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	Searle -- Proper Names
		In what follows I hope to examine the connexion between proper names and their referents in such a manner as to show how both kinds of identity statement are possible and in so doing to show in what sense a proper name has a sense.
		To use a proper name referringly is to presuppose the truth of certain uniquely referring descriptive statements, but it is not ordinarily to assert these statements or even to indicate which exactly are presupposed.
		Thus the looseness of the criteria for proper names is a necessary condition for isolating the referring function from the describing function of language.
	mind.ucsd.edu /syllabi/00-01/phil_lang/readings/searle-01.html (3049 words)

	Definiteness & proper names...
		Geurts notes that both definite descriptions and proper names may be used to refer to entities which are either part of the discourse context or part of the common ground shared by speaker and addressee.
		Geurts’ example shows a non-literal use of a name to suggest certain properties such as perhaps being regal or overbearing, but note that these are not the properties he is claiming are encoded in the meaning of the name.
		Either a proper name is the name of a kind, in which case it has generic use but not use for reference to particulars, or it is the name of a particular, in which case it does not have generic use.
	www.msu.edu /~abbottb/Def&PNs.htm (3300 words)

	Translation of proper names - part 1
		Thus a French queen named Aliénor first had to be distinguished from all the other French queens, past and present, who shared that name—and that was usually done by appending her provenance: Aliénor d'Aquitaine, for example.
		We can plainly see that translating proper names was common not only in the Middle Ages, but has remained an active practice (and sometimes a necessary one, as Bisson states) to the present day.
		These translations of proper names may have been 'blunders' of the past or 'necessities' of the present, but they are nonetheless now carved in stone and in my heart.
	www.translationdirectory.com /article102.htm (2479 words)

	US English Pronunciation of Proper Names
		Names can be of very diverse etymological origin and can surface in another language without undergoing the slow process of assimilation to the phonologic system of the new language.
		This site allows users to type in their names, and uses Edinburgh University's Festival to generate the phonetic transcription as well as an audio file according to (i) the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary, (ii) a baseline, ngram-based pronunciation model and (iii) a model incorporating language origin information.
		Of course there is the caveat that some people are very sensitive to mispronunciations of their names, and the level of tolerance to synthesis mistakes might be lower than if they were listening to another word.
	www.speech.cs.cmu.edu /pronounce-names (613 words)

	Web Proper Names: Naming Referents on the Web
		Proper names are names that refer uniquely to one referent, at least in an ideal situation.
		Web Proper Names are a formalization of this everyday phenomena that allows the results to be packaged via a URI scheme (as detailed in §4) or a file (as detailed in §5), and so shared and used as the foundation for further information gathering on the Web.
		A Web Proper Name should not be confused either with the set of search terms, the referent itself, the set of descriptions, or the additional information needed to situate the context of its baptism.
	www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /~ht/webpropernames (8579 words)

	Bilingual speakers find proper names easiest to remember
		"Proper names are the one time that bilingual speakers don't need to learn two names for something," says lead researcher Tamar Gollan, PhD, of the University of California, San Diego.
		They found that, excluding proper names, bilingual speakers experienced nearly double the number of TOTs of monolinguals.
		In a follow-up study, Gollan and her colleagues asked 28 bilingual and 28 monolingual speakers to complete a questionnaire requiring them to recall the names of celebrities and various people in their own lives, such as their sixth-grade teachers.
	www.apa.org /monitor/jun05/bilingual.html (333 words)

	Proper Names
		Therefore, "the rules for a proper name must somehow be logically tied to particular characteristics of the object in such a way that the name has a sense as well as a reference...
		Proper names have a sense, not because they are used to describe or specify characteristics of objects, but because they are logically connected (in a "loose sort of way") with characteristics of the object.
		Associated with a name used by a community of speakers is a set of descriptions cullable from their beliefs which an item has to satisfy to be the bearer of the name.
	spruce.flint.umich.edu /~simoncu/225/names.htm (1878 words)

