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Topic: Proliferation

	Nuclear proliferation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons production technology and knowledge to nations which do not already have such capabilities.
		Earnest international efforts to stem nuclear proliferation did not begin until the late-1960s, after five nations had acquired nuclear weapons (see List of countries with nuclear weapons for more information).
		The greatest risk of nuclear weapons proliferation lies with countries which have not joined the NPT and which have significant unsafeguarded nuclear activities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_proliferation (6291 words)

	Encyclopedia: Nuclear proliferation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The main concern of the IAEA is that uranium not be enriched beyond what is necessary for commercial civil plants, and that plutonium which is produced by nuclear reactors not be refined into a form that would be suitable for bomb production.
		The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multinational body concerned with reducing nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials that may be applicable to nuclear weapon development and by improving safeguards and protection on existing materials.
		A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate (as opposed to a nuclear explosion, where the chain reaction occurs in a split second).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Nuclear-proliferation (9794 words)

	The Proliferation Security Initiative
		In addition to the increasingly sophisticated and aggressive measures taken by proliferators and their facilitators to circumvent export controls, we also are dealing with a relatively new dynamic where proliferators are shipping to proliferators.
		Over time, proliferators, and others involved in supporting proliferation activities will learn that there are countries determined to work together to take all possible steps to stop their efforts.
		If their ports, airfields, or other facilities are used as transshipment points for shipment of such cargoes to or from states or non-state actors of proliferation concern, to inspect vessels, aircraft, or other modes of transport reasonably suspected of carrying such cargoes, and to seize such cargoes that are identified.
	usinfo.state.gov /products/pubs/proliferation (1833 words)

	Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This would appear to be an act of proliferation violating Articles I and II of the treaty.
		The NATO states argued internally that the U.S. controlled the weapons in storage, and that no transfer of the weapons or control over them was intended "unless and until a decision were made to go to war, at which the treaty would no longer be controlling", so there is no breach of the NPT.
		At the 7th Review Conference in May 2005, there were stark differences between the United States, which wanted the conference to focus on proliferation, especially on its allegations against Iran, and most other countries, who emphasized the lack of serious nuclear disarmament by the nuclear powers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_Proliferation_Treaty (2119 words)

	Tracking Nuclear Proliferation, 1998: Overview of Global Trends (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The rate of nuclear proliferation appeared to be slowing, the geographic scope of proliferation was shrinking, and a landmark de-nuclearization was achieved in 1996 in part of the former Soviet Union.
		These measures have been accompanied by positive and negative assurances, undertaken by the nuclear-weapon states, to strengthen international security and the nuclear non-proliferation regime by restricting the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states that adhere to non-proliferation norms and are parties to the regime.
		While the countries of principal proliferation concern today—India, Israel, and Pakistan apart—are all parties to the NPT, their commitments to the pact are in question, raising doubts about the effectiveness of the Treaty.
	www.ceip.org /programs/npp/global.htm (3652 words)

	Proliferation Security Initiative
		The Proliferation Security Initiative is a response to the growing challenge posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, their delivery systems, and related materials worldwide.
		It is consistent with and a step in the implementation of the United Nations Security Council Presidential Statement of January 1992, which states that the proliferation of all WMD constitutes a threat to international peace and security, and underlines the need for member states of the U.N. to prevent proliferation.
		The participants in the Proliferation Security Initiative meeting in Brisbane, Australia on 9-10 July 2003 reiterated their strong political support for the initiative, and underscored that the PSI is a global initiative with global reach.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/ops/psi.htm (2386 words)

	Growth Factors and Cytokines
		Growth factors are proteins that bind to receptors on the cell surface, with the primary result of activating cellular proliferation and/or differentiation.
		Epo stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of immature erythrocytes; it also stimulates the growth of erythoid progenitor cells (e.g.
		CSFs are cytokines that stimulate the proliferation of specific pluripotent stem cells of the bone marrow in adults.
	indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/growth-factors.html (2547 words)

	Common Foreign & Security Policy (CFSP) - Non-proliferation & disarmament: the contribution of the European Commission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Non proliferation and disarmament, in particular when it comes to weapons of mass destruction has always been a subject of high sensitivity and political importance.
		In the last years, the end of the Cold War, the discovery of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) developments in Iraq, and very recently, the terrorist attacks in the USA, have given a new dimension to the issue and a new impetus for action.
		During political dialogue with third countries, the issue is frequently raised and the EU standpoint, first discussed and agreed upon between the Member States, is recalled and explained.
	europa.eu.int /comm/external_relations/cfsp/npd (1053 words)

	Proliferation
		Since the explosion of the first nuclear warhead in 1945, the major impediments to would-be proliferators have been the technical knowledge of how to build a weapon and the acquisition of the fissile material necessary to build it.
		Although the NPC was designed to be comprised of a multidisciplinary corps of officers from the various secret agencies, the NPC is staffed mainly by CIA personnel and is housed at the CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia.
		With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction has emerged as the single most dangerous threat to international security and the interests of the United States.
	www.fas.org /irp/eprint/snyder/proliferation.htm (8423 words)

