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	Spacecraft propulsion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spacecraft propulsion is used to change the velocity of spacecraft and artificial satellites, or in short, to provide delta-v.
		This means that for maneuvering in space, a propulsion method that produces tiny accelerations but runs for a long time can produce the same impulse as a propulsion method that produces large accelerations for a short time.
		The law of conservation of momentum means that in order for a propulsion method to change the momentum of a space craft it must change the momentum of something else as well.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion (3269 words)

	Beginner's Guide to Propulsion
		A propulsion system is a machine that produces thrust to push an object forward.
		First, the thrust from the propulsion system must balance the drag of the airplane when the airplane is cruising.
		And second, the thrust from the propulsion system must exceed the drag of the airplane for the airplane to accelerate.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/bgp.html (650 words)

	Field Resonance Propulsion
		However, the research which may be stimulated by this paper could result in the verification of essential elements of this concept and in feasibility studies concerning the development of a new generation of NASA spacecraft.
		The "propulsion" system utilizes recent research associated with magnetic field line merging, hydromagnetic wave effects, free-electron lasers, laser generation of megagauss fields, and special structural and containment metals.
		UFO propulsion systems appear to involve electromagnetic or hydromagnetic processes as evidenced by radiative effects on the environment such as burns, dehydration, stopping of automobile engines, TV and radio disruptions, melting or alteration of ground and road surfaces, power disruptions, and static electricity effects.
	www.keelynet.com /energy/holt1.htm (2476 words)

	Spacecraft propulsion - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Artificial satellites must be launched into orbit, and once there they must accelerate to circularize their orbit.
		Below is a summary of some of the more popular, proven technologies, followed by increasingly speculative methods.
		The first is the specific impulse: the amount of thrust that can be produced using a unit of fuel.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /spacecraft_propulsion.htm (2984 words)

	RODGERS et al. Wheelchair Propulsion Style (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Propulsion styles that are characterized by high stresses may influence the susceptibility of manual wheelchair users (MWCU) to upper limb injury.
		Data on joint kinetics and kinematics, handrim kinetics, propulsion temporal characteristics, and electromyography were collected at the fresh and fatigued states, and oxygen uptake was collected continuously, to characterize wheelchair propulsion performance of 19 MWCU during a submaximal exercise test to exhaustion.
		Results suggest that a trunk flexion style of wheelchair propulsion may lead to potentially debilitating upper limb injury, since these individuals appear to be compensating for peripheral muscle fatigue.
	www.vard.org /jour/00/37/3/absrodge.htm (280 words)

	Propulsion & Combustion
		Improving Propulsion systems, such as air-breathing and rocket engines is a constant challenge for future engineers and scientists.
		The propulsion and combustion group collaborates with experts in other disciplines, such as research on turbomachinery with the aerodynamics faculty.
		The propulsion and combustion group maintains facilities in the same complex that houses most of the School of Aerospace Engineering, and in a separate 8000 square-foot building.
	www.ae.gatech.edu /academics/graduate/admission_info/Research/PC.html (478 words)

	jet propulsion on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		propulsion of a body by a force developed in reaction to the ejection of a high-speed jet of gas.
		Geoffrey Slostad, an engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and an assistant test the robot arm he designed for the Mars Polar Lander in the frozen soil of Antarctica's Dry Valleys.
		Director del Jet Propulsion Laboratory Charles Elachi (C) y otros de la misión de control observan cuando la sonda Cassin.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/j1/jetpropu.asp (663 words)

	SPACE.com -- Deep Space 1 sets record with ion propulsion system
		The $152 million mission, which was launched in October 1998, keeps going and going thanks to a futuristic propulsion system that runs on atomic particles rather than chemical fuel.
		Rocket designers have been studying ion propulsion since the 1950s, and mention of the technology often turns up in works of science fiction.
		The previous record for ion propulsion was 161 days on NASA's Space Electric Rocket Test 2, which was launched into Earth orbit in 1970.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/solarsystem/deepspace_propulsion_000816.html (1279 words)

