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Topic: Proportion (architecture)

	Proportion (architecture) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Proportion is a correspondence among the measures of the members of an entire work, and of the whole to a certain part selected as standard.
		Among the Cistercians, Gothic, Renaissance, Egyptian, Semitic, Babylonian, Arab, Greek and Roman traditions; the harmonic proportions, human proportions, cosmological/astronomical proportions and orientations, and various aspects of sacred geometry (Vesica Piscis, the Pentagram, Golden Ratio and small whole-number ratios) were all applied as part of the practice of Architectural design.
		Based on apparently arbitrary proportions of an "ideal man" (possibly Le Corbusier himself) combined with the Golden Ratio and Vitruvian Man, Le Modulor was never popularly adopted among architects, but the system's graphic of the stylised man with one upraised arm is widely recognised and powerful.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proportion_(architecture) (911 words)

	Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, ÃÂ±ÃÂÃâ¡ÃÂ¹ÃâÃÂµÃÂºÃâÃâ°ÃÂ½, "a master builder", from ÃÂ±ÃÂÃâ¡ÃÂ¹- "chief, leader" and ÃâÃÂµÃÂºÃâÃâ°ÃÂ½, "builder, carpenter") is the art and science of designing buildings and structures.
		In every usage, an architecture may be seen as a subjective mapping from a human perspective (that of the user in the case of abstract or physical artifacts) to the elements or components of some kind of structure or system, which preserves the relationships among the elements or components.
		Architecture is an interdisciplinary field, drawing upon mathematics, science, art, technology, social sciences, politics, history, and philosophy.
	www.abitabouteverything.com /files/a/ar/architecture.html (1839 words)

	Architecture \| TutorGig.co.uk Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, including within its fold mathematics, science, art, technology, social sciences, politics, history, philosophy, and so on.
		In Vitruvius' words, "Architecture is a science, arising out of many other sciences, and adorned with much and varied learning: by the help of which a judgement is formed of those works which are the result of other arts".
		Architecture first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills).
	www.tutorgig.co.uk /encyclopedia/getdefn.jsp?keywords=Architecture (2177 words)

	ARCHITECTURE - LoveToKnow Article on ARCHITECTURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The end of architecture as an art, on the other nd, is so to arrange the plan, masses and enrichments of a ucture as to impart to it interest, beauty, grandeur, unity, wer.
		Architecture thus necessitates the possession by the ilder of gifts of imagination as well as of technical skill, and fat exist, and be harmoniously combined.
		From an architectural point of view tu e last is the principal, though not the sole element; and, b cordingly, the theory of architecture is occupied for the most es,rt with aesthetic considerations, or the principles of beauty cc designing.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AR/ARCHITECTURE.htm (18217 words)

	Mathematics and Architecture
		Architecture was modelled on the teachings of Vitruvius and on the classical architecture which was still plentiful, particularly in Greece and Italy.
		Following the rules of proportion and symmetry of the ancients was important to Brunelleschi but he wanted these mathematical principles of beauty to be those seen by all observers.
		Architecture was another of his specialities and he learnt about it, in particular the mathematical principles behind it, from studying Alberti's texts.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Architecture.html (3448 words)

	Architecture articles and news from Start Learning Now (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Architecture (from Latin languageLatin, architectura and ultimately from Greek languageGreek, Î±ÏÏÎ¹ÏÎµÎºÏÏÎ½, "a master builder", from Î±ÏÏÎ¹- "cheif, leader" and ÏÎµÎºÏÏÎ½, "builder, carpenter") is the art and science of designdesigning buildings and structures.
		The term can be used to connote the implied architecture of abstract things such as music or mathematics, the apparent architecture of natural things, such as geologygeological formations or the structural biologystructure of biological cells, or explicitly planned architectures of human-made things such as software, computers, enterprises, and databases, in addition to buildings.
		In every usage, an architecture may be seen as a subjective Map (mathematics)mapping from a human perspective (that of the user in the case of abstract or physical artifacts) to the Element (mathematics)elements or components of some kind of structure or system, which preserves the relationships among the elements or components.
	www.startlearningnow.com /Architecture.htm (1820 words)

	proportion (music) - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about proportion (music)
		In music, the mathematical relationship between the numbers of vibrations of different notes, which are exactly in tune with each other when the ratios between these vibrations are mathematically correct.
		The term proportion was also used in early music to designate the rhythmic relationships between one time-signature and another.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /proportion+(music) (130 words)

