prolactin secreting pituitary adenoma.
	www.pituitary.org /disorders/prolactinomas.php (868 words)

	Prolactinoma -- Endocrine Resource Center -- Endocrine Resource Center
		Symptoms of prolactinoma are caused by too much prolactin in the blood (hyperprolactinemia) or by pressure of the tumor on surrounding tissues.
		Prolactin secretion in the pituitary is normally suppressed by the brain chemical, dopamine.
		A doctor will test for prolactin blood levels in women with unexplained milk secretion (galactorrhea) or irregular menses or infertility, and in men with impaired sexual function and, in rare cases, milk secretion.
	www.thyroid-info.com /endocrine/prolactinoma.htm (1974 words)

	Human Reproduction, Lectures: Prolactin
		Prolactin in cultured mammary gland explants also elicits increased messages and synthesis of casein, spermidine,lactose, and phospholipids which are all required for lactation.
		Prolactin is secreted in a pulsatile fashion with a pulse frequency ranging from about 14 pulses per 24 hours in the late follicular phase to about nine pulses per 24 hours in the late luteal phase.
		Prolactin, the major hormone in lactogenesis, is modulated by a combination of second messenger activities which include cyclic nucleotides, prostaglandin, and calcium ion charges,polyamine production, and growth factors.
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /kw/human_reprod/lectures/prolactin (4710 words)

	Prolactin
		A prolactin test measures the level of the hormone prolactin, produced by the pituitary gland, in your blood.
		Also, a prolactin test may be done to evaluate a man's lack of sexual desire or his inability to have an erection (erectile dysfunction), especially if his testosterone levels are abnormally low.
		Men may have a prolactin test to evaluate a man's lack of sexual desire or his inability to have an erection (erectile dysfunction), especially if his testosterone levels are abnormally low.
	www.webmd.com /hw/lab_tests/hw47630.asp (1098 words)

	Prolactin
		Prolactin levels rise during the latter part of pregnancy but the effects on lactation are suppressed by high levels of progesterone.
		The physiological significance of milk prolactin to the infant is uncertain.
		Prolactin may exert some of its biological effect by a shift in the ratio of active to less active forms of the molecule.
	www.ithyroid.com /prolactin.htm (1026 words)

	PregnancyMD's Resources. A full range of information on ART centres, Support groups and fact sheets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Prolactin is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland in both men and women.
		The main action of prolactin in females is the induction and maintenance of lactation (breastfeeding).
		Prolactin and other hormones are responsible for the development of mammary glands during pregnancy.
	www.pregnancymd.org /prolactin.htm (294 words)

	Prolactin
		Prolactin, along with cortisol and insulin, act together to stimulate transcription of the genes that encode milk proteins.
		Female mice that are heterozygous for the deleted prolactin gene (and produce roughly half the normal amount of prolactin) show failure to lactate after their first pregnancy.
		The increasing blood concentrations of estrogen during late pregnancy appear responsible for the elevated levels of prolactin that are necessary to prepare the mammary gland for lactation at the end of gestation.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/prolactin.html (798 words)

	What is the role of prolactin in breast development? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Prolactin is a naturally occurring hormone, produced by the pituitary gland in the brain.
		In addition, the role of endometrial prolactin in women is not yet known.
		In fact, the younger the child, the higher the prolactin level are seen to be.
	www.monheit.com /risperdal/help/prolactin.shtml (465 words)

	eMedicine - Prolactin Deficiency : Article Excerpt by Charles T Benson
		Partial isolated prolactin deficiency is rare, and case reports of total isolated prolactin deficiency are rarer still and may have a genetic component (ie, familial puerperal alactogenesis).
		Although the endocrine and metabolic function of prolactin is not fully understood, the clinical manifestation of prolactin deficiency is probably limited to puerperal alactogenesis.
		Prolactin deficiency is characterized by the inability of pituitary lactotrophs to secrete prolactin and the resulting lack of puerperal lactogenesis.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/prolactin-deficiency.htm (724 words)

	Prolactin: The Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Prolactin levels are also often ordered in men as a follow-up to a low testosterone level.
		Prolactin levels may be ordered, along with other hormone levels such as growth hormone, when your doctor suspects that you have more general hypopituitarism (low levels of pituitary function that result in lowered levels of thyroid or adrenal hormones).
		Along with prolactin levels, your doctor may do an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the brain, both to try and locate the tumor within the pituitary gland and to look at both the size of the tumor and the size of the pituitary (which often enlarges).
	www.labtestsonline.org /understanding/analytes/prolactin/test.html (582 words)