	Proper Names in Translation of Fiction
		Meanings of some names and their correlation with the entire work and the problem of to what extent it is necessary to render the inner form of the names in general will be examined as well.
		The name of Elder Dobromysl (Goodthought in translation) is an allusion to Elder Gostomysl of Novgorod, traditionally associated with the summoning of the Varangian princes to Russia.
		Of 81 names of fictitious characters 38 have translated common stems and the proportion is similar in the case of the fictitious place-names.
	accurapid.com /journal/35propernames.htm (4948 words)

	Tyler Burge - Reference and Proper Names
		The other is that a proper name abbreviates into one symbol the semantical roles of operator and predicate which, in definite descriptions, are usually represented separately by at least two symbols: the ‘the’ (or an analogous construction) and the general term.
		Thus, proper names are like ordinary predicates containing quotation marks in their intuitively clear failure to be necessarily true of objects to which they apply.
		Insofar as proper names exemplify a fundamental way in which language relates to the world, they provide reason to focus not on individual constants, but on variables — and not the variables of quantification, but free variables which represent demonstratives and which receive their interpretation extralinguistically, through referential actions of language users.
	www.cavehill.uwi.edu /bnccde/PH38D/burge.html (5997 words)

	RealNetworks Logos > Trademark Usage Policy
		Third party names and logos cannot be used in conjunction with Real brands and logos in product names except to connote that Real technology is included.
		Each name, term or mark that is a registered trademark must include the applicable mark and copyright statement when it is used.
		Real Brands and logos, should always be attributed with the proper symbol and footnoted on all presentations that are displayed to the public (sales, trade shows etc).
	www.realnetworks.com /company/logos/policy.html (895 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jehovah (Yahweh)
		The proper name of God in the Old Testament; hence the Jews called it the name by excellence, the great name, the only name, the glorious and terrible name, the hidden and mysterious name, the name of the substance, the proper name, and most frequently shem hammephorash, i.e.
		Hebrew Divine name; besides the form Yah is rare and exclusively poetic; Yahu never appears in the Bible, while the ordinary full form of the Divine name is found even in the inscription of Mesa (line 18) dating from the ninth century B.C. Yahu and Yah were
		But the phrase "to appear by a name" does not necessarily imply the first revelation of that name; it rather signifies the explanation of the name, or a manner of acting conformable to the meaning of the name (cf.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08329a.htm (2963 words)

	Webmaster Articles
		First of all there are two different kinds of names, proper names (unique words, person, place), or common names (things like cars or cheese.) The types of names that will have good lasting effect on the internet are proper names.
		Sometimes this may not be till the end of a long day at work, so having a domain name that stays in the mind of a client is very important.
		All these factors have led to a crisis of domain names and given rise to increasing cases of infringement of domain names.
	www.truevision.se /authors/7/John-Hugh (1088 words)

	cPanel - The Leading Control Panel
		Prohibited uses include the development, adoption, or registration of names, logos, trademarks, symbols, phrases, brands, domain names or other business, product or service identifier that could be confused with any of cPanel’s trademarks.
		You must use the proper symbol with each of our trademarks, and apply the symbols consistent with these Policy instructions, in every copy of communication, document, packaging or other material in which our mark appears, regardless of the medium.
		A trade name is a corporate name used to identify an organization or company.
	www.cpanel.net /trademarkup.htm (950 words)

	Curiosities of Literature: Orthography of Proper Names
		The truth seems to be, then, that personal names were written by the ear, since the persons themselves did not attend to the accurate writing of their own names, which they changed sometimes capriciously and sometimes with anxious nicety.
		Colman says the poet’s name in his own county is pronounced with the first a short, which accounts for this mode of writing the name, and proves that the orthoepy rather than the orthography of a person’s name was most attended to: a very questionable and uncertain standard.
		Thus our ancient personal names were written down by the ear at a period when we had no settled orthography; and even at a later period, not distant from our own times, some persons, it might be shown, have been equally puzzled how to write their names; witness the Thomsons, Thompsons; the Wartons, Whartons, &c.
	www.spamula.net /col/archives/2005/10/orthography_of_proper_names.html (1090 words)