	INTBAU: Proportion and Traditional Architecture
		The neglect of proportions in modern architecture, the disregard of unified diversity, including fractal qualities, and the lack of "human dimensionality" are the main reasons for the ugliness, the shapelessness and missing "kindness" of modern architecture.
		The vast majority of pre-1830 architecture was proportioned (and patterned), and particularly in vernacular architecture, proportion geometry was derived from polygons (& polytopes).
		Quadrature proportions are probably most used in vernacular and high architecture, particularly in the Alemannic countries of Switzerland, southwest Germany, west Austria, west Slavic areas from the Baltic Sea to the Balkans (even where the Slavs disappeared 600 to 1200 years ago), Frisia, Scotland, and colonial New England, etc.), and outside Europe in Asia.
	www.intbau.org /essay10.htm (5069 words)

	Proportion, Scale, and the "Row" by Jin-Ho Park in the Nexus Network Journal vol. 5 no. 2 (Autumn 2003) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the article, he wrote: "Proportion is an alive and expressive tool in the hands of the modern architect who uses its variations freely to give each building its own individual feeling" [March, 1993a: 88-101].
		For Wagner, modern architecture was to arise from purpose, construction and material tempered by the imagination and its expressive drive.
		The system of definite proportion which the Greeks employed in the design of their temples, was another cause of the effect they produced even on uneducated minds.
	www.nexusjournal.com /Park-v5n2.html (3756 words)

	Architecture - KnowledgeIsFun.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Architecture (in Greek αρχή = first and τέχνη = craftsmanship) is the art and science of designing buildings and structures.
		He adds that an architect should be well versed in fields such as music, astronomy, etc. Philosophy is a particular favourite; in fact the approach of an architect to their subject is often called their philosophy.
		Islamic architecture has a long and complex history beginning in the 7th century CE.
	www.knowledgeisfun.com /A/Ar/Architecture.php (1642 words)

	ARCHITECTURE
		Architecture was one of the many subjects which Cornelius Agrippa, John Dee and others studied and on which they wrote.
		The great Roman architectural writer of the first century BC was Vitruvius, who embodied philosophical ideas in his architecture.
		Both the medieval masons and the philosophers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries understood the symbolic truth of Vitruvius's architecture: proportion was all important.
	www.ran-foundation.com /Mysticalsocieties/architecture.htm (1960 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Gothic Architecture
		The result is that all the medieval architects of Western Europe, with the exception of that produced during the space of a century and a half, and chiefly within the limits of the old Royal Domain of France, is denied the title of Gothic.
		The era when architecture was to be the favourite mode for the artistic voicing of a civilization was, at least in the South, nearly at an end; painting and sculpture were to take its place, and therefore the Gothic architecture of Italy was to remain both racially alien and in its nature episodical.
		Thus in the hour of political and economic misfortune, in the midst of the financial ruin and degradation of the Church, was born flamboyant architecture -- the last frail blossom of medieval genius.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06665b.htm (9954 words)

	Hedderwick: "Marine Architecture" (1830) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ships employed in the foreign trade have commonly longer yards than those of the same size that are employed in the coal and coasting trade; yet both have their particular advantages, being properly adapted to the build of the vessels, and the trade in which they are employed.
		But it is now found to be a little more convenient to have the main and fore-top and top-gallant-sails of the same size, by which three topsails may often answer the purpose of having four, as required when the yards are of different lengths.
		Peter Hedderwick: A Treatise on Marine Architecture, containing the theory and practice of shipbuilding, with rules for the proportions of masts, rigging, weight of anchors, &c including Practical Geometry and the Principles of Mechanics; observations on the Strength of Materials, Hydrostatics, &c.
	www.bruzelius.info /Nautica/Rigging/Masting/Hedderwick(1830)_p355.html (715 words)

