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Topic: Proportional Representation using the Single Transferable Vote

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	Single Transferable Vote - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As of 2006, STV is used for elections in Australia, the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland (except elections to the British House of Commons) and Malta.
		When the rules of STV are used in a single winner election it is the same as instant-runoff voting, which is not a form of proportional representation.
		Unlike proportional representation systems employing party lists, voters in STV are not explicitly constrained by parties even when they do exist; voters may ignore candidate party labels and mix their preferred candidate rankings between parties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Single_transferable_vote (5806 words)

	Politics of Malta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Nationalist Party was returned to office in September 1998 by a majority of 13,000 votes and holds a five-seat majority in Parliament.
		Elections must be held at least every 5 years and the electoral system used is single transferable vote.
		Elections are held by means of the system of proportional representation using the single transferable vote.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Malta (1126 words)

	Single Transferable Vote : Single transferable vote
		Single Transferable Vote or STV is a voting system designed to accurately achieve proportional representation in multi-candidate elections.
		Single transferable vote is used, among other places, for all elections in the Republic of Ireland [1] (http://www.rte.ie/news/dailguide/prsystem.html) and to elect the Australian senate [2] (http://www.eca.gov.au/systems/proportional/proportion_rep.htm) and the City Council in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
		Her votes are reallocated in proportion to her second preferences (which votes are chosen may be decided by random selection), and 8 of the reallocated votes are for Carter, 3 for Brad.
	www.wordlookup.net /si/single-transferable-vote.html (739 words)

	ALTERNATIVE VOTING SYSTEMS
		It is used to elect public officials in such countries as Australia (where it is called the "alternative vote"), Malta, the Republic of Ireland, and Northern Ireland; in local elections in Cambridge, MA, and in local school board elections in New York City; and in numerous private organizations.
		A rational voter will vote for a second choice if his or her first choice appears to be a long shot--as indicated, for example, by the polls--but the voter's calculus and its effects on outcomes is not yet well understood for either approval voting or the other procedures discussed herein (Nurmi, l987; Merrill, l988).
		Although cumulative voting offers a means for parties to guarantee their approximate proportional representation, it requires good predictive abilities and considerable organizational efforts on the part of parties to ensure that their supporters concentrate their voters in the proper manner.
	bcn.boulder.co.us /government/approvalvote/altvote.html (6123 words)

	What is PR?
		Proportional representation has been widely adopted because it avoids an outcome in which some people win representation and the rest are left out.
		Proportional representation's record in other countries also serves to dispel the myth that adopting such a system would result in legislatures racked by conflict and plagued by deadlock.
		Most legislatures in countries using proportional representation are ruled by a coalition of parties, and some fear that these coalitions are liable to be unstable and to lead to weak and unproductive government.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/polit/damy/BeginnningReading/whatispr.htm (3072 words)

	Tally (voting) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They record their estimation of counts by marking votes for each candidate on their 'tally sheet' as a tick (/) which are then assembled together to produce a full prediction of what the likely outcome of the result will be.
		In the Republic of Ireland, a national prediction of an election outcome may be made on RTÉ by lunchtime on count day, before a single seat as officially been filled.
		Tally results are used after the elections by political parties to work out, on the basis of from which ballot box the tally came, how many votes they picked in a particular area, or even a particular street.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tally_(voting) (241 words)

	::Proportional Representation::
		Proportional Representation (PR) as a title covers a wide variety of electoral systems where seats in parliament are more or less in proportion to votes cast.
		Voters may have more of a choice of candidates using PR and it is possible that those candidates may be of better quality and represent their constituents in a more professional manner.
		The Liberal Democrats argue that single-party majority government is normally ‘weak’ in that it rests on a minority vote (see the 2001 and 1997 election results) and therefore lacks consent; it may also lack power in relation to interest/pressure groups, such as business or the trade unions.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /proportional_representation.htm (1266 words)

	A Short History of Federal Electoral Reform in Australia
		As a consequence of compulsory voting, parties do not have to devote to "getting out the vote" the sorts of resources which are deployed by, for example, the main US political parties.
		In 1948 the representational basis of the Senate was changed, with the introduction of proportional representation using the single transferable vote.
		The effect of proportional representation since its first use at the 1949 election has been dramatic, though predictable: the balance of power in the Senate lies in the hands of parties which would, but for the voting system, be denied parliamentary representation.
	www.aec.gov.au /_content/when/history/short_history.htm (725 words)

	Single transferable vote - Electowiki
		The Single Transferable Vote, or STV, is a preference voting system designed to minimise wasted votes in multi-candidate elections while ensuring that votes are explicitly for candidates rather than party lists.
		Her 11 excess votes are reallocated to their second preferences (which votes are chosen may be decided by random selection).
		In fact the notion of a vote "for a party" is less meaningful for STV because votes are not necessarily for a single party.
	wiki.electorama.com /wiki/Single_transferable_vote (1462 words)