	Proper Names
		Names, of course, are nouns, and by Esperanto grammar, nouns end with −o, so you might imagine Esperantists calling each other Bilo, Tomo, Ĝako, and the like, but the situation is not that simple.
		However, a minority transcribe their names according to the customs of other languages; ordinarily, this means like English or French, but it can also be according to a prescription of the official Latin transcription of the concerned national language (such as Chinese and others).
		If the name occurs somewhere in a sentence where it should be in the accusative case, always put on the −on ending.
	steve-and-pattie.com /esperantujo/names.html (1298 words)

	Reference (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Theories of proper names will be considered first, as proper names are considered by many to be referring terms par excellence, and the means by which proper names refer is arguably unique to such expressions.
		According to description theories of proper names, a proper name, as used by a speaker, refers via the descriptive content associated (by the speaker) with that name.
		Evans (1973) provides several examples of uses of proper names that are most naturally accounted for via a hybrid theory, according to which the reference of a proper name (as used by a speaker) is the dominant causal source of the body of descriptive information the speaker associates with the name.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/reference (9543 words)

	Ariadna Font Llitjos
		Pronunciation of proper names that have different and varied language sources is an extremely hard task, even for humans.
		Ultimately, the data we would like to have in order to train our models is a list of proper names tagged both with their phonetic transcription and with the language they come from.
		Having accurate pronunciations for proper names is of particular interest for speech recognition, speech synthesis, as well as for all applications that have a speech recognition or a speech synthesis component, such as dialog systems, speech-to-speech machine translation, (reverse) directory assistance, automated customer service and any state-of-the-art application that deals with natural language processing.
	fife.speech.cs.cmu.edu /pronounce-names/mthesis-cmu.htm (1017 words)

	Ancient Irish Proper Names
		Aodh [ee], anglicised Hugh, was one of the most frequent names of Kings and Chiefs among the Irish; the word signifies fire, the Vesta of the Pagan Irish, and was probably derived from the religious worship of the Druids.
		Ardgal may be derived from ard, exalted, and gal, valour; and Artgal, from the proper name Art, and gaol [geel], a relative of.
		Fiacha or Fiach, is derived from fiacha, a hunter; and is a frequent name of Kings and Chiefs, from the earliest ages: probably from the occupation or amusement of hunting, so prevalent in early times.
	www.libraryireland.com /Pedigrees1/Pedigrees1ProperNames.php (1223 words)

	Translation of Proper Names in Non-fiction Texts
		After a formal categorization of name types on syntactic grounds, names are differentiated on the basis of their respective referents and the associated translation strategies are discussed.
		Proper names (used here interchangeably with the expression 'proper nouns') can be dealt with in a number of ways in translations.
		Foreign names, that is, names foreign to the source text culture in the ST should always be tracked to the original language and translated directly from that.
	www.accurapid.com /journal/39proper.htm (4295 words)

	Star Names
		The oldest of all names, proper names are a mixed lot that descend from a variety of ancient (and even modern) languages that relate to the positions or the characters of the stars.
		By far the greatest number, however, hundreds of proper names, descend to us from the Arabic of the middle ages, when the astronomers of the Arabia adopted the Greek constellations from Ptolemy and applied their own names to the stars, most in some way appropriate to the locations of the stars within their parent constellations.
		Though the number of names is increased by applying superscripts to stars that fall near one another (a string of stars in Orion became Pi-1, Pi-2, Pi- 3 Orionis, and so on), the system was still limited to the brighter stars, faint naked-eye stars never qualifying.
	www.astro.uiuc.edu /~kaler/sow/starname.html (1674 words)

