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Topic: Prometaphase

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Interphase

Mitosis

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	Prometaphase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In late prometaphase, most of the chromosomes have begun the events of metaphase while the rest should have at least have one kinetochore connected.
		Prometaphase is the phase in between prophase and metaphase in mitosis in eukaryotic somatic cells.
		The role of prometaphase is completed when all of the kinetochore microtubules have attached to their kinetochores, upon which metaphase begins.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prometaphase (421 words)

	Mitosis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prometaphase: The nuclear membrane has degraded, and microtubules have invaded the nuclear space.
		As microtubules find and attach to kinetochores in prometaphase, the centromeres of the chromosomes convene themselves on the metaphase plate or equatorial plane, an imaginary line that is equidistant from the two centrosome poles.
		This even alignment is due to the counterbalance of the pulling powers generated by the opposing kinetochores, analogous to a tug of war between equally strong people.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mitosis (2100 words)

	SparkNotes: Mitosis: Prophase and Prometaphase
		As we discussed in cell cycle, before cells are allowed to enter M phase they must meet certain cellular requirements.
		The mitotic spindle is an arrangement of microtubules that is responsible for aligning duplicated chromosomes in later phases.
		The major event marking a cell's entry to prometaphase is the breakdown of the nuclear envelope into small vesicles.
	www.sparknotes.com /biology/cellreproduction/mitosis/section1.html (457 words)

	Cyclin A Is Destroyed in Prometaphase and Can Delay Chromosome Alignment and Anaphase -- den Elzen and Pines 153 (1): ...
		Cyclin A is degraded from early prometaphase by a 26S proteasome-dependent pathway and is not inhibited by the spindle checkpoint.
		Prometaphase was statistically prolonged compared with uninjected cells (significance level = 99%) in those cells with periods from NEBD completion to chromosome alignment >50 min (indicated by a dashed line).
		ubiquitin-mediated degradation in prometaphase with MG-132 (Fig 4
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/153/1/121 (7968 words)

	Mutations in the Drosophila Condensin Subunit dCAP-G: Defining the Role of Condensin for Chromosome Condensation in ...
		Prometaphase cells were identified using antibodies to tubulin to label the mitotic spindle as it assembles (staining not shown).
		At prometaphase, cells contain chromatin that is condensed and labeled with phospho-H3, but within the same cell, some chromatin is uncondensed (second column).
		Prometaphase cells in which most of the chromatin is highly condensed and labeled with phospho-H3 also are seen, but condensation is aberrant (third column).
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/168/2/895 (6813 words)

	[No title]
		By the end of prometaphase the two MOCs are located at opposite poles of the cell.
		In animal cells, MOC are characterized by the presence of a pair of centrioles.
		At the beginning of prometaphase a separate set of spindle fibers becones associated with each of the kinetochores of each chromatid.
	www.msu.edu /~kirschte/mitosis/mito-spindle.html (543 words)

	Mitosis: An Interactive Animation
		And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle from the region of the centrioles.
		Prometaphase: In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a recognizable nucleus.
		Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrioles and attach to kinetichores, protein bundles located on the chromosomes.
	www.cellsalive.com /mitosis.htm (330 words)

	Human inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) survivin participates in regulation of chromosome segregation and mitotic ...
		Ab injection did not affect the prometaphase chromosome movements, as the mean duration of the prometaphase (NEB-Meta) was the same as in the cBuf-injected cells.
		of prometaphase chromosomes whereas the fluorescence of the
		Groups of 5 to 10 PtK1 cells were injected with the antibody at late prophase/early prometaphase and allowed to progress in their division for the times indicated before fixation and immunolabeling with anti-3F3/2 ascites and Crest anti-centromere sera.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/15/14/2721 (1833 words)

	A Kinesin Mutant with an Atypical Bipolar Spindle Undergoes Normal Mitosis -- Marcus et al. 14 (4): 1717 -- Molecular ...
		poles during prophase and have abnormal bipolar spindles in prometaphase.
		Early prometaphase spindles typically lack bipolar character and an equatorial zone of microtubule clearing.
		Late prometaphase spindles exhibit more bipolarity than early prometaphase spindles, although an equatorial zone of microtubule clearing is still not robust.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/14/4/1717 (5659 words)

	Lab Members: Gary Mack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Cells were classified as in interphase (A), prophase (B), prometaphase (C), metaphase (D), anaphase (E), and telophase (E) based on the morphology and alignment of chromosomes and spindle organization.
		Arrowheads highlight sister kinetochores in metaphase that stain for astrin and the arrow highlights the kinetochore of an unaligned chromosome in prometaphase that lacks astrin staining.
		A prometaphase CFPAC-1 cell was stained with an antibody to astrin (red) and the DNA-specifc dye DAPI (blue) and the channels merged into a single image.
	dms.dartmouth.edu /compton/former/gmack.shtml (280 words)

	Merotelic kinetochore orientation occurs frequently during early mitosis in mammalian tissue cells and error correction ...
		the spindle equator in prometaphase and it is not detected by
		early prometaphase in control cells is at least 2.65% (Fig.
		The prometaphase-I kinetochore microtubule bundle and kinetochore orientation in males.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/116/20/4213 (6560 words)