	Re: Architecture: Scale vs. Proportion (14 Jun 1997)
		While it is true that a die and a building can be of identical proportion regardless of scale, surely scale and proportion MUST be related in a great work of architecture.
		More clearly: a home with 20' wide hallways and a 6' square living room could have pleasing proportions when viewed from certain angles, but the scale of the house, the space inside, where people will live and work will happen, will be so silly as to make either proposition impossible.
		The proportions must then be of a suitable scale to the man (or: "in proportion") a point: a 7' man CANNOT live in a Frank Lloyd Wright home without protective headgear.
	www.gibson-design.com /interactive/_arch1/0000000c.htm (394 words)

	Review of Proportion: Science, Philosophy, Architecture by John Sharp for the Nexus Network Journal vol.4 no.1 (Winter ...
		A book on proportion cries out for communication in visual terms more than words; and so to me it seems that the proportion of the two is wrong, but then this is a book about philosophy as much as about proportion and there are many other themes which permeate the work as well.
		This raises the question about the meaning of "measurable quantities"; proportion is the key to this, since the measure of the proportion is as important as an absolute measure.
		P H Scholfield's The Theory of Proportion in Architecture is dated and so is Lionel March and Philip Steadman's The Geometry of the Environment, but both tackle the subject head on.
	www.univie.ac.at /EMIS/journals/NNJ/reviews_v4n1-Sharp.html (4316 words)

	The Golden Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This proportion has been demonstrated in the Greek architecture of the Parthenon, the Renaissance architecture of Leon Battista Alberti’s Santa Maria Novella in Florence, and used extensively by Le Corbusier in his quest for modular designs of modern architecture.
		This proportion may then be interpolated or extrapolated an infinite number of times, always creating another rectangle of the same proportion.
		Most of all, though, the Golden Section reminds us that proportions are important to all works of art, and that we must always learn from the masters of the past.
	www.ewersarchitecture.com /golden_section.htm (484 words)

	83.01.12: Some Mathematical Principles of Architecture
		According to Rudolf Wittkower in “Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism”, musical relationships, and harmonic proportions were popular during the Renaissance.
		One notable proportion of western architecture is the Golden Ratio of the ancient Greeks.
		It was considered an extremely pleasing proportion and was calculated by dividing the length by the width of a building resulting in a ratio of 1:1.61.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1983/1/83.01.12.x.html (3165 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Form, Space and Order: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Second Edition of this classic introduction to the principles of architecture is everything you would expect from the celebrated architect, author, and illustrator, Francis D. Ching.
		Here, Ching examines every principal of architecture, juxtaposing images that span centuries and cross cultural boundaries to create a design vocabulary that is both elemental and timeless.
		Among the topics covered are point, line, plane, volume, proportion, scale, circulation, and the interdependence of form and space.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0471286168 (736 words)

	Harmony and Proportion: Sound Design (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Proportion within a geometrical figure, a musical scale, or indeed a mathematical sequence, can be said to be
		By Figure I understand a certain mutual Correspondence of those several Lines, by which the Proportions are measured, whereof one is the Length, the other is the Breadth, and the other is Height.
		By linking proportion with underlying harmonious causes, Alberti was refering back to a long tradition of philosophical thought, one which, in the West at least, began with Plato and Pythagoras...
	www.aboutscotland.co.uk /harmony/harmony.html (431 words)

