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Topic: Prophylactic

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	Prophylactic interventions on children: balancing human rights with public health
		We argue that children should not be subjected to prophylactic interventions "in their best interests" or for public health reasons when there exist effective and conservative alternative interventions, such as behavioural modification, that individuals could employ as competent adolescents or adults to avoid adverse health outcomes.
		Prophylactic mastectomy cannot be sanctioned on infants or children who have not yet attained legal competence or the age of majority.
		As a prophylactic intervention performed in the interest of public health rather than in the "best interest" of the individual, routine immunisation may be urged by society under the belief that it prevents the transmission of contagious diseases.
	www.cirp.org /library/ethics/hodges3 (6159 words)

	Surgery to Lower Breast Cancer Risk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Women who are at high risk of developing breast cancer — either because they have a strong family history of the disease or because they have mutations that predispose them to breast cancer — have a number of options to consider when it comes to screening and prevention.
		Although prophylactic mastectomy has been shown to be the most effective means of lowering high-risk women's chances of developing breast cancer, it's also among the most drastic measures a person can take to combat the disease.
		Women who are considering prophylactic surgery need to weigh the reduction in breast cancer risk and psychological reassurance the procedure can provide against the irreversibility of the surgery, the risk involved, the potential for problems with implants or reconstructive surgery, and the psychological and social repercussions that may occur.
	www.genetichealth.com /BROV_Surgery_to_Red_Risk.shtml (1624 words)

	Appendix II: Prophylactic Mastectomy
		Prophylactic mastectomy is one option for intervention considered by some women at defined high breast cancer risk.
		Most authors believe that the option of prophylactic mastectomy should be available to women in families with apparent inherited breast cancer high risk, and those who by genetic testing are determined to carry mutations in breast cancer associated genes (e.g.
		Women considering prophylactic mastectomy should be carefully counseled about breast cancer risk, morbidity and mortality, the long term medical and psychological consequences of surgery, and alternatives to surgery.
	www.health.state.ny.us /nysdoh/cancer/obcancer/append2.htm (1103 words)

	Prophylactic Mastectomy
		Prophylactic mastectomy is defined as the removal of the breast in the absence of malignant disease.
		Prophylactic mastectomies may be considered in women considered at high risk of developing breast cancer, either due to family history, presence of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, or the presence of lesions associated with an increased cancer risk.
		Prophylactic mastectomies are typically bilateral, but can also describe a unilateral mastectomy in a patient who has previously undergone a mastectomy in the opposite breast for an invasive cancer.
	www.regence.com /trgmedpol/surgery/sur36.html (1483 words)

	Prophylactic Mastectomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The data on the outcomes for surveillance and prophylactic mastectomy are incomplete.
		Of these sisters, 38.7 percent (156) had been given a diagnosis of breast cancer (115 cases were diagnosed before the respective proband's prophylactic mastectomy, 38 were diagnosed afterward, and the time of the diagnosis was unknown in 3 cases).
		Thus, prophylactic mastectomy was associated with a reduction in the incidence of breast cancer of at least 90 percent.
	www.breast-medicine.com /prophylactic_mastectomy.htm (313 words)

	Oophorectomy, Hysterectomy, Vaginal estrogens:
		Prophylactic mastectomy and prophylactic oophorectomy, effective in retrospective clinical experiences, should be considered only for women at substantial risk willing to accept the irreversible consequences of these procedures.
		The purpose of prophylactic oophorectomy in women with no family history of hereditary ovarian cancer syndrome who present for hysterectomy because of other gynecological indications is, however, less clear.
		The decision for prophylactic oophorectomy as a complementary procedure to other indicated gynecologic surgeries should depend on the individual patient and her ability to comply with lifelong estrogen replacement therapy.
	www.ohanlan.com /Ooph_Hyst.htm (10493 words)