	Proper Names
		Names, of course, are nouns, and by Esperanto grammar, nouns end with −o, so you might imagine Esperantists calling each other Bilo, Tomo, Ĝako, and the like, but the situation is not that simple.
		However, a minority transcribe their names according to the customs of other languages; ordinarily, this means like English or French, but it can also be according to a prescription of the official Latin transcription of the concerned national language (such as Chinese and others).
		If the name occurs somewhere in a sentence where it should be in the accusative case, always put on the −on ending.
	www.steve-and-pattie.com /esperantujo/names.html (1298 words)

	CLHS: Glossary-Section P
		a notation preceding the name of a symbol in text that is processed by the Lisp reader, which uses a package name followed by one or more package markers, and which indicates that the symbol is looked up in the indicated package.
		(of a class) a symbol that names the class whose name is that symbol.
		When there is more than one name and value pair with the identical name in a property list, the first such pair determines the property.
	www.lispworks.com /documentation/HyperSpec/Body/26_glo_p.htm (1277 words)

	Possible sources for the Book of Mormon names
		What they seem to forget is that if one writes a book and uses names (or variations of names) that are pulled out of ancient texts--those names don't make the book of ancient origin.
		The following is a list of the names found in the Book of Mormon, where they are found, and a possible source that Joseph Smith had access to for taking or creating (by joining two or more words together in some cases) the name.
		Many Arabic names begin with "Al", and the rest of the letters left over after "Al" is subtracted look mighty Arabic to me, perhaps with a couple of letters transposed.
	lds-mormon.com /names.shtml (1724 words)

	ICELAND PROPER NAMES
		The use of family names began in Iceland in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and their number increased considerably during the nineteenth century.
		However, family names never came close to replacing the old custom of patronymics, which is still predominant in Iceland today: son (son) or dottir (daughter) is attached to the father's (or mother's) Christian name, e.g.
		However, a person with a family name may be listed under the first letter of the family name.
	www.nat.is /travelguideeng/icelandic_proper_names.htm (211 words)

	Proper Names in the Scriptures
		When a name is correctly transliterated from one language to another, the corresponding sounds from the letters in the new language will approximate those of the language translated (subject to the limits of the new language), otherwise it would not be a transliteration, but an interpretation.
		You might say that the proper names of the Apostles in the Greek were Hellenized, but only to the limits of the Greek letter sounds.
		Although the proper names could very easily be correctly transliterated from the Greek or the Hebrew, with the exception of a few Bible translation, they are not.
	www.biblelogic.com /Answers/Propernames.htm (1211 words)

	Proper Names of the Angels
		His name is a battle cry; both shield and weapon in the struggle, and an eternal trophy of victory.
		As the proper name of one of the great Archangels, the word Michael appears for the first time in the book of the prophet Daniel, where he is called: "Michael, one of the chief princes,"[3] and again: "At that time shall Michael rise up, the great prince, who standeth for the children of thy people."[4]
		During those few minutes, Raphael, in the name and with the power of God, "took the devil, and bound him in the desert of upper Egypt." This devil Asmodeus, who had caused so much sorrow to Sara and her family, was Satan himself.
	www.ewtn.com /library/MARY/ANGEL6.HTM (4687 words)

	Names Names Names
		An alphabetized list of Proper names for crossword puzzle fans.
		Most of them came from actual crossword puzzles solved by the author over the past 12 years.
		You can search by FIRST name or by LAST name.
	www.geocities.com /hmce/crossword_helper_book.html (67 words)

	Capital Letters - The OWL at Purdue
		Titles preceding names, but not titles that follow names
		Jim's house is two miles north of Otterbein.
		Words and abbreviations of specific names (but not names of things that came from specific things but are now general types)
	owl.english.purdue.edu /handouts/grammar/g_caps.html (699 words)

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