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Topic: Proporz

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	Proporz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Proporz is a long standing doctrine within the politics of the second Austrian republic.
		Under the Proporz system, the posts of Cabinet Ministers are filled by party members as closely as possible in proportion to the votes won by their respective parties in the general elections.
		Thus, the doctrine of Proporz is intimately linked to the idea of the grand coalition, in which the major political parties, in the case of post-war Austria the SPÖ and the ÖVP, share in the government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proporz (616 words)

	Proporz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Proporz is a long standing doctrine within the Politics of Austria.
		Under the Proporz system, the posts of Cabinet Ministers were filled by party members as closely as possible in proportion to the votes won by their party in the election.
		Furthermore, the particular portfolios were selected by each party on the basis of its constituency or any perceived mandate from the election.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Proporz (200 words)

	Joerg Haider in historical perspective
		Proporz and its spread into all spheres of daily life is rapidly being identified as the source of Austria's ills.
		Proporz formed a key plank of "social partnership" along with the nationalisation of key industries, social reform and the prices and incomes agreements.
		The problem has arisen because much of the "social partnership" was dismantled by the administrations of Chancellors Vranitzky and Klima while proporz has remained - creating an impression of self-interested parties feathering their own nests while recession, unemployment and insecurity have hit the country.
	www.h-net.org /~habsweb/syllabi/Haider/Pittaway2700.htm (750 words)

	Social Democratic Party of Austria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The problem of the grand coalition in Austria was the continuation of the old Proporz system, where basically any political position as well as the civil service, trade unions and even positions in the economy and state businesses were occupied by either members of the two big parties.
		The old Proporz system, where basically the SPÖ and the ÖVP would divide everything up between them, was increasingly seen as outdated and even undemocratic.
		As voters’ frustration with the old system grew, the FPÖ under the young and dynamic party chairman Jörg Haider was able to ride the wave of discontent and win votes in every parliamentary election.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/SP%C3%96 (5317 words)

	Central Europe Review - Austria: Commotion in Three-Four Time
		Their rule became notorious for the so-called Proporz system, according to which all posts in the country - from teachers to ministers and even businessmen - were filled by loyal members of either of the two parties, with a very thorough balance kept between the two.
		This was pushed to such extremes that those who did not want to opt for the opportunistic joining-up with either of these two parties or were in any way feeling deprived by this system started to voice their grievances and dissatisfaction with the existing state of affairs more and more.
		The Proporz system was closely inter-twined with the excessively important role of bureaucracy, quite inefficient but very demanding, which, to a considerable extent, tended to favour the ÖVP electorate.
	www.ce-review.org /00/6/cvijetic6.html (1986 words)

	Heil Haider! The Revitalization of the Austrian Freedom Party 1986-1991Translated by WordPort from Nota Bene ver. 4 ...
		Under the system of Proporz designed to cement this relationship the Peoples' Party and the Socialist Party divided posts in the government, the bureaucracy and public agencies of the economy between them in proportion to their representation in parliament (Proporz).
		It was precisely this lack of an opposition that, according to Fritzl and Uitz, motivated Wandruszka to devise his concept of the Lager as a means of legitimating the reestablishment of a 'third force' linked by historical continuity to the national-liberal parties of the Monarchy and the First Republic.
		What Wandruszka saw in government by Proporz after 1945 was not a concerted effort to rebuild the state and the society from the ground up, but rather a selfish struggle to secure sinecures for the party faithful.
	cla.calpoly.edu:16080 /~mriedlsp/Publications/gsa91.html (11930 words)

	[No title]
		A range of specific political mechanisms and institutions such as Proporz, Personalunion, Clubzwang, and Grand Coalition governments along with party-political patronage provided Social Democrats and Conservatives with special access to resources, information, and other power assets, thus affording them a privileged position in national politics.
		With no stake in Proporz democracy, the Freedom Party was overtly hostile to the old model.
		Claiming to fight Proporz and party influence, the government initiated sweeping changes in the leadership of a range of public sector enterprises.
	aei.pitt.edu /3045/01/Change_and_Continuity-fin.EUSA-2005.txt (14116 words)

	ÖZP - Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft
		The research results show that members of provincial parliaments are highly occupied with activities in regard to their political basis, so that their parliamentarian work is forced to be of lower priority.
		In recent years the system of Proporz government, as it is common in seven of the Austrian provinces, has been increasingly criticized by scientists and media because of its lack of democratic quality and efficiency.
		Considering that an abolishment of the Proporz system increases the danger of loosing power and influence for governing political parties, the chances of a radical reform in the near future seem to be rather minimal.
	members.eunet.at /oezp/online/971_ab_e.htm (922 words)