	The Incredible Ions of Space Transportation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The principle behind an ion propulsion engine is much the same as what you experience when you pull hot socks out of the clothes dryer on a cold winter day.
		The challenge in electric space propulsion is to charge a fluid so its atoms can be expelled in one direction, and thus propel the spacecraft in the other direction.
		The ion propulsion fuel used by the experimental Deep Space 1 spacecraft is xenon, a gas that is more than 4 times heavier than air.
	spacescience.com /headlines/y2000/ast15jun_1.htm?list (1607 words)

	PROPULSION SYSTEMS
		The use of thermonuclear reactors or other advanced schemes for propulsion (plasma rockets, ion rockets) involves phenomena of the type falling under the general term, magnetohydrodynamics: study of the behavior of ionized gases acted upon by electric and magnetic fields.
		Outer Space Propulsion by Nuclear Energy hearings before subcommittees of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of the United States, 85th Cong., 2d sess., January 22, 23 and February 6, 1958; A. Silverstein, p.
		No prospects are now apparent for realization of propulsion schemes of the "antigravity" variety, because the negation or reversal of the gravitational attraction of matter would violate basic physical laws as presently understood.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/conghand/propulsn.htm (3314 words)

	AFRL Propulsion Directorate Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The AFRL Propulsion Directorate's facility at Edwards is a world leader in space and missile rocket propulsion technology development.
		The Propulsion Directorate's rocket research and test facility is located in a remote 65-square-mile corner of the 585-square-mile Edwards Air Force Base, approximately 100 miles northwest of Los Angeles.
		The Propulsion Directorate's facilities at Wright-Patterson AFB are located in the heart of the base, approximately 10 miles east of downtown Dayton, Ohio.
	www.pr.afrl.af.mil /overview.htm (893 words)

	Propulsion Systems Specifications
		The propulsion group is responsible for the selection of a launch vehicle to perform the mission.
		The propulsion group will provide all requirements which the MPS impose on the spacecraft as a whole, such as thermal, vibrational, and power requirements, to all dependent groups.
		The propulsion group will provide all requirements which the RCS impose on the spacecraft as a whole, such as thermal, vibrational, and power requirements, to all respective groups.
	www.tsgc.utexas.edu /tadp/1995/spects/prop.html (821 words)

	Propulsion Polymers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Propulsion Polymers systems integration facility and "vehicle assembly building" is located on Marcus' 35-acre farm near Smiths Falls, Ontario, Canada.
		Propulsion Polymers is a manufacturer of small hybrid rocket motors, and related support equipment, for the hobby rocketry community.
		Propulsion polymers produces motors in 22mm, 38mm, 54mm, and 100mm diameters, covering total impulse ranges from 10NS to 15,000NS (NAR designation C to N).
	www.propulsionpolymers.com (202 words)

	Ion engine passes 8,000-hour endurance test
		Ion engine propulsion, a futuristic form of spacecraft propulsion referred to in science fiction novels and films for decades, is one step closer to becoming a reality.
		Ion propulsion, also known as solar electric propulsion, is set to be used on Deep Space 1 (DS1), the first launch of the New Millennium program, a series of missions designed to test new technologies so that they can be confidently used on science missions of the 21st century.
		Ion propulsion provides only the tiniest amount of thrust, roughly equivalent to the pressure of a single sheet of paper held in the palm of the hand - approximately 10,000 times smaller than the thrust of the main engines on typical planetary spacecraft.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /releases/97/ioneng2.html (746 words)

	Deep Space 1: Advanced Technologies: Solar Electric Propulsion FAQ
		Ion propulsion is a technology that involves ionizing a gas to propel a craft.
		Ion propulsion is not of value for missions that require high acceleration, and it often will not be worthwhile for missions that can be done quickly using conventional propulsion systems (such as missions to the moon).
		Because the ion propulsion system, although highly efficient, is very gentle in its thrust, it cannot be used for any application in which a rapid acceleration is required.
	nmp.jpl.nasa.gov /ds1/tech/ionpropfaq.html (814 words)

