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Topic: Prophage

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	Lambda phage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In this state, λ is called a prophage and stays resident within the host's genome, without apparent harm.
		The DNA of the prophage that is expressed in that state codes for proteins that look out for signs of stress in the host cell.
		At that point, the prophage reactivates, excises itself from the DNA of the host cell and enters its lytic cycle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lambda_phage (1963 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		region, a prophage 1 region, a prophage 2 region, a prophage 4 region, a prophage 3 region, a prophage 4 region, a prophage 5 region, a prophage 6, region, a PPS region, a PKS region, a YVFF-YVEK region, a DHB region and fragments thereof.
		region, a prophage 1 region, a prophage 2 region, a prophage 3 region, a prophage 4 region, a prophage 5 region, a prophage 6 region, a PPS region, a PKS region, a YVFF-YVEK region, a DHB region and fragments thereof.
		prophage 1, prophage 2, prophage 3, prophage 4, prophage 5, prophage 6, PPS, PKS, YVFF-YVEK, DHB and fragments thereof.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=03/83125.031009&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (8404 words)

	Vibrio cholerae O139 in Calcutta, 1992-1998: Incidence, Antibiograms, and Genotypes
		As the CTX prophage of the 1992-93 and 1996 O139 strains is well characterized (8,11,16,22), we took only one representative strain from 1992 (SG24) and 1996 (AM258) (8,11,22).
		Since all these enzymes have a single restriction site in the CTX prophage but not within the ctxA gene (23) and the size of an intact CTX prophage is approximately 7 kb, the 7-kb band in all these enzymes indicates a tandem duplication in all strains.
		Thus, the group II strains have exactly the same arrangement of the CTX prophage in their genome as the group I strains; the difference in the size of the second band could be due to the integration of the prophage at a different site in the genome (Figure 5).
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol6no2/basu.htm (3984 words)

	INPEC 2005, Israel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In some cases the prophage elements are modified or part of them are lost in the course of evolution leading to the formation of the cryptic prophages and phage remnants.
		Analysis of the nucleic acid sequences of bacteriophages, prophages, the cryptic prophages and the phage remnants suggest the modular nature of the evolution by acquisition of entire genes or groups of genes.
		The prophage, cryptic prophage and phage remnants can help provide a hidden structural and functional repertoire of proteins for the organism in their survival mechanism and pathogenicity.
	www.inpec.org.il /abstracts/569f6ea3727ff96522fe1831e61d19cc.html (636 words)

	Jahrbuch-CD der MPG 2003 - PY54, a linear plasmid prophage
		Lysogenic Yersinia strains harbour the PY54 prophage as a plasmid (pY54).
		Similar to PY54, the N15 prophage is a linear plasmid with telomeres.
		Regions on the phage genome important for plasmid maintenance were defined by the construction of linear and circular miniplasmid derivatives of pY54, of which the smallest miniplasmid comprises a 4.5 kb DNA fragment of the plasmid prophage.
	www.mpg.de /forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/archivListenJahrbuch/2003/05/publZIM24.html (302 words)

	Prophage Detection in Bacterial Genomes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Temperate phages, while residing in their host as latent prophages, either integrated in the host genome or as a circular or linear plasmid, become a repository for the shuffling of genetic information by recombination with temporary resident phage, plasmid or other mobile element.
		To populate the database with additional phage proteins, we developed a system to identify prophages in sequenced bacterial genomes.
		This initial dataset includes overlapping prophages, genomic islands and other non-prophage entities (based on visual inspection of the results).
	www.iscb.org /ismb2004/posters/gipsiATscmbb.ulb.ac.be_970.html (189 words)

	Infectious CTXPhi and the Vibrio Pathogenicity Island Prophage in Vibrio mimicus: Evidence for Recent Horizontal ...
		acf gene cluster in the 3' region of the VPI prophage.
		Boxes with question marks adjacent to the CTX prophages represent those cases where the phage-chromosome junction sequences are unknown.
		TLC sequences 5' of the CTX prophage and RTX sequences 3' of the
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/3/1507 (3965 words)

	[No title]
		The presence of 301-bp ctxA, 843-bp zot, and 282- bp ace amplicons in all strains except CO853 indicates that all the tcpA-positive strains have an intact CTX prophage.
		Further, as both the 8- and 5.6-kb bands are shared by the 1992 and 1998 V. cholerae O139 strains, the downstream regions of the CTX prophage in the 1992 and 1998 V.
		In the CTX ImmCalcutta prophage, present in the 1996-97 O139 strains, the positions of the HindIII and the BglII enzymes have been interchanged (8,9).
	www.cdc.gov /Ncidod/EID/vol6no2/ascii/basu.txt (4105 words)