	CNN.com - Bush proposes steps to halt WMD proliferation - Feb. 12, 2004
		U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell is urging Pakistan to 'pull up by the roots' the illegal proliferation of nuclear technology.
		Bush said the breakup of the network was made possible by the cooperation of many nations -- the kind of cooperation needed to halt of proliferation of unconventional weapons.
		Bush repeated his earlier proposal that the Security Council require members states "to criminalize proliferation, enact strict export controls and secure all sensitive materials within their borders." He said the United States would help other countries draft such laws.
	www.cnn.com /2004/ALLPOLITICS/02/11/bush.wmd (998 words)

	CALIFORNIA YANKEE: Nuclear Proliferation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The question is whether the highly enriched uranium contamination found in Iran is the result of undeclared enrichment activities by Iran, or from imported uranium.
		Two weeks ago, Musharraf vowed to move against proliferators he condemned as "enemies of the state," but a decision to prosecute Khan would have outraged many Pakistanis.
		However, he said the IAEA was welcome to come and discuss the proliferation issue with Pakistan.
	cayankee.blogs.com /cayankee/nuclear_proliferation (1992 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Proliferation treaty
		Your duty is to work tirelessly to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
		And to work tirelessly to encourage the proliferation of the means of building them.
		But to persist with this programme long after it became clear that it caused proliferation, not containment, suggests that the global powers are living in a world of make-believe.
	www.guardian.co.uk /iran/story/0,12858,1309228,00.html (1203 words)

	The Proliferation Security Initiative
		The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) is a global effort that aims to stop shipments of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), their delivery systems, and related materials worldwide.
		In September 2003, 11 countries -- Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States -- agreed to and published the PSI Statement of Interdiction Principles.
		To seriously consider providing consent under the appropriate circumstances to the boarding an searching of its own flag vessels by other states, and to the seizure of such WMD-related cargoes in such vessels that may be identified by such states.
	www.state.gov /t/np/rls/other/34726.htm (1793 words)

	A. Q. KHAN & OSAMA BIN LADEN
		According to Musharraf, details of the clandestine travels and proliferation network of A.Q. Khan came to notice during the subsequent investigation.
		Many of us, including this writer, have been pointing out that this proliferation started and continued at the instance and with the blessing of Pakistan's military leadership.
		I have also been pointing out in many articles that while the late Zia-ul-Haq, Pakistan's military dictator, who ruled the country from 1977 to 1988, authorised the proliferation to Iran, Musharraf himself had authorised that to Libya and North Korea and was totally in the picture.
	www.kashmirherald.com /featuredarticle/khanandbinladen.html (1489 words)

	Rodger A. Payne's Blog: Proliferation
		Still, upon my return, I couldn't help but notice that the part of the blogosphere that I follow is carefully re-examining the problem of nuclear proliferation.
		My 1983 undergrad honor's thesis was entitled, "Pondering the Perils of Nuclear Proliferation: American Foreign Policy Choices" and my intercollegiate academic debate career was based in large part on my secondary research on the topic.
		I'm not saying that the US should "Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb," but I do think that deterrence means something real to states.
	rpayne.blogspot.com /2004/08/proliferation.html (526 words)

	Asia Times Online - The best news coverage from South Asia
		The fear is that this may turn out to be a precursor to a wider sanctions regime on the unsubstantiated excuse of Indian nuclear proliferation based on US intelligence reports - some of which have proved to be laughably outlandish in Iraq.
		US officials also claimed that the Indian scientists' so-called proliferation activities were discussed with the government in New Delhi in advance and sanctions imposed only after New Delhi failed to take action.
		As happened in the Iraq case, it is possible that interested parties have got together to slap the charge on retired individuals trying to make it generically somewhat similar to the proliferation undertaken by Dr A Q Khan.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/South_Asia/FJ08Df05.html (2042 words)

	Rich Lowry on Proliferation on National Review Online
		That has made weapons proliferation — hitherto the obscure province of arms-control experts and international lawyers — an issue of the utmost priority.
		The administration's Proliferation Security Initiative is a partnership with roughly a dozen other countries, including France and Germany, to interdict weapons-of-mass-destruction materials in transit.
		It is hard to argue that Bush isn't taking proliferation seriously, but his critics argue it nonetheless.
	www.nationalreview.com /lowry/lowry200403050946.asp (758 words)

	SECURITY COUNCIL DECIDES ALL STATES SHALL ACT TO PREVENT PROLIFERATION OF MASS DESTRUCTION WEAPONS
		Unanimously adopting resolution 1540 (2004) under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council decided also that all States would establish domestic controls to prevent the proliferation of such weapons and means of delivery, in particular for terrorist purposes, including by establishing appropriate controls over related materials, and adopt legislative measures in that respect.
		The negotiation process had not been easy, he continued. The original text drafted by the co-sponsors in six months of internal discussions had been improved after being presented to the other Council members and a number of interested Member States. He welcomed the progress made in the last four weeks.
		Related materials: materials, equipment and technology covered by relevant multilateral treaties and arrangements, or included on national control lists, which could be used for the design, development, production or use of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and their means of delivery.
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/2004/sc8076.doc.htm (1999 words)

