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Topic: Proportional approval voting

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	Approval voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Approval voting is a voting system used for elections, in which each voter can vote for as many or as few candidates as the voter chooses.
		Historically, something resembling Approval voting for candidates was used in the Republic of Venice during the 13th century and for elections in 19th century England.
		Approval voting passes the monotonicity criterion, in that voting for a candidate never lowers that candidate's chance of winning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Approval_voting (1638 words)

	Proportional approval voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Proportional approval voting (PAV) is a theoretical voting system for multiple-winner elections, in which each voter can vote for as many or as few candidates as the voter chooses.
		In terms of tactical voting, it is therefore highly desirable to withhold approval from candidates who are likely to be elected in any case, as with cumulative voting.
		if the numbers of votes for each candidate are simply added up and those with the highest numbers elected, equivalent to satisfaction being n, then this would amount to block approval voting which could have a similar chance of landslide results as block voting.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proportional_approval_voting (872 words)

	Learn more about Voting system in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Voting systems are methods (algorithms) for groups of people to select one or more options from many, taking into account the individual preferences of the group members.
		Voting is often seen as the defining feature of democracy, and is best known for its use in elections — but it can also be used to award prizes, to select between different plans of action, or as a means for computer programs to evaluate which solution is best for a complex problem.
		These systems are designed to ensure proportional representation, the idea that the candidates selected from a given party (or, in non-party-list systems, informal grouping) should be in proportion to the votes cast for that party.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /v/vo/voting_system.html (801 words)

	ALTERNATIVE VOTING SYSTEMS
		Approval voting, proposed independently by several analysts in the l970s (Brams and Fishburn, l983), is a voting procedure that is designed in part to prevent the election of minority candidates in multicandidate contests (i.e., those with three or more candidates).
		A rational voter will vote for a second choice if his or her first choice appears to be a long shot--as indicated, for example, by the polls--but the voter's calculus and its effects on outcomes is not yet well understood for either approval voting or the other procedures discussed herein (Nurmi, l987; Merrill, l988).
		Approval voting has been used in internal elections by the political parties in some states, including Pennsylvania, where a presidential straw poll using approval voting was conducted by the Democratic Party state committee in l983 (Nagel, l984).
	bcn.boulder.co.us /government/approvalvote/altvote.html (6123 words)

	Voting Biography,info
		A vote, or a ballot, is an individual's act of voting, by which he or she express support or preference for a certain motion (e.g.
		Some people think that whenever votes are recorded in a medium which is invisible to humans, electors lose any possibility to verify how their votes are collected and tallied up to produce the final result, thus they need to have an absolute faith in the accuracy, honesty and security of the whole electoral apparatus.
		One common issue, especially in first-past-the-post systems, is that of the protest vote: one might "waste one's vote" on a minor party to send a signal of strong preference for a candidate or party that cannot win, or of intolerance for the "more mainstream" options.
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_Voting (799 words)

	Voting Systems - dKosopedia
		This article covers voting systems used in elections, and some of the systems which are commonly used to produce the final result of the political will of the voters of a particular jurisdiction or district.
		Voting systems cannot be looked at in isolation, systems which seem undemocratic at the individual level can produce results which are very reflective of the political will, while systems which seem democratic on the individual level can produce results at the top which are generally unreflective of the political will.
		Approval voting is used by the U.N. to choose the Secretary General, and by several mathematics and engineering associations in their elections.
	www.dkosopedia.com /index.php/Voting_Systems (3215 words)

	Proportional approval voting - Electowiki
		PAV works by looking at how "satisfied" each voter is with each potential result or outcome of the of the election.
		Alternatively, if each voter only voted for all the candidates of a single party then the results would essentially be the same as the D'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.
		In terms of tactical voting, it is therefore highly desirable to withhold approval from candidates who are likely to be elected in any case, as with cumulative voting and the single non-transferable vote.
	wiki.electorama.com /wiki/Proportional_approval_voting (514 words)

	Accurate Democracy Voting Rules
		Our defective voting rules come from the failure to realize there are different types of election which require different methods of voting.
		Proportional Representation (PR) was invented in the late 1800s to avoid some of the many problems caused by plurality rule.
		To win by the voting rule explained next, candidates must have broad appeal and views near the middle of the electorate -- and correspondingly near the middle of a council proportional to the electorate.
	accuratedemocracy.com /voting_rules.htm (1152 words)

	Behind the Ballot Box
		Voting systems--the procedures by which we cast votes and elect our public officials--are a crucial part of the democratic election process.
		Among other things, voting systems help to determine which officials are elected to run our governments, the variety of parties that voters have to choose from at the polls, how many citizens will turnout to vote, which citizens will or will not be represented in our legislatures, and whether the majority will rule.
		Ultimately, the choice of voting system not only has a profound effect on the process of elections, but also on the degree to which a political system is fair, representative, and democratic.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/polit/damy/OrderDesk/behind_the_ballot_box.htm (2438 words)