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		Prolactin levels are elevated in renal disease and hypothyroidism, and in some situations of stress, exercise, and hypoglycemia.
		Prolactin concentrations may also be increased by drugs such as chloropromazine and reserpine, and may be lowered by bromocyptine and L-dopa.
		The minimal detectable concentration of human prolactin by this assay is estimated to be 2 ng/ml.
	www.rapidtest.com /Prolactin_4226.doc (1324 words)

	Infertility: Prolactin, Prolactin Levels, Prolactin and Infertility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Prolactin is found in both men and women and is released at various times throughout the day and night.
		Prolactin is what allows you to continue breastfeeding for an extended period of time.
		Prolactin may also affect your menstrual cycle and the regularity of your periods.
	sharedjourney.com /define/prolactin.html (760 words)

	What is prolactin? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Prolactin, a naturally occurring peptide hormone needed for milk production following pregnancy, has been found to play a major role in the development of breasts, as well as the spread of breast cancer.
		Prolactin is produced by the pituitary gland, a gland in the brain, and is responsible for breast development and milk production by the breast in nursing mothers.
		Prolactin levels can be tested by a simple blood test, where blood is drawn from a vein (venipuncture), usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand.
	www.monheit.com /risperdal/help/what_is_prolactin.shtml (370 words)

	Prolactin: Structure, Function, and Regulation of Secretion -- Freeman et al. 80 (4): 1523 -- Physiological Reviews
		of prolactin from hypothalamic fragments (437), and intracerebroventricular
		Prolactin can be detected in epithelial cells of the lactating mammary gland (1326) as well as in the milk itself (680).
		Plasma concentrations of prolactin are the highest during sleep and the lowest during the waking hours in humans (1380, 1555).
	physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/80/4/1523 (9161 words)

	Prolactin Levels: What's Normal?
		Prolactin is a bit different from all other pituitary hormones.
		In the case of prolactin, however, prolactin secretion is generally turned "on" unless the hypothalamus secretes the prolactin-inhibiting hormone dopamine to turn prolactin production "off." Dopamine travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary in a small network of veins called a venous portal system.
		So what is considered 10ng/ml of prolactin in one test's standard may not be similar to 10ng/ml in another test.
	www.ivillagehealth.com /print/0,,174358,00.html (997 words)

	Clinical Trial: Recombinant Human Prolactin for Lactation Induction
		Prolactin levels will be obtained every 10 minutes for 60 minutes after pumping begins, then every 30 minutes for a total of 3 hours.
		After the prolactin level in milk has been documented in the normal range and milk readministered to the infant under supervision in the GCRC, mothers will continue to pump immediately after the am r-hPRL dose, but at all other times will be encouraged to breastfeed.
		Prolactin deficiency due to congenital deficiency, surgery or radiation, or Sheehan’s syndrome during the current or previous pregnancies, who desire to breastfeed their infants.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00181623 (1008 words)

	Recombinant Human Prolactin - CYT-267
		Prolactin is a lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis.Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation.Prolactin has been shown also to have cytokine-like activities and to have important immunoregulatory activities.
		A molecular mimic demonstrates that phosphorylated human prolactin is a potent anti-angiogenic hormone.
		Human prolactin receptors are insensitive to mouse prolactin: implications for xenotransplant modeling of human breast cancer in mice.
	www.prospec.co.il /~prospec/cart/catalog/rHuPrl.html (453 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Prolactin
		This is a blood test that measures the amount of the hormone prolactin.
		Serum prolactin is usually measured as part of the diagnostic work-up of pituitary tumors, irregular menstrual periods, infertility, impotence, and galactorrhea (breast milk production that isn't related to childbirth).
		Prolactin is a protein hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary gland.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003718.htm (561 words)

	Hyperprolactinaemia - Causes and Treatments
		Mildy increased prolactin levels (400-600 mU L-1) may be physiological or secondary to drug therapy, while higher levels require a diagnosis.
		Mean prolactin levels of above 5000mUL-1 in the presence of a microadenoma (or of no radiological abnormality), strongly suggests a prolactinoma.
		The dose should be gradually increased, usually to 2.5mg two or three times daily, judged on clinical response and prolactin levels.
	www.homestead.com /prolactin/index~ns4.html (534 words)

	Prolactin: Common Questions
		Testosterone (levels will usually be low in a male when prolactin is high), FSH, and LH (to help evaluate ovulation and fertility), an MRI of the brain (to show pituitary enlargement and help locate a tumor), and an eye examination (to evaluate visual disturbances) may be performed.
		Increased levels of prolactin are often seen in people with hypothyroidism (although they do not cause it).
		Treatment can reduce prolactin levels and symptoms and restore fertility, but the medications may have to be taken for several months or years.
	www.labtestsonline.org /understanding/analytes/prolactin/faq.html (236 words)

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