	Commonwealth Secretariat - Constitution
		Under the 1964 constitution - amended in 1974 and 1987 - Malta is a non-aligned democratic republic with a unicameral House of Representatives of 65 members.
		The country has proportional representation using the single transferable vote system.
		A party which obtains a majority of votes but minority of seats is allocated additional seats to give it an overall majority of one.
	www.thecommonwealth.org /Templates/YearbookInternal.asp?NodeID=140164 (155 words)

	FairVote - FAQs
		Various forms of full representation systems are used today to elect the city councils of Cambridge MA (choice voting), Peoria IL (cumulative voting), various cities and counties in Alabama, South Dakota and Texas (cumulative or limited voting), the Democratic presidential primaries, various corporate boards (cumulative voting), and the finalists for the Academy Awards (choice voting).
		Single seat offices like the president, governor, mayor or district representatives can't be elected with proportional representation.
		A majority of votes is a lot of votes to win, and a candidate has to plaster her or his name and face over every billboard, bumper sticker and TV ad to win that many votes.
	www.fairvote.org /?page=168 (2539 words)

	PR Library: PR Web Sites
		Most Web sites concerning proportional representation are located in Great Britain, the United States, and Canada -- which is not surprising since these are the only three Western industrialized democracies that are still hobbled with the single-member district, winner-take-all system of election.
		Proportional Representation for the U.S. The Center for Voting and Democracy.
		Proportional Representation Society of Australia Like the ERS, this organization is a long established proponent of PR, especially the single transferable vote (called "Hare Clark quota preferential voting").
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/polit/damy/PRWebSites/PRWebSites.htm (778 words)

	Mapleleafweb.com: Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform - Electoral Reform – What are the Options?
		The main goal of proportional representation (PR) is to ensure that the legislature make-up more accurately reflects the percentage of votes received by each political party.
		The main purpose of the Single Transferable Vote is to give voters a method of proportional representation that allows them to vote for individual candidates, instead of political parties.
		It is used in single member districts, while the Single Transferable Vote is used in multi-member districts.
	www.mapleleafweb.com /features/electoral/citizen-assembly/electoral-options.html (1457 words)

	Europese verkiezingen 10 - 13 juni (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Proportional representation: using a closed regional list system for eleven regions: Eastern (7 seats); East Midlands (6 seats); London (9 seats); North-East England (3 seats); North-West England (9 seats); South-East England (10 seats); South-West England (7 seats), West Midlands (7 seats); Yorkshire and Humberside (6 seats); Scotland (7 seats); Wales (4 seats).
		Proportional representation: using the Single Transferable Vote system (STV) for the three seats in Northern Ireland.
		Right to vote: All EU citizens aged 18 or over whose names appear on the electoral roll and who are in full possession of their voting rights in their state of origin are eligible to vote (provided they do not also vote in the election in their home Member State).
	www.elections2004.eu.int /ep-election/sites/nl/yourvoice/uk/law.html (378 words)

	Introduction: Q and A
		The trend in the world is toward proportional representation and away from "winner take all." Recently the United Kingdom, the grandmother of all "winner take all" democracies, chose to use PR to elect representatives to the European Parliament.
		Voting rights experts like Lani Guinier, Ed Still, Gerald Hebert, Pamela Karlan and Richard Engstrom have proposed various forms of PR as race-neutral methods to give racial as well as political minorities and women a fair chance to elect representatives in competitive elections.
		Research has shown that systems of proportional representation result in greater numbers of elected women, and that greater numbers of women are elected in multi-seat rather than single-seat districts.
	www.fairvote.org /pr/q_and_a.htm (2502 words)

	Election results in Northern Ireland since 1973
		At present each council is divided into 3 to 5 District Electoral Areas (Belfast has 9) which return 5 to 7 councillors (until 1985 there was greater variation in the number and size of districts) by proportional representation, using the Single Transferable Vote.
		In 1983 Northern Ireland's representation was increased to 17, and in 1997 to 18 MPs.
		Single Transferable Vote) as for local councils and regional elections.
	www.ark.ac.uk /elections/gallsum.htm (1337 words)

	ipedia.com: Republic of Ireland Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Using the word 'Ireland' was taken as accepting that claim and so caused offence in Northern Ireland.
		A peace settlement for Northern Ireland, known as the Belfast Agreement and approved in 1998 in a vote in both the Republic and Northern Ireland, is currently being implemented.
		The Republic of Ireland is traditionally described as having 26 counties, and these continue in use in cultural, historical and sporting contexts.
	www.ipedia.com /republic_of_ireland.html (2108 words)