	Pariah Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This patronage system operates throughout the economy, from top to bottom, taking in everyone within the large public sector and even people who are merely in need of a franchise or a license, right down to the level of taxicab drivers.
		By 1999, many Austrians were turning against Proporz, against the corruption it had bred, and in favor of the privatization it prevented.
		In addition to its stands against the EU, immigration, and Proporz, the Freedom Party proposed increased privatization; a 23 percent flat tax (in a country where the top marginal rate approaches 50 percent); immediate tax deductions for business investment (unemployment was 9 percent and rising); and subsidies to families with children.
	objectivistcenter.org /navigator/.../nav+rdonway_pariah-politics.asp (2464 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Proporz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This is an extract from The Middle East Open Encyclopedia, made possible through the Wikimedia Foundation.
		Iraq Museum International always displays the most recent published revision of the source article, Proporz; all previous versions may be viewed here.
		They link directly to authoring tools for you to start writing a particular article.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/?title=Proporz (740 words)

	Kumm - Global Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Prime minister Bruno Kreisky, who spent the war as a political refugee in Sweden and could show a clean anti-Nazi record, eventually also managed to arrange fruitful contacts with the Arab world, convincing OPEC, the international "trade union" of the world´s oil producers´ to chose Vienna as its headquarters.
		Haider´s xenophobic nationalist message, combined with criticism of the rigid "Proporz" system, attracted almost a quarter of the Austrian voters.
		Immediately, Austria´s 14 sister nations within the European Union decided to show their displeasure with the fact that Austria had allowed a xenophobic party to enter the government.
	www.imfmetal.org /kumm/index.cfm?n=326&c=1881&l=2 (363 words)

	Suicide focus on Austria's jobs for boys
		In them Praschak allegedly claims that he was the victim of efforts to appoint a former minister to the bank's board of directors.
		If true, the allegations would provide the first and most damaging hard evidence of the extent of "proporz", the practice of sharing out appointments to the state and private sectors between the main establishment parties.
		Austrians will be going to the polls next year and the "proporz" scandal looks like the ideal issue with which to launch Mr Haider's bid for the chancellorship.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/05/04/wsui04.html (675 words)

	Austria - Political Developments since 1983 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Moreover, the entire state industrial sector required streamlining, and jobs had to be cut.
		The method of staffing these industries was a prime example of the ÖVP and SPÖ's Proporz system, which created fiefdoms in which political affiliations were the main criteria for filling high-level management positions.
		The confidence of the SPÖ in particular was shaken as it faced the need for privatization and layoffs.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-898.html (587 words)

	CTheory.net
		Naturally, in such a small country where there are no outside power influences that could represent another form of opposition, blatant abuse of power was bound to present itself.
		However, they do have another method which is a more sophisticated but less dangerous form of corruption and referred to as "Proporz".
		A curious claim of the People's Party is to end the era of "Proporz" while neglecting to admit their responsibility.
	www.ctheory.net /printer.aspx?id=219 (3862 words)

	TIME.com: Holzben v. Holzkopf -- Jun. 4, 1965 -- Page 1
		Austria owes the success of its postwar political balancing act, Proporz, to a happy band of anonymous voters who sportingly cast their ballots for a Socialist for the presidency, though they return the conservative People's Party in general elections.
		This year it looked as if Proporz might be upset.
		The conservative presidential candidate, suave ex-Chancellor Dr. Alfons Gorbach, 66, was a nationally known politician as well as a World War I hero with a prosthetic limb to prove it.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,898322,00.html (406 words)

	Austria - The Constitutional Court (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The selection of judges for the Constitutional Court has been controlled by the ÖVP and the SPÖ.
		The two parties have applied the principle of Proporz to filling vacancies on the court.
		Between 1945 and 1970, the ÖVP was the larger of the two parties in terms of parliamentary strength, and it controlled seven of the judgeships with voting rights; the SPÖ controlled six of the judgeships.
	countrystudies.us /austria/109.htm (337 words)

	Socialism Today - A warning from Austria
		The trade union federation (ÙGB) has been tied into the government's policies and has often actively participated in pushing through the cuts.
		Proporz and the idea of social-partnership led to power-sharing between the SPÙ; and the ÙVP, as well as the involvement of the trade unions at all levels of society.
		The ÙGB is and wants to be part of the state apparatus, and has given up use of the strike weapon and any other form of resistance to achieve this.
	www.socialismtoday.org /43/austria_fpo.html (1168 words)