	Prophage Genomics -- Canchaya et al. 67 (2): 238 -- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
		for the diagnosis of prophages in bacterial genome sequences.
		According to their structural genes, the prophages were classified into distinct groups (green triangles) and annotated on the left ordinate.
		A is encoded downstream of the lysin gene in prophage ETA (225)
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/2/238 (8726 words)

	Global Expression of Prophage Genes in Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strain EDL933 in Response to Norfloxacin -- Herold et ...
		Upregulated genes of Stx-encoding prophages BP-933W and CP-933V
		It is conspicuous that the genes of prophage BP-933W are transcribed
		Induction of prophages of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 with norfloxacin.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/49/3/931 (6929 words)

	Prophage {lambda} Induces Terminal Recombination in Escherichia coli by Inhibiting Chromosome Dimer Resolution: An ...
		prophage insertion is not an alteration of the expression of
		The prophage is drawn inserted in V orientation, with its putative polar elements interfering with the ambient chromosome polarity.
		Prophage excision is an obvious possible outcome of the repair event.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/154/1/39 (5003 words)

	NinR- and Red-Mediated Phage-Prophage Marker Rescue Recombination in Escherichia coli: Recovery of a Nonhomologous ...
		prophage genes int-cIII in the Y836 chromosome (and in infecting phages in C); the solid triangle on map of Y836 represents the
		replication initiation arising from the derepressed cryptic prophage in Y836 cells without the plasmid that were shifted for 1 hr to 42°.
		region of prophage DNA that is flanked by homologous regions
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/170/4/1485 (4994 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The term"negatively selecting"as used herein is defined as the act of using a specific condition to kill, or prevent from growing, cells with a particular phenotype while permitting survival and growth of cells without said particular phenotype.
		The present invention uses as a mode of negative selection the system of repression of lethal gene products by said conditional repressor, in marked contrast to the presence of a marker, such as an antibiotic resistance marker, which is one of the significant improvements the present invention has over the related art.
		prophage is still present, no product is observed due to the large distance between the primers, approximately 54 kilobase pairs.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/09351.010208&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (7672 words)

	LecOut_GenMove (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Once a temperate phage has become integrated into the genome of the host cell, there will be a few prophage genes expressed in the host cell.
		The ability of a prophage to give a host cell new characteristics is called phage conversion.
		Induction of the prophage causes the prophage to excise from the chromosome and enter a lytic replication cycle.Generation of specialized transducing particle is the result of an incorrect excision of prophage.
	faculty.washington.edu /jclara/410/Outlines/GeneMove.html (560 words)

	Genetic structure and chromosomal integration site of the cryptic prophage CP-1639 encoding Shiga toxin 1 -- Creuzburg ...
		The prophage CP-1639 is inserted between the E.
		The determination of the length of the CP-1639 prophage genome
		Complete nucleotide sequence of the prophage VT2-Sakai carrying the verotoxin 2 genes of the enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7 derived from the Sakai outbreak.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/151/3/941 (5174 words)

	National Estuarine Research Reserve System
		The demonstrated relationship between carcinogenicity of a chemical compound in mammals and its tendency to cause prophage induction in bacteria provides a method for biologically based carcinogen screening.
		This assay is patterned after the Microscreen Assay, which is currently in use to screen for bioactive pollutants in freshwater environments.
		To develop the assay, marine bacterial isolates were screened for the presence of prophage induction.
	nerrs.noaa.gov /Fellowship/grf_sus_38.html (211 words)

	Molecular Characterization of a Prophage of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium DT104 -- Tanaka et al. 42 (4): ...
		Molecular Characterization of a Prophage of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium DT104 -- Tanaka et al.
		Molecular Characterization of a Prophage of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium DT104
		Isolation of prophage common to serotype Typhimurium DT104.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/42/4/1807 (1657 words)

	Bacteriophage Life Cycles: The Lysogenic Life Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the latter case, the cycle begins by the phage adsorbing to the host bacterium or lysogen (def) and injecting its genome as in the lytic life cycle (see Fig.
		Expression of the phage genes controlling phage replication is blocked by a repressor protein, and the phage DNA replicates as a part of the bacterium's DNA so that every daughter bacterium now contains the prophage (see Fig.
		The number of viruses infecting the bacterium as well as the physiological state of the bacterium appear to determine whether the temperate phage enters the lytic cycle or becomes a prophage.
	www.cat.cc.md.us /courses/bio141/lecguide/unit2/viruses/lysolc.html (474 words)