	Medical Policy SURG.00063 \| Prophylactic Mastectomy
		Prophylactic mastectomy is a surgical option for women determined to be at moderate or high risk of developing breast cancer.
		Prophylactic mastectomy has been adequately demonstrated to be an effective method of drastically decreasing the incidence of breast cancer, as well as breast cancer related deaths.
		Prophylactic mastectomy is a major surgical treatment and can have significant risks, including the risks of general anesthesia, infection, bleeding, as well as psychological difficulties.
	medpolicy.bluecrossca.com /policies\SURG\prophyl_mastectomy.html (1678 words)

	Prophylactic natural surfactant
		Prophylactic intratracheal administration of natural surfactant extract in preterm infants at risk for developing RDS improves oxygenation (improved alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, improved arterial/alveolar oxygen ratio, decreased inspired oxygen concentration) and ventilation (decreased mean airway pressure, improved ventilator efficiency index) during the first 48-72 hours of life.
		The meta-analysis suggests that prophylactic administration of natural surfactant extract leads to a significant decrease in the incidence of pneumothorax, pulmonary interstitial emphysema, neonatal mortality, and the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death.
		Infants who received prophylactic natural surfactant have a decreased incidence of respiratory distress syndrome, a decreased incidence of pneumothorax, a decreased incidence of pulmonary interstitial emphysema, a decreased incidence of neonatal mortality, and a decreased incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death.
	www.nichd.nih.gov /cochrane/SOLL3/SOLL3.HTM (3504 words)

	Prophylactic oophorectomy: Removing your ovaries to reduce your risk of breast and ovarian cancer - MayoClinic.com
		Prophylactic oophorectomy reduces your risk of breast cancer by about 50 percent if you're premenopausal, and it reduces your risk of ovarian cancer by up to 95 percent — no matter what your menopausal status.
		Prophylactic oophorectomy is usually recommended if you're at increased risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer due to an inherited mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes — two genes linked to breast cancer, ovarian cancer and other cancers.
		Prophylactic oophorectomy may also be recommended if you have a strong family history of breast cancer and ovarian cancer but no known genetic alteration.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/breast-cancer/WO00095 (2134 words)

	Imaginis - Prophylactic Mastectomy
		Prophylactic mastectomy (also called preventive mastectomy) is the surgical removal of both breasts to help prevent breast cancer.
		A woman’s decision to have prophylactic mastectomy should be made carefully with physicians and counselors and should be a decision comfortable to the woman.
		While prophylactic mastectomy reduces the chances of developing breast cancer, some women identified to be at high-risk of breast cancer will never develop the disease, and thus, prophylactic mastectomy is not necessary for these women.
	www.imaginis.com /breasthealth/prophylactic_mastectomy.asp (1589 words)

	NGC - NGC Summary
		The decision to perform prophylactic oophorectomy should not be based only on age; it should be a highly individualized decision that takes into account several patient factors and choices.
		Hormone replacement therapy should be considered for women undergoing prophylactic oophorectomy, and patients should be counseled about the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy prior to undergoing surgery.
		Prophylactic oophorectomy should be considered for select women at high risk of inherited ovarian cancer.
	guideline.gov /summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3958&nbr=3095&ss=6&xl=999 (732 words)

	Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants
		Prophylactic treatment with indomethacin has a number of immediate benefits, in particular a reduction in symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus, the need for duct ligation and severe intraventricular haemorrhage.
		All the studies used prophylactic intravenous indomethacin as treatment although the dosage schedules varied enormously from a single dose of 0.2 mg/kg at 24 hours of age [Krueger 1987] to a daily dose of 0.1 mg/kg given for 6 days [Couser 1996].
		Prophylactic indomethacin therapy in the first 24 hours of life for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants treated prophylactically with surfactant in the delivery room.
	www.nichd.nih.gov /cochrane/FOWLIE/fowlie.htm (9253 words)

	Prophylactic definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		A prophylactic is a medication or a treatment designed and used to prevent a disease from occurring.
		For example, prophylactic antibiotics may be used after a bout of rheumatic fever to prevent the subsequent development of Sydenham's chorea.
		A prophylactic is also a drug or device, particularly a condom, for preventing pregnancy.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11902 (253 words)