	Re: Born Lutheran, buried Catholic
		> >This finally was introduced after the separation of state and church to >equally account for members of both churches ("Proporz" in German).
		But Proporz is clearly a 16th to 18th century institution (e.g.
		It means that in a given territory members of two or three denominations can have full citizenship, churches, and will be admitted to offices, whilst the other denominations will have Hintersassen rights only.
	www.uni-heidelberg.de /subject/hd/fak7/hist/c1/de/gen/gen/grmnhist/log.started920301/mail-5.html (516 words)

	Central Europe Review - Austrian News Review
		Austrian political parties and leaders are now actively involved in negotiations over the formation of a new governmental program and coalition.
		On Monday, the leader of the OVP (People's Party) and incumbent foreign minister, Wolfgang Schuessel, stated during a press conference that Europe and the necessity for a "new quality of democracy" (the end of the Proporz system?!) were among the topics that his party intended to raise during the discussions.
		Most significantly, Schuessel argued for a change in the traditional understanding of neutrality, which would be achieved by the replacement of the neutrality clause with a "peace" clause (Friedensgebot).
	www.ce-review.org /99/18/austrianews18.html (689 words)

	A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union --A--
		Germany, however, remained its main trading partner and for over 20 years before the introduction of the single currency in 1999 the schilling was closely linked to the D-Mark.
		For most of the post-war period, Austria had grown at a higher rate than the European average, despite a stagnant political system ('proporz') in which much of the country's economic and civic life was controlled and shared out between the Social Democratic Party and the People's Party.
		In 1989, as the Cold War drew to a close and the single market gained momentum, Austria applied to join the EC, being formally admitted in 1995 to what had now become the European Union.
	www.euro-know.org /dictionary/a.html (3656 words)

	The Lingering Shadow of Nazism ---revisited.
		Precisely fifty years ago, a young Salzburg journalist by the name of Herbert Kraus was in the process of gathering together what he hoped would be a new, centrist "third force" that would break up the "Demokratur" of the the ruling Christian-conservative Peoples' Party (ÖVP) and the Socialists (SPÖ;).
		The heart of this grand coalition was an arrangement known as Proporz, by which each of these formerly hostile Lager-parties received counter-balancing positions to keep watch over each other in the government, the bureaucracy and other public sectors, public and semi-public industries and corporate bodies in proportion to their representation in Parliament.
		The result was what has become known as a consociational democracy, based, to be sure, upon a democatic elections, but in which decisions of government were made behind closed doors with Parliament acting mostly as a rubber-stamp.
	cla.calpoly.edu:16080 /~mriedlsp/Publications/GSA98.html (4296 words)

	Islam Online- News Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		But Haider reappeared in the last stages of the campaign, when Haupt -- widely seen as no more than Haider's puppet -- took on the party leadership, in a bid to claw back votes the party lost as it plummeted in opinion polls after the government collapsed.
		The far-rightist launched a virulent diatribe against privileges, disorder and the "Proporz" system, a form of Austrian nepotism which allowed previous grand coalitions between the biggest social democratic and conservative parties to fill important posts only with their members.
		He vowed to defend the poor against the rich, the small against the big, and the "true" Austrians against the state, and Brussels and its bureaucrats.
	www.islamonline.net /English/News/2002-11/23/article56.shtml (1024 words)

	Find in a Library: Populism, proporz, pariah : Austria turns right : Austrian political change, its causes and ...
		Populism, proporz, pariah : Austria turns right : Austrian political change, its causes and repercussions
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	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/9b4abdced7a5a520a19afeb4da09e526.html (69 words)

	The EU, Not Haider, Threatens Austrian Democracy [Free Republic]
		Haider has boosted his political fortunes by relentlessly attacking the ossified Austrian political system.
		After World War II, the Socialists and conservatives carved up the country between themselves in a system known as Proporz, or proportionality.
		They wanted to avoid the strife that had brought down the fledgling Austrian democracy in the interwar period.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a389b66a13d3b.htm (2060 words)

	Lectures & Events
		The Impact of Europeanization on French Higher Education”
		Populism, Proporz and Pariah — Austria Turns Right: Implications for Austria and the European Union?
		Panel discussion that included university faculty from several departments and campuses, and that was co-sponsored by the Center for Russian and East European Studies.
	www.ucis.pitt.edu /ucis/events/euevents.htm (318 words)

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