	Voting Method Terminology
		Preferential Voting (PV), also known as Ranked Choice Voting (RCV), allows the voter to indicate preferences on the ballot by ranking a first choice, second choice, et cetera, for as many choices as the voter has.
		Instant runoff voting (IRV) is descriptively named, and uses the ranked-choice ballots to simulate a series of runoff elections, each time dropping the lowest vote-getter from the round before, and re-casting each ballot for the highest ranked choice of those still in the running.
		Cumulative Voting also is use for electing to a multi-member body, such as electing 10 at-large members to a city council.
	www.paulmcclintock.com /edu/preferential-voting.htm (1205 words)

	Articles of Interest/Aspects of Voting Systems
		A voting system may select only one option (usually a candidate, but also an option that represents a decision), in which case it is called a "single winner system", or it may select multiple options, for example candidates to fill an assembly or alternative possible decisions on the measure the ballot posed.
		The basic idea is as follows: If your first choice does not have enough votes to win, he or she is eliminated, and your vote is transferred to your next choice, and possibly to subsequent choices in turn.
		If your first choice has more votes than he or she needs to win, then some fraction of your vote is transfered to your next choice, and possibly to subsequent choices in turn.
	www.tvg3.com /id31.htm (1071 words)

	Election Selection: Science News Online, Nov. 2, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A third is approval voting, used by several scientific societies, in which participants may cast votes for as many of the candidates as they choose.
		Approval voting, Brams says, gives voters more sovereignty by enabling them to express the intensity of their preferences: a voter who strongly favors one candidate can vote for just that candidate, while a voter who can't stand one candidate can vote for everyone else.
		Approval voting favors candidates who are well known and inoffensive: many voters recognize their names and have mildly positive opinions about them.
	sciencenews.org /20021102/bob8.asp (8893 words)

	Glossary
		A semiproportional voting system in which each voter is alloted a number of votes equal to the number of candidates to be elected.
		A voting procedure in which each voter votes for his or her single most preferred alternative (or when n alternatives are to be selected, voters vote for their n most preferred alternatives).
		A two-stage voting procedure in which the alternatives are first considered together, and then if no alternative receives the majority of votes, a majority rule election is held between the two alternatives receiving the largest numbers of votes.
	lorrie.cranor.org /pubs/diss/node1.html (1189 words)

	[No title]
		Tactical voting is possible in the system, such as not voting for a candidate you approved of, to stop him from beating a candidate you approved of even more.
		COMMENT: I think approval voting is inferior to Condorcet in that it only allows the candidates to be put into one of two grades, whereas Condorcet allows the candidates to each be graded in relation to the others.
		In general elections, each voter has two separate votes: a primary vote ("Erststimme") with is a vote for a specific candidate in a constituency FPTP election, and a secondary vote ("Zweitstimme") which is a vote for a party list.
	pl.atyp.us /misc/votefaq.txt (3471 words)

	Approval Voting Home Page
		Approval voting is a voting procedure in which voters can vote for, or approve of, as many candidates as they wish.
		Approval voting is used today by various governments and organizations around the world, including its use by the United Nations to elect the secretary-general.
		It concludes that the most reliable systems for meeting the "Condorcet" and "maximum social utility" criteria are approval voting and the Instant Runoff Vote (also know as Preferential Voting) and traditional runoff methods.
	bcn.boulder.co.us /government/approvalvote/center.html (808 words)

	Ballot
		Depending on the type of voting system used in the election, different ballots may be used.
		Before the Civil War, it was widely believed that democracy was enhanced by multiplying the number of elective offices to include such comparatively minor posts as the state-level secretary of state, county surveyor, register of deeds, county coroner, and city clerk.
		There are many controversies around electronic voting and voting machine trustworthiness due to many incidents of related electoral fraud.
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_Ballot (604 words)

	Third Parties: Why They Spoil and How to Stop It (Aaron Swartz: The Weblog)
		Approval voting (or IRV, or fusion voting, or Concordet…) could be implemented on a state-by-state basis without the Constitutional changes required to reform the Electoral College.
		Approval is also a cute method, and I consider it mostly harmless.
		These changes from approval might help more parties gain major party statusm, but it won’t affect any election winner, assuming the voters are wise over their second votes.
	www.aaronsw.com /weblog/001168 (2978 words)

	Approval - sitesidea.com Info About Approval (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		(However, multi-winner Approval voting does not return proportional results.) Approval voting is a limited form of range voting, where the range that voters
		Host Approval is a directory of web hosting services, and is one of the best resources on the web for finding web hosting providers quickly and easily.
		This method is called approval voting: from the list of candidates, each voter simply crosses If there is voting, at least let it be approval voting.
	sitesidea.com /?q=approval (259 words)