	SPACE.com -- SMART Technology: Moon Mission to Test Solar Engine With No Limits
		Electric power and ion propulsion are about to combine for only the second time to propel a spacecraft beyond Earth orbit.
		Electric-ion propulsion is more efficient because its energy source (the solar panels) and the propulsion chemical (xenon) are separate, Estublier said.
		Ion propulsion was first developed in the 1960s, but it wasn't taken seriously until recent changes at NASA forced planners to look for cheaper alternatives to space travel.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/technology/smart_technology_020731.html (1051 words)

	NASA - NASA Glenn Deep Space-1: NASA Glenn Provided Critical Technologies for Deep Space 1 Mission
		The NASA Glenn Research Center, which pioneered solar electric propulsion, played a key role in the development of DS1's Ion Propulsion System (IPS) and Solar Concentrator Arrays (SCA) that were demonstrated on this trailblazing mission.
		Ion propulsion, once only a futuristic technology that for decades catapulted spacecraft through the pages of science fiction novels and movies, uses electrically charged gas as the propellant instead of chemicals like liquid hydrogen and oxygen.
		NASA is embarking on a new, small program called Breakthrough Propulsion Physics to seek the ultimate breakthroughs in space transportation: (1) Propelling a vehicle without propellant mass, (2) attaining the maximum transit speeds physically possible, and (3) creating new energy production methods to power such devices.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/glenn/about/history/ds1.html (1974 words)

	Electric Propulsion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Unlike chemical propulsion, which relies on the stored internal energy in the molecular bonds of its propellant, in electric propulsion the energy is obtained from an external power source.
		In chemical propulsion, the dependence on internal energy limits the maximum specific impulse to about 450 s, whereas in electric propulsion specific impulses of over 17,000 s have been obtained in the laboratory [2, 3].
		This limited the application of electric propulsion on-board spacecraft until the 1980's as spacecraft power finally began to increase to meet the growing needs of communication satellites [5].
	richard.hofer.com /electric_propulsion.html (1029 words)

	Ion Rockets
		Of all the exotic means of propulsion in space, this one is probably closest to practical use.
		The XIPS ("zips") ion engine developed by the Hughes corporation was tested in the laboratory and then aboard a Russian spacecraft, launched 6 October 1997; it is the one shown on top of this page.
		SMART-1 ("Small Missions for Advanced Research and Technology -1") was launched aboard an Ariane-5 rocket on September 27, 2003, an 809-lb spacecraft with large solar panels and 181 pounds of xenon fuel, of which 131 have been used so far.
	www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov /stargaze/Sionrock.htm (651 words)

	MagBeam Propulsion - To Mars And Back In 90 Days: Science Fiction in the News
		Magnetized-beam plasma propulsion, or magbeam propulsion, could cut the time required for long journeys around the solar system from years to weeks.
		The MagBeam propulsion system is being developed at the University of Washington; earth and space sciences professor Robert Winglee is leading the project.
		In the book, a battery of laser cannon were used to accelerate a small ship with a light sail to a significant fraction of the speed of light.
	technovelgy.com /ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?NewsNum=232 (652 words)

	Electric Propulsion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Electric propulsion is most broadly defined as the acceleration of propellants by electrical heating, electric body forces, and/or magnetic body forces.
		Efforts that combine both experimental and theoretical studies of the plasmas within electric propulsion thrusters are necessary in order to build reliable models of performance that can be then used as design tools for improved next generation thrusters.
		Recognizing that xenon Hall type thrusters are becoming serious options in a variety of space propulsion applications, SPDL began a new initiative for the development of laser based diagnostics for measurements of plume properties; such as particle velocities, composition, and temperatures in xenon plasma environments.
	www.stanford.edu /group/pdl/EP/EP.html (682 words)