	A satellite phage-encoded antirepressor induces repressor aggregation and cholera toxin gene transfer
		This is because extrachromosomal DNA is not produced by excision of a prophage from the chromosome; instead, it is generated by a replicative process in which the prophage array serves as a template for synthesis of new phage DNA.
		Thus, one role of RS1 is to enable replication of an adjacent CTX prophage.
		RS1 is a satellite phage that depends upon proteins produced from a CTX prophage (its helper phage) for packaging and secretion of its genome.
	www.nature.com /emboj/journal/v21/n16/full/7594643a.html (7929 words)

	Mu-Like Prophage in Serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis Coding for Surface-Exposed Antigens -- Masignani et al. 69 (4): ...
		Mu-Like Prophage in Serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis Coding for Surface-Exposed Antigens -- Masignani et al.
		Identification of a Mu-like prophage in the genome of N.
		Green boxes highlight a group of ORFs specifically acquired by neisserial prophages, whereas yellow spaces indicate genes, which either have been inserted or differ from the corresponding region of Mu.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/69/4/2580 (3893 words)

	Lambda bio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Because lambda is packaged by a headful mechanism, specialized transducing phage that carry a small region of the bacterial chromosome lack a corresponding amount of phage DNA.
		The phage DNA that is missing corresponds to the opposite side ofthe prophage genome.
		the tail genes) that are located on the right side of the prophage, and phage that carry the bio genes located on the right side of the prophage lack the phage genes required for lysogeny functions (e.g.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /~smaloy/MicrobialGenetics/topics/phage/lambda-bio.html (322 words)

	Phage Biology Laboratory at Evergreen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The prophage directs the synthesis of a repressor, which blocks the reading of the rest of its own genes and also those of any closely-related lysogenic phages -- a major advantage for the bacterial cell.
		Occasionally, a prophage escapes from regulation by the repressor, cuts its DNA back out of the genome by a sort of site-specific recombination and goes ahead to make progeny phage and lyse open the cell.
		Others reside in the chromosome; there, they often are found imbedded in defective lysogenic prophages which have lost some key genes in the process and cannot be induced to form phage particles.
	vforest.evergreen.edu /phage/phagetherapy/phagetherapy.htm (10048 words)

	Genome-wide molecular dissection of serotype M3 group A Streptococcus strains causing two epidemics of invasive ...
		Stacked columns are color-coded to indicate prophage genotype and emm3 allele.
		Indicated is the arbitrarily designated prophage genotype (on the top), number of isolates in each prophage genotype (on the bottom), and the prophage content (on the left) and corresponding prophage-encoded virulence factor genes (on the right).
		prophage were prominent causes of disease in both epidemic peaks.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/32/11833 (4346 words)

	Genome Engineering Reveals Large Dispensable Regions in Bacillus subtilis -- Westers et al. 20 (12): 2076 -- Molecular ...
		Note that this plot does not mark PBSX as an AT-rich island, despite the fact that the A + T content of this prophage is higher than the average A + T content of the B.
		expression of genes of all 10 prophage and prophage-like regions,
		of prophage genes and genes in prophage-like regions are conceivable.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/20/12/2076 (6730 words)

	Octamerization of lambda CI repressor is needed for effective repression of PRM and efficient switching from lysogeny ...
		was not significant in the lysogen, the prophage induction
		prophage to efficiently and rapidly switch to lytic development.
		Role of the lytic repressor in prophage induction of phage {lambda} as analyzed by a module-replacement approach
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/15/22/3013 (5797 words)

	Genetic Diversity among Type emm28 Group A Streptococcus Strains Causing Invasive Infections and Pharyngitis -- Green ...
		distinct prophages have been described (1-6, 16, 38, 48, 51).
		The triangles are color coded to correspond with the GAS serotype characterized and are numbered clockwise around the core chromosome.
		Stacked triangles indicate that prophage elements are inserted at the same site.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/43/8/4083 (5483 words)

	RexAB proteins of bacteriophage lambda enhance the effect of photolyase-dimer complexes on lacZ gene expression in ...
		Inactivation is exceptionally effective when cells contain amplified levels of DNA photolyase (which forms complexes with pyrimidine dimers in the absence of light for actual photoreversal) and a lambda prophage.
		Without amplified photolyase, the lambda prophage or both, inactivation rates are similar and much lower.
		UV-inactivation of lacZ gene expression in the presence of both amplified photolyase and lambda is even more effective if lambda cI857 is used in place of the wildtype prophage but is wholly unexceptional if the prophage carries defects in the lambda genes rexA or rexB.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1992/jun/M9260195.html (481 words)

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