	Prophylactic mastectomy: An option for breast cancer prevention
		One of which may be whether to have prophylactic (preventive) mastectomy — surgery to remove one or both breasts in hopes of preventing or reducing your risk of breast cancer.
		Though a prophylactic mastectomy reduces your risk of breast cancer, it doesn't guarantee that you won't develop the disease.
		The decision to have a prophylactic mastectomy is a difficult one, but it isn't an urgent decision.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/library/WO/00060.html (1370 words)

	Prophylactic Hysterectomy Webpage - Prophylactic Hysterectomy Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		F rfattare aziz, adel 1951 titel prophylactic oophorectomy at elective hysterectomy.
		Prophylactic oophorectomy hysterectomy, for an individual with a high risk.
		The harms of prophylactic oophorectomy may outweigh the benefit of protection from ovarian cancer.
	www.hysterectomy-study.info /prophylactic-hysterectomy.html (1134 words)

	Welcome to the Society of Surgical Oncology Website
		Indications for consideration of bilateral prophylactic mastectomies are evident in specific clinical scenarios; a qualified surgeon and a pathologist should review these presentations.
		Patients undergoing prophylactic mastectomy for suspected hereditary disease should consider ovarian screening or prophylactic removal, as well as colon screening.
		Unilateral mastectomy, considered to be "prophylactic," may be necessary in a patient in whom therapeutic mastectomy has previously been performed or is being contemplated for preinvasive (in situ) or invasive cancer.
	www.surgonc.org /default.aspx?id=47 (740 words)

	Prophylactic constituents - Spilanthes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Currently, the primary therapeutic uses for Petasites Hybridus are for prophylactic treatment The main active constituents are petasin and isopetasin.
		Methylglyoxal; Glycation reaction; Superoxide generation; Prophylactic of aqueous extracts of food constituents using ultraweak chemiluminescence.
		on papillomaviruses, the linear epitopes identified in this study may be worthy of further study as constituents of experimental prophylactic vaccines.
	cool1st.com /cols/prophylactic-constituents.htm (289 words)

	WMA - Policy
		The primary purpose of medical research involving human subjects is to improve prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of disease.
		Even the best proven prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic methods must continuously be challenged through research for their effectiveness, efficiency, accessibility and quality.
		The WMA hereby reaffirms its position that it is necessary during the study planning process to identify post-trial access by study participants to prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures identified as beneficial in the study or access to other appropriate care.
	www.wma.net /e/policy/b3.htm (1881 words)

	Prophylactic oophorectomy: Removing your ovaries to reduce your risk of breast and ovarian cancer
		Prophylactic oophorectomy can be performed using a minimally invasive technique known as laparoscopic oophorectomy.
		If you have a hysterectomy along with prophylactic oophorectomy, the surgery will be more complicated and will require a hospital stay.
		As you consider prophylactic oophorectomy, be aware that there are alternatives.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/library/WO/00095.html (2430 words)

	SSRN-The Prophylactic Remedy by Tracy Thomas
		The prophylactic remedy is a public law injunction that uniquely restricts legal conduct that is affiliated with, but distinct from, the illegal wrong.
		By so doing, it attempts to establish a framework for the use of prophylactic remedies by the courts and to deflate the criticism of certain skeptics who mischaracterize such remedies as overly broad misuse of judicial power.
		A close analysis of the Supreme Court's decisions demonstrates quite the contrary - that prophylactic remedies are based upon solid doctrinal and theoretical principles legitimizing its continued use as a viable and necessary remedy.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=497283 (381 words)

	NQMC NGC Summary
		Surgical infection prevention: percent of patients who received prophylactic antibiotics within 1 hour prior to surgical incision.
		Patients who are allergic to beta-lactam antibiotics and received vancomycin for prophylactic antibiotics should have the antibiotics administered within 2 hours prior to surgical incision.
		Prophylactic antibiotic received within 1 hour prior to surgical incision.
	www.qualitymeasures.ahrq.gov /summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=255 (495 words)