	EADS Space Propulsion.
		The reliability and performance of our liquid propellant rocket engines, thrusters and space propulsion systems are best judged by our customers who have entrusted us with supplying the propulsive means for the fulfilment and accomplishment of their missions for over 30 years.
		This applies not only to launch vehicle core stage and upper stage propulsion, but also to the many hundreds of international spacecraft and satellites in orbit that are dependant on thrust from our two sites at Ottobrunn and Lampoldshausen.
		Today, our space propulsion developments continue with the future evolution of Ariane 5, higher performing rocket engines and thrusters, environmentally friendly propellants, alternative space propulsion, future reusable space transportation systems, new space technologies, new materials and new manufacturing processes and procedures.
	www.space-propulsion.com (824 words)

	Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology Program
		Technology for the most critical propulsion issues that impact local airport air quality and global climate change: reducing nitrogen oxides and improving performance.
		Develop propulsion technologies to enable increases in efficiency and therefore fuel burn reductions of up to 15 % (equivalent reductions in CO Develop combustor technologies (configuration and materials) which will enable reductions in Landing/Takeoff NOx of 70% relative to 1996 ICAO standards.
		The UEET Program seeks to significantly utilize the skills and expertise of NASA personnel as well as utilize NASA research facilities and work in close partnership with corporate and educational organizations.
	www.ueet.nasa.gov (278 words)

	Antimatter Space Propulsion at Penn State University (LEPS)
		Unfortunately, environmental issues have all but "grounded" the use of nuclear fission as a propulsion source.
		However, scientists are still developing such a device that offers beyond break-even energy (more energy output than input), let alone making the same device small enough to be sent into deep space.
		Last, electric propulsion, as used for Deep Space I, cannot accelerate a spacecraft fast enough for the tasks mentioned above due to its low thrust-to-weight ratio.
	www.engr.psu.edu /antimatter/introduction.html (505 words)

	DARPA/MTO/MEMS Digital Micro-Propulsion Project
		Propulsion, station-keeping, and attitude control for micro-spacecraft (1 kg class) will require a compact and light-weight integrated system for controllably generating tiny amounts of impulse.
		Propulsion is one example of the application of MEMS technology to an essential satellite function.
		The current Digital Propulsion configuration is shown in here (8k GIF).
	design.caltech.edu /micropropulsion (1512 words)

	NASA - NASA celebrates official opening of Propulsion Research Laboratory - Marshall Center Space News Release 04-192 ...
		The Propulsion Research Laboratory also will provide an invaluable educational tool to university and K-12 students and teachers to inspire the next generation of space explorers -- as only NASA can.
		The Propulsion Research Center is a member of the National Space Science and Technology Center, or NSSTC, which provides an additional resource for propulsion study by NASA and its academic partners.
		The NSSTC, a Huntsville-based clearinghouse for cutting-edge space science and propulsion research in operation since 2001, was founded by the Marshall Center and local, state and national university partners and other federal agencies.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2004/04-192.html (1112 words)

	Advanced Space Propulsion Workshop begins this week
		This year's sessions are packed full with scientists who will share their research and new ideas about how humans and robotic probes will cross the gulf of space to other planets and stars.
		Les Johnson, manager of Interstellar Propulsion Research at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, AL, holds a rigid, lightweight, carbon fiber material that could be used to build a giant space sail.
		Lithium thrusters have the capability to operate at 250 kilowatts of power, and are approximately the same size and weight of an ion engine, which operates at 2.5 kilowatts.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2000/ast31may_1m.htm (1254 words)

	Advanced Space Propulsion Study - ANTIPROTON ANNIHILATION PROPULSION
		A major new form of propulsion has just graduated from thenever-never land of science fiction and has now become a serioustopic for scientific and engineering investigation.
		for the use of antiprotons as the form of the antimatter is crucial tothe use of antimatter for propulsion.
		In order to use antiprotons as a propulsion fuel, it will benecessary to find a more compact method of storage than an iontrap, which is limited to relatively low ion densities.
	www.transorbital.net /Library/D001_S01.html (1441 words)

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