	The ID Report - ID-friendly journal paper makes testable predictions
		It [the hypothesis] predicts that spindle microtubules in animal cells begin to oscillate at the beginning of prometaphase, and that those oscillations rapidly accelerate until metaphase, at which point they decelerate or cease.
		By metaphase the oscillations may be of such high frequency that they would be difficult to detect, but the lower frequency oscillations early in prometaphase should be detectable by immunofluorescence microscopy and high-speed camera technology.
		It should be possible to test this by observing chromosome behavior in the spindles of dividing animal cells while artificially raising the concentration of intracellular calcium during prometaphase or blocking its rise at the beginning of anaphase.
	www.arn.org /blogs/index.php/2/2005/05/25/id_friendly_journal_paper_makes_testable (902 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		Importantly, this increase in the percentage of prometaphase cells does not reflect an arrest in mitosis, as the mitotic index of the culture remains constant at the control level of ~5% throughout the entire experiment.
		An aberrant dumpy prometaphase chromosome morphology was seen in 46% of Incenp-negative and 60% of aurora B-negative cells after RNAi.
		In many cases, the dumpy chromosomes appeared to correspond to an abnormal prometaphase arrangement, characterized by a disassembled nuclear lamina and persistent high levels of cyclin B protein.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/dbzhnsky/aurorab4.htm (7915 words)

	The Rho GTP exchange factor Lfc promotes spindle assembly in early mitosis -- Bakal et al. 102 (27): 9529 -- ...
		in mitosis and an accumulation of prometaphase cells.
		(D) Prometaphase, metaphase, or anaphase Rat-2 cells were injected with anti-Lfc antibody, fixed 10 min postinjection, and stained with DAPI (blue, Top), anti-tubulin antibody (green, Middle).
		Cells injected at prophase, prometaphase, and metaphase were fixed 10 min postinjection.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/102/27/9529 (4563 words)

	Observing Plant Mitosis
		Survey the zone of cell division and locate stages of the cell cycle: interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
		As you find a dividing cell, speculate about its stage of division, read the following descriptions given of each stage to verify that your guess is correct, and, if necessary, confirm your conclusion with the instructor.
		By prometaphase, the chromosomes are thick and short.
	www.wooster.edu /biology/wmorgan/bio306/Observing_Plant_Mitosis.html (471 words)

	Mitosis - Prometaphase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		During Prometaphase, the nuclear envelope begins to breakdown.
		Organelles such as the ER and the golgi fragments also begin to break down into vesicles.
		While the centrosomes are moving to opposite poles, the kinetochore microtubules begin moving the chromosomes to the middle of the cell.
	wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu /~tsaye/prometaphase.html (86 words)

	[No title]
		Prometaphase begins abruptly with the disruption of the nuclear envelope, which breaks up into membrane fragments indistiguishable from bits of endoplasmic reticulum.
		As a result of their prometaphase oscillations, the chromosomes become arranged so that their centromeres all lie in one plane.
		Each chromosome is held intension at the metaphase plate by the paired kinetochores and their associated fibers pointing to opposite poles of the spindle.(A..)
	www.msu.edu /~kirschte/mitosis/mito-karyokin.html (408 words)

	CENP-A Is Required for Accurate Chromosome Segregation and Sustained Kinetochore Association of BubR1 -- Régnier ...
		prometaphase cells (doxycycline, day 5) were stained for tubulin (green), DNA (blue), and Nuf2 (red, upper panel) or Hec1 (red, middle panel).
		In late prometaphase, signal intensity decreases upon chromosome alignment while out-of-the-plate chromosomes retain strong staining, as indicated by arrows.
		CENP-E signals were hardly detectable in prometaphase cells, whereas some signals could be detected in early prometaphase.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/25/10/3967 (7046 words)

	The Kinesin-like Calmodulin Binding Protein Is Differentially Involved in Cell Division -- Vos et al. 12 (6): 979 -- ...
		After an hour, the cell was still arrested in prometaphase or metaphase.
		prometaphase between 5 and 10 min after injection and was arrested
		onset of prometaphase (Fig 3 and Fig 6).
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/12/6/979 (5892 words)

	prometaphase - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "prometaphase" is defined.
		prometaphase : Stedman's Online Medical Dictionary, 27th Edition [home, info]
		prometaphase : Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=prometaphase&ls=a (94 words)

	A Dominant Mutant of Inner Centromere Protein (INCENP), a Chromosomal Protein, Disrupts Prometaphase Congression and ...
		A Dominant Mutant of Inner Centromere Protein (INCENP), a Chromosomal Protein, Disrupts Prometaphase Congression and Cytokinesis -- Mackay et al.
		A Dominant Mutant of Inner Centromere Protein (INCENP), a Chromosomal Protein, Disrupts Prometaphase Congression and Cytokinesis
		of prometaphase events nor evidence of lagging chromosomes.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/140/5/991 (5718 words)