	Prophylactic Surgery
		The prospect of undergoing prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy never enters the minds of most women (or their physicians) over a lifetime.
		Regarding prophylactic mastectomy, she noted, “In genetically high-risk women, mastectomy is one of the valid options, but it is a personal choice, not only whether to have the surgery but when to have it.
		Whereas prophylactic mastectomy is presented as one of the risk-reduction options available to women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, prophylactic oophorectomy is presented as more of a necessity for these women.
	www2.mdanderson.org /depts/oncolog/articles/05/4-apr/4-05-2.html (1085 words)

	Antibiotic Prophylactic Treatment For Dental Work
		Dr. Norden reported on prophylactic antibiotics in orthopaedic surgery specifically and noted that there was "insufficient evidence to support antibiotic prophylaxis" for routine dental work in most patients with total joints.
		To our knowledge, there is no specific study looking at the use of prophylactic oral antibiotics around the time of dental procedures in scoliosis patients with spinal instrumentation implants.
		Prophylactic antibiotics are not necessary in most scoliosis patients with spinal implants undergoing dental procedures.
	www.spineuniverse.com /displayarticle.php/article202.html (530 words)

	Approaching the Dilemma Between Prophylactic Bilateral Mastectomy or Oophorectomy for Breast and Ovarian Cancer ...
		Approaching the Dilemma Between Prophylactic Bilateral Mastectomy or Oophorectomy for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Prevention in Carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutations -- Roukos et al.
		Decision analysis of prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy in BRCA1-positive or BRCA2-positive patients.
		Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.
	www.annalssurgicaloncology.org /cgi/content/full/9/10/941 (1858 words)

	Surgical Prophylaxis
		The use of perioperative antibiotics has become an essential component of the standard of care in virtually all surgical procedures and has resulted in a reduced risk of postoperative infection when sound and appropriate principles of prophylaxis are applied.
		The prophylactic agent must be administered in a dose which provides an effective tissue concentration prior to intraoperative bacterial contamination.
		Under no circumstance should any prophylactic agent be given on-call because it often results in less than effective tissue levels at the time of incision.
	www.intmed.mcw.edu /drug/SurgProph.html (1699 words)

	Prophylactic interventions on children: balancing human rights with public health -- Hodges et al. 28 (1): 10 -- ...
		Prophylactic mastectomy is problematic and has a number of grey
		Prophylactic mastectomy cannot be sanctioned on infants or children
		Prophylactic procedures may be permitted where the danger to
	jme.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/28/1/10 (5070 words)

	Cancer Spectrum: Klaren et al., pp. 941-947.
		a prophylactic bilateral mastectomy or a prophylactic bilateral
		Hypothetical model of age-specific start of follow-up in a woman with prophylactic surgery (woman 7) and her potential control sisters (women 5 and 6).
		Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation carriers.
	jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/jnci;95/13/941 (4401 words)

	Prophylactic Oophorectomy: Reducing the U.S. Death Rate from Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. A Continuing Debate -- Piver 1 ...
		Prophylactic Oophorectomy: Reducing the U.S. Death Rate from Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.
		Case #312: a 63-year-old woman whose two sisters had ovarian cancer and in whom peritoneal carcinoma developed after prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.
		Case #481: a 60-year-old woman whose maternal grandmother and two maternal aunts died of ovarian cancer and in whom peritoneal carcinoma developed after prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.
	theoncologist.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/1/5/326 (2399 words)

	Bilateral Prophylactic Mastectomy Reduces Breast Cancer Risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: The PROSE Study ...
		Bilateral Prophylactic Mastectomy Reduces Breast Cancer Risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: The PROSE Study Group -- Rebbeck et al.
		bilateral prophylactic mastectomy and in 184 (48.7%) of 378
		prophylactic mastectomy are related to risk of breast cancer.
	www.jco.org /cgi/content/full/22/6/1055 (4279 words)

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