	Hubert Chan - blog/May 19, 2005
		(The non-proportional representation version of Single Transferable Vote (STV) is also called Instant Runoff Voting (IRV).) Unfortunately, the proposal failed to obtain the 60% supermajority required to pass, even though it got majority support.
		Independent Chuck Cadman voted with the Liberals and the NDP to split the house evenly at 152-152 (with one Conservative MP absent due to health reasons, and one Liberal MP abstaining for pairing).
		Cadman voted for the budget (and the NDP amendment) based on a poll of 600 of his constituents, which indicated that two-thirds didn’t want another election yet.
	www.uhoreg.ca /?date=20050519 (417 words)

	The 2004 European Election
		The total electorate was 1,191,307; the number of votes cast was 554,744; 5,467 (1.0%) were spoiled leaving 549,277 valid; and the quota was thus 137,320.
		I am very aware that she is not a member of SF and was not an SF candidate but I think it is reasonable to suggest that she drew on the same constituency as later SF candidates did.
		The Labour vote given in 1979 is for Paddy Devlin - although David Bleakley who was also a candidate in that year is best known as a Labour activist he did not describe himself as such in 1979.
	www.ark.ac.uk /elections/fe04.htm (1002 words)

	Electoral Reform Society
		The way in which we vote is important and will determine the style of government and the service that voters can expect from their representatives.
		If their first preference vote does not count, then their vote is transferred to their second choice or even further until it counts.
		A simple form of preference voting, using single member constituencies, is called the Alternative Vote (AV).
	www.electoral-reform.org.uk /votingsystems/systems.htm (499 words)

	SFU Library - Electoral Reform: Proportional Representation & the Single Transferable Vote
		This guide is designed to assist SFU researchers and members of the general public in finding information about proportional representation and, in particular, the single transferable vote form of proportional representation.
		Usually, however, votes will be split among three or four major candidates and often a number of other hopefuls, with the result that even the most convincing winners rarely capture more than 50 percent of the total votes.
		Using the buttons, you can see how the votes transfer between candidates: candidates are displayed in first-preference vote sequence and in the colour of the party to which they belong transferred votes received by a candidate are displayed in the colour of their immediate source.
	www.lib.sfu.ca /researchhelp/subjectguides/mpp/stv.htm?display_hifi=1 (1525 words)

	Malta Government Information
		The cabinet is selected from among the members of the House of Representatives, which consists of between 65 and 69 members elected on the basis of proportional representation.
		Candidates for any vacancies are determined by the majority of votes obtained by a candidate during the previous elections.
		In 1987, the Maltese constitution was amended to ensure that the party that obtained more than 50% of the popular vote would have a majority of seats in parliament and would thereby form the government.
	www.traveldocs.com /mt/govern.htm (815 words)

	Hubert Chan - blog/May 2005
		Personally, I’d like to see a reform commission suggest a referendum using the Condorcet method (or even approval voting), and offer multiple types of proportional representation, as well as a “further discussion on proportional representation” option.
		That is, I can use DeCSS to watch DVDs, but not to copy and sell them, which seems fair to me. Of course, the US doesn’t like our plan.
		Apparently, the researchers used the General Number Field Sieve, and it took "55 CPU years", which is a useless unit of measurement.
	www.uhoreg.ca /?date=200505 (1781 words)

	Mapleleafweb.com: Electoral Reform Movement - Leading the Way: Electoral Reform in British Columbia
		The final vote was 123 for the single transferable vote, versus 31 for mixed member proportional.
		If no candidate receives enough first ballot votes to win a riding seat, the candidate who comes in last place is eliminated and the second choice votes on those ballots are redistributed.
		If a candidate receive more votes than is required to win a seat, a formula is used to transfer the votes to the candidate ranked in second place on the ballot.
	www.mapleleafweb.com /features/electoral/reform/reform-bc.html (762 words)

	Department of the Taoiseach - How does Ireland's voting system work?
		Ireland's voting system is one of Proportional Representation using the single transferable vote.
		Article 16 of the Constitution states that all citizens who have reached the age of eighteen years and who are not disqualified by law can vote in elections for Dáil Éireann.
		Voting is done by secret ballot with each voter having only one vote.
	www.taoiseach.gov.ie /index.asp?locID=170&docID=270 (126 words)

	Californians for Proportional Representation
		the portrait is excellent in proportion to its being a good likeness,...the legislature ought to be the most exact transcript of the whole society...
		"Proportional Representation is the shield and the essence of the charter." -- Murry Seasongood, Mayor of Cincinnati 1926-1930
		"It is a matter of the highest importance, in forming this representation, that it be so constituted as to be capable of understanding the true interests of the society for which it acts, and so disposed as to pursue the good and happiness of the people as its ultimate end.
	www.cfer.org /learn/quotedump.php (2676 words)

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