	MP in Action - If you can't win an election ... change the voting rules! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Thus an increase in votes for the leading candidate in a French presidential election may cause him to lose the election.
		First-past-the-post voting is easiest, with the number of calculations being at worst proportional to V. Borda and approval voting have the worst-case number of calculations proportional to V
		A final aspect of voting is that even with no knowledge of the participants' preferences, it is possible to influence the outcome by setting the order of items on the agenda.
	www.eudoxus.com /mpac9507.html (1258 words)

	Boston-Area Politics: Elections and Voting
		They are one of the largest groups active in voting reform.
		A detailed and evolving site on voting systems, analysis of voting, history of voting, and some interesting examples.
		This group is working for voting reform in the Bay State, and is the main proponent of current bills in the statehouse to use Instant Runoff Voting.
	web.mit.edu /~greens/www/politics.shtml (151 words)

	Hit and Run
		Also add, that seats earned by a party would be apportioned to candidates based on vote totals, not time in office, and I see a system more stable than the parlimentary systems, and also permitting change of office holders.
		Comment by: Isaac Bartram at June 3, 2005 02:39 PM I recall your concern that Shrub was claiming a "mandate" with 51%.
		I doubt you'd find many hits on that phrase; approval voting is neither complicated nor proportional, though it does weaken the two-party system.
	www.reason.com /hitandrun/2005/06/down_with_propo.shtml (2949 words)

	Voting Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is very important that when we analyze a voting system, we cast ourselves out of the strategies we are used to from the systems we have used in the past, and into the strategy the voter and candidate will feel as they use each new system.
		When selecting between multiple-winner systems, a general rule is that voters should be allowed to allocate all of their votes to one candidate.
		This helps encourage proportional representation by allowing small voting blocs to allocate all their votes to one candidate.
	www.channel1.com /users/dkesh/green/voting (632 words)

	RangeVoting.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		And it has happened with IRV voting and proportional representation (PR) systems.
		Approval voting in the IEEE: The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers – world's largest professional organization, comparable in clout, money, and membership to some small countries) adopted approval voting in 1987, but then backslid by restoring plurality voting in 2002.
		Their claimed reason was the large percentage (80%) of IEEE members who voted plurality-style.
	www.math.temple.edu /~wds/crv/BackSlide.html (313 words)

	Steven Brams - NYU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Uses of strategy in voting in committees and elections, in political campaigns, in the defense and deterrence policies of nations, and in bargaining and coalition-building situations will be among the topics discussed.
		Social-choice topics that will be analyzed include the manipulability of different voting systems, problems of achieving proportional representation in parliamentary democracies, and conflicts among different apportionment methods.
		In this course, the tools of economic theory, game theory, and social-choice theory will be applied to the rational-choice analysis of political institutions, whose consequences for society will be derived from assumptions about what individuals seek to maximize.
	www.nyu.edu /gsas/dept/politics/faculty/brams/brams_home.html (487 words)

	Political Economy: Institutions, Competition and Representation - Cambridge University Press
		Part II covers theory and applications of the spatial model of voting.
		Proportional representation, approval voting, and coalitionally straightforward elections Roger B. Myerson; 6.
		Polarization, incumbency, and the personal vote John Londregan and Thomas Romer; 15.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521417813 (504 words)

	[No title]
		Merrill, Samuel (III); "Strategic Voting in Multicandidate Elections under Uncertainty and Under Risk"; Power, Voting and Voting Power; edited by Manfred J. Holler; Würzburg-Vienna; Physica Verlag; 1982; 179-187; #1414.
		Mueller, Dennis C. "Voting by Veto"; Aggregation and Revelation of Preferences; edited by Jean-Jacques Laffont; Amsterdam; North-Holland; 1979; 225-241; #994.
		Myerson, Roger B. "Proportional Representation, Approval Voting, and Coalitionally Straightforward Elections"; Political Economy: Institutions, Competition, and Representation; Barnett, William A.; Hinich, Melvin J.; Schofield, Norman J., editors; Cambridge; Cambridge University Press; 1993; 107-133; #3117.
	www.maxwell.syr.edu /maxpages/faculty/jskelly/M.htm (9306 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		McGarvey, "A theorem in the construction of voting paradoxes," Econometrica 21, 1953.
		Miller, "Graph theoretical approaches to the theory of voting," American Journal of Political Science 21, 1977.
		Myerson "Proportional representation, approval voting, and coalitionally straightforward elections," in Political Economy: Institutions, Competition, and Representation, edited by W. Barnett, M. Hinich, and N. Schofield, Cambridge U. Press (1993).
	paradocs.pols.columbia.edu /syllabi/myerson.htm (1415 words)

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