	Alibris: Proportion
		Focusing on the principal architects of that time-from Alberti to Palladio-this bestselling classic explains the true significance of certain architectural forms, bringing to light the connections between the architecture and culture of the period.
		The power of the visual effects exerteds by architecture, in our own time and in the past, has been largely neglected in recent discussion, with its focus on pratical utility and other economic and social factors.
		In this fascinating tour of our buildings and our social history, architect and critic Hale examines the historical movement in the 1830s, when builders and architects began to lose their sense of surety about what they were doing, and explores the societal pressures that turned buildings from pure efforts at expression into structures laden with...
	www.alibris.com /search/books/subject/Proportion (1059 words)

	Veritas et Venustas: Proportion Redux (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		With Robert A.M. Stern I wrote a history of architecture and urbanism in the Progressive Era, New York 1900, Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism 1890–1915 (Rizzoli, 1983) as well as an introduction to the history of suburbia before sprawl, The Anglo–American Suburb (St. Martin's Press, 1981).
		If you have a talent for proportion (anyone can improve their eye, but it is both an acquired and inherited talent — just as I can improve my musical skills but will never have perfect pitch, so people are inherently more and less visual), you can train it and significantly improve it.
		The study and application of geometry and proportions is certainly in retreat in architectural schools, but what has been threatened the most is the art of imitation.
	massengale.typepad.com /venustas/2004/09/proportion_redu.html (2902 words)

	Proportion - Math Forum - Ask Dr. Math Archives: Middle School Ratio/Proportion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A proportion is a name we give to a statement that two ratios are equal.
		Probably better stated as a reciprocal proportion, the inverse proportions In the above example the time is in inverse proportion to the average speed.
		Comparing Ratios to Form a Proportion [01/08/2004]: A discussion of how to determine if two ratios are equal and thus form a proportion.
	funny-pic.siteslinks.com /sil/funny-pic-proportion.htm (261 words)

	Veritas et Venustas: The Use of Proportion
		Proportion is one of the most important properties of Traditional and Classical architecture.
		Normally, traditional architecture is dominated only by one proportion principle, may it be derived from the triangle, hexagon & their tesselations (Triangulature), from the square & octagon & their tesselations (Quadrature) or from the pentagon & decagon (Golden Section).
		Since the design prework of proportioning was for 18c professional carpenters and architects more a play than a troublesome work, the "pre-design" of the "three-proportioned" Williamsburg building may not have been very difficult task for a professional carpenter of 18c.
	massengale.typepad.com /venustas/2004/08/the_use_of_prop.html (2180 words)

	Plumbing Life's Depths (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The presence of the proportional schemes, combined with units of measure tend to produce what appear to be overarching proportinal patterns, but also tend to produce ever-so-slightly "off" measures, as the units were pulling the values off the "true".
		This is seen in the discussions of the Parthenon, van der Laan's interpretation of Vitruvius, and the analysis of the gothic cathedrals.
		Padovan argues that for van der Laan the proportional scheme must be generative, while for most practitioners they are seen as limiting languages.
	blog.vrplumber.com /1058 (805 words)

	The Math Forum - Math Library - Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		AIE uses architecture as the basis for hands-on, interactive projects that connect, integrate and deepen K-12 student learning across the curriculum.
		A unit about architecture and its unique relation to mathematics, incorporating the study of such mathematical concepts as ratio, proportion, scales, symmetry, and similarity, and providing definitions and explanations of the mathematical concepts of...more>>
		To produce structures that are functional as well as models of architectural beauty, designers must apply principles of mathematics in their work.
	mathforum.org /library/topics/architecture (2251 words)

	Women in Architecture \| archsoc.com
		For an excellent discussion, we suggest you look at the writings of Prof Sherry Ahrentzen, probably the world's leading theorist on the subject of women in architecture and in architecture school.
		Quite a solid steady climb in the proportion of women from 1950 to the early 1980s, but then we see the ratio gently bump into the fabled glass-ceiling at around 40%.
		In 1984 only 21% of architecture graduates were female; in 1996 this had grown to 35%, and the proportion is closer to 40% today.
	www.archsoc.com /kcas/ArchWomen.html (940 words)

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