	Safeguards to Prevent Nuclear Proliferation
		Most countries participate in international initiatives designed to limit the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
		If a nuclear-capable country does leave the NPT it is likely to be reported by IAEA to the UN Security Council, just as if it were in breach of its safeguards agreement.
		The Additional Protocol, once it is widely in force will provide credible assurance that there are no undeclared nuclear materials or activities in the states concerned.
	www.uic.com.au /nip05.htm (3552 words)

	NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROLIFERATION AND ARMS CONTROL INITIATIVES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Presents differing opinions on the threat of nuclear proliferation, the need for arms control,the elimination of nuclear weapons and other related topics.
		Payne, Keith B. Preventing Proliferation : the Implications of the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction for Deterrence.
		Zimmerman, Craig L. Nuclear Proliferation from the Former Soviet Union and the Effects of U.S. Economic Incentives.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/bibs/nuc/nuclear.htm (1077 words)

	Nuclear proliferation -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Nuclear proliferation is the spread from nation to nation of nuclear technology, including (Nuclear energy regarded as a source of electricity for the power grid (for civilian use)) nuclear power plants but especially (A weapon of mass destruction whose explosive power derives from a nuclear reaction) nuclear weapons.
		The NPA enables the IAEA itself to deploy more of its resources in member states where independent regional safeguards systems are not in place.
		In 1981, as a tribute, the president of Pakistan, General (Click link for more info and facts about Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq) Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, renamed the enrichment plant the A. Khan Research Laboratories.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/nu/nuclear_proliferation.htm (6449 words)

	Authors Guidelines
		Cell Proliferation prefers to receive all manuscript submissions electronically.
		Cell Proliferation will inform you by e-mail once a decision has been made.
		The manuscript should bear the title of the paper and name and address and email address of each author, together with the name of the hospital, laboratory or institution where the work has been carried out.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /submit.asp?ref=0960-7722 (1207 words)

	PTR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		"I believe the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction presents the greatest threat that the world has ever known.
		We are finding more and more countries who are acquiring technology--not only missile technology--and are developing chemical weapons and biological weapons capabilities to be used in theater and also on a long-range basis.
		Documents relating to counterproliferation, the Counterproliferation Program Review Committee’s Report on Activities and Programs for Countering Proliferation and NBC Terrorism, May 1997, and the March 1997 Department of Defense Nuclear/Biological/Chemical (NBC) Defense Annual Report to Congress may be found at: Acquisition and Technology (Counterproliferation)
	www.defenselink.mil /pubs/prolif97 (133 words)

	The Henry L. Stimson Center - The Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation and Response Project Home Page
		Chemical and biological weapons share a characteristic distinct from nuclear weapons: fairly easily acquired raw materials (for the majority of pathogens or chemicals) that either have legitimate uses or occur naturally.
		The CBW project focuses on the history of biological and chemical weapons, measures to control their proliferation (including domestic laws and international regimes), and weapons destruction technologies.
		Technical reports examine the likelihood of terrorism involving chemical and biological weapons, as well as technologies and policies to prevent or counter their use.
	www.stimson.org /cbw/?SN=CB2001112951 (673 words)

	Foreign & Commonwealth Office Counter-Proliferation
		The Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary have spoken publicly of the two main security threats for the twenty-first century – terrorism, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
		CPD is also responsible for the FCO's role in export control policy and export licensing for military and dual-use goods.
		Security Policy Department (SecPol) leads on work to counter the proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW).
	www.fco.gov.uk /servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1030522523536 (169 words)

	Global Issues - Proliferation Security Initiative
		The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) is a practical response to the growing challenge posed by the worldwide spread of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and their delivery systems and related materials.
		PSI aims to impede illicit WMD related trade to and from states of proliferation concern and terrorist groups.
		Speech at the Lowy Institute, The Threat of Proliferation: Global Resolve and Australian Action, from the Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs, The Hon Alexander Downer, 23 February, 2004
	www.dfat.gov.au /globalissues/psi (524 words)

	Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Center's work on non-proliferation issues includes tracking U.S. programs and legislation that support efforts to secure and neutralize nuclear weapons and materials around the world.
		We follow developments in global proliferation "hot spots" such as North Korea, Iran, and South Asia and provide Congress, the media, and other organizations with regular issue briefs, news updates and analysis, and periodic briefings.
		The Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation is dedicated to enhancing international peace and security and protecting the American people from the threat of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
	www.armscontrolcenter.org /nonproliferation (217 words)

	Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
		The special conference website features guest blogs by proliferation experts, text of prepared remarks, photo galleries, and more.
		The second edition of Carnegie's proliferation atlas, Deadly Arsenals: Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Threats, is now available for purchase.
		The new edition of Carnegie's proliferation atlas, Deadly Arsenals: Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Threats, is now available.
	carnegieendowment.org /npp (1246 words)

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