	Maintenance of sister-chromatid cohesion at the centromere by the Drosophila MEI-S332 protein -- Tang et al. 12 (24): ...
		during prometaphase and is required for the maintenance of sister-chromatid
		At the onset of prometaphase I, it became detectable in a
		mutant protein is absent from the chromosomes in both prometaphase I spermatocyte (E) and metaphase I oocyte (F).
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/12/24/3843 (7179 words)

	Bub1
		Bub1 localizes to the kinetochores of bivalents in primary spermatocytes during prometaphase I. The kinetochore association of Bub1 decreases significantly as the bivalents align at the metaphase plate and become undetectable at anaphase, although some nuclear and spindle staining above background is visible during these cell cycle stages.
		The intensity of Bub1 staining in this genotype is comparable between univalents and bivalents at prometaphase I. However, once the bivalents align at the metaphase plate, the intensity of Bub1 staining on their kinetochores decreases drastically, while the univalents in the same cell retain strong Bub1 signals.
		Drosophila Bub3 is also found at the kinetochore regions in mitotic larval neuroblasts and in meiotic primary and secondary spermatocytes, with the strong signal seen during prophase and prometaphase becoming increasingly weaker after the chromosomes have aligned at the metaphase plate.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/newgene/bub1-4.htm (4335 words)

	The planar cell polarity protein Strabismus promotes Pins anterior localization during asymmetric division of sensory ...
		At prometaphase (C-E'''), Stbm (C',D',E') localized at the anterior lateral cortex where it overlapped with Pins (C'',D'',E'') and Dlg (C''',D''',E''').
		In 84% of the pI cells, the crescent of Pon::GFP was progressively restricted to a single pole during prometaphase and was unequally inherited by only one daughter cell (C-C'').
		In the remaining 16% of the cells, Pon::GFP accumulated along a broad cortical domain (D) or in a bipolar manner (E) and was mis-partitioned in the two daughter cells at anaphase (D,E').
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/131/2/469 (6303 words)

	Drosophila Klp67A is required for proper chromosome congression and segregation during meiosis I -- Savoian et al. 117 ...
		Prometaphase chromosome behaviour was highly aberrant in both
		Chromosomes in klp67A mutant primary spermatocytes are abnormally dynamic and undergo exaggerated periods of reorientation during prometaphase.
		Klp67A associates with pre-anaphase kinetochores and the central spindle during meiosis I. (A,B and D-F) Microtubules are shown in green, Klp67A in red and DNA in blue.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/117/16/3669 (5342 words)

	Publications - Steffen
		Steffen, W. (1985) The 3-dimensional architecture of chromosome fibres in crane fly: Amphitelic autosomal univalents in late prometaphase.
		Steffen, W. and Fuge, H. (1985) Three-dimensional architecture of chromosome fibres in crane fly: amphitelic autosomal univalents in late prometaphase.
		Steffen, W. (1986) Relationship between the arrangement of microtubules and chromosome behaviour of syntelic autosomal univalents during prometaphase in crane fly spermatocytes.
	www.biologie.uni-rostock.de /tierphysiologie/Forschung/pubsteffen.html (967 words)

	Intra-oocyte Localization of MAD2 and Its Relationship with Kinetochores, Microtubules, and Chromosomes in Rat Oocytes ...
		bipolar spindle during late prometaphase and early metaphase.
		GV: Germinal vesicle; ProM-I, prometaphase I; M-I, metaphase I; A-I, anaphase I; T-I, telophase I; M-II, metaphase II.
		GV, Germinal vesicle; ProM-I, prometaphase I; M-I, metaphase I; A-I, anaphase I; T-I, telophase I; M-II, metaphase II; pb, the first polar body.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/71/3/740 (5890 words)

	The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Tutorial
		Mitosis is nuclear division plus cytokinesis, and produces two identical daughter cells during prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
		Some fibers cross the cell to form the mitotic spindle.
		The nuclear membrane dissolves, marking the beginning of prometaphase.
	www.cbv.ns.ca /bec/science/cell/page31.html (371 words)

	Activation of m-Calpain Is Required for Chromosome Alignment on the Metaphase Plate during Mitosis -- Honda et al. 279 ...
		the preceding prometaphase chromosome movements are a consequence
		A, HeLa cells were synchronized at prometaphase by the sequential thymidine/nocodazole protocol, then released into the media of the indicated reagents and lysed at the indicated time point.
		C, HeLa cells arrested at prometaphase by treatment with Z-LLal were fixed and stained with an antibody against Mad2 (green) and TOTO-3 (red) for DNA.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/279/11/10615 (4669 words)

	Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 2 localizes to mammalian active centromeres and interacts with PARP-1, Cenpa, Cenpb and ...
		Cell cycle distribution of PARP-2 in human fibroblasts: cells in (A) interphase, (B) prophase, (C) prometaphase, (D) metaphase, (E) anaphase, (F) late anaphase and (G) telophase.
		Note the distinct PARP-2 staining on centromeres at prometaphase and metaphase, the very weak staining at anaphase, and the absence of enhanced centromere staining during the other stages.
		A moderate to significant amount of background staining is also apparent throughout the cell cycle, especially during mitosis, presumably due to the localization of PARP-2 elsewhere.
	hmg.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/11/19/2319 (5882 words)

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