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Topic: Prosody

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Prosody (linguistics)

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	Prosody - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prosody consists of distinctive variations of stress, tone, and timing in spoken language.
		How pitch changes from word to word, the speed of speech, the loudness of speech, and the duration of pauses all contribute to prosody.
		In poetry, prosody includes the scansion and metrical shape of the lines: see meter (poetry).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prosody (127 words)

	Prosody (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		PROSODY is the most general term in all current use to refer to the elements and structures involved in the rhythmic or dynamic aspect of speech, and the study of these elements and structures as they occur in speech and language generally (linguistic prosody) or in the compositions of the literary arts (literary prosody).
		Literary prosody studies the rhythmic structure of prose and verse, not as exemplifying linguistic norms but as functioning (in the parole or actual speech) for literary effect as a component in rhetorical processes or constructions or as an aspect of poetic form.
		Literary prosody is not directly concerned with the use which language makes of rhythm for linguistic ends; it is in fact more properly concerned with the use which rhythmic impulse makes of language for its own ends when those are involved with the processes or forms of rhetoric and poetry.
	www.propylaean.org /eppProsody.html (4126 words)

	Prosody: The Music of Language and Speech
		Prosody is a tool of human expression that is conveyed acoustically by way of durational, intensity, and frequency cues.
		Broadly speaking, prosody serves to aid the transmission of linguistic and paralinguistic (emotional and attitudinal) information in a manner that is efficient and appropriate in a given language community.
		The terms intrinsic and extrinsic prosody describe motor speech functions that are motivated by the linguistic code on the one hand, and use of the code for pragmatic effect on the other.
	www.asha.org /about/publications/leader-online/archives/2003/q1/030304f.htm (2158 words)

	Prosody Individual Projects
		Prosody in Processing, to be held in Utrecht, July 2001.
		A listener's speech comprehension is facilitated by prosody, which contributes to the organisational structure of an utterance.
		My work in the prosody group brings together research interests in the syntactic, semantic and discourse characteristics of focus and accent with interests in interface issues and the implications of these issues for the architecture of the language faculty.
	www-uilots.let.uu.nl /research/Breedte/Prosody-indv.htm (1036 words)

	Prosody (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Prosody can be defined as the suprasegmental information in speech; that is, information that cannot be localized to a specific sound segment, or information that does not change the segmental identity of speech segments.
		Prosody consists of a phonological aspect (characterized by discrete, abstract units) and a phonetic aspect (characterized by continuously varying acoustic correlates).
		The segmentation (or grouping) function of prosody may be related more to syntax (with some relation to semantics), while the saliency or prominence function may play a larger role in semantics ; than in syntax ;.
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /HLTsurvey/ch1node63.html (230 words)

	Rosenberg, A Prosody of Space / Non-Linear Time
		Prosody in the English language proceeds from the axiom that not all syllables are created equal; many effects in prosody derive from the time-plot of these inequalities along various dimensions.
		Or perhaps the prosody of the individual skein, together with the layout of the screen, helps determine when the next phrase begins, in which case the time between skeins definitely is part of the prosody.[5] A lexia with this type of polylinear structure is inherently ambiguous concerning the prosody of what happens between phrases.
		The events of prosody are typically passages over particular points in a poem--syllables or line breaks, etc. Where there are multiple readers in the same textual space at the same time, it may not be possible to construct any form of synchronization that would resolve the various users' interactions with the text over time.
	www.well.com /user/jer/10_3rosenberg.html (4903 words)

	Population Dynamics, Prosody and Neural Effects
		Prosody is often considered a secondary feature in linguistic interaction and as such we have not given it the attention that we now think prosody may warrant.
		Here are some of the theories that we have about prosody that have led us to believe that, in fact, it may have played and still play a crucial role in the emergence and the continued shareability of language.
		We finish by describing the break-down of prosody, in certain expressions, as the consequence of attenuation.
	www.cecm.sfu.ca /~thalie/PhD/node90.html (284 words)

	Prosody (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Prosody refers to distinctive variations of stress or tone in phrases.
		Intonation and Vocal stress are the two elements of (linguistic) prosody.
		Prosody is sometimes used as a synonym of Meter in poetry.
	www.theezine.net /p/prosody.html (96 words)

	Team projects on www for Neuropsychology
		Prosody and Language by Rebecca Martin Prosody is the aspect of language that goes beyond verbal communication; it involves communication without words.
		Prosody is also helpful in keeping together and retaining information units, and aiding in identifying linguistic units.
		Deficits in comprehension of emotional prosody appear relatively early in the course of AD and are relatively resistant to further decline throughout the mild and moderate stages of the disease.
	www.humboldt.edu /~morgan/prosody.htm (1538 words)

	Prosody-2001 Abstract: Shriberg / Stolcke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Prosody has long been studied as an important knowledge source for speech understanding.
		Whereas most current approaches to speech processing model only the words, prosody provides an additional knowledge source that is inherent in, and exclusive to, spoken language.
		In this paper, we summarize recent work at SRI International in the area of computational prosody modeling, and results from several recognition tasks where prosodic knowledge proved to be of help.
	www.isca-speech.org /archive/prosody_2001/prsr_001.html (193 words)

	[No title]
		In English, prosody proceeds from the axiom that syllables are not all created equal; much of prosody derives from the time-plot of these inequalities.
		[2] Between-phrase prosody is inherently ambiguous in a polylinear lexia.
		Prosody events are typically passages over particular points in a poem -- syllables, line breaks, etc. With multiple concurrent readers in the same space, relative synchronization of these events may not be possible.
	www.well.com /user/jer/AA2.html (2552 words)

	Generating Synthetic Prosody: Means & Ends (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Synthetic prosody has now reached the point where it can be used in a large range of applications, and in some cases it can be indistinguishable from natural prosody.
		Prosody in general, and synthetic prosody in particular, currently interests workers in engineering, computer science, phonetics, linguistics, psychology, philosophy and artificial intelligence to name just some of the fields where research in this area can be found: it is impossible for any one person to be aware of all this work.
		Two means of generating prosody which are becoming increasingly common in systems for languages other than English, but which have decreased in popularity in recent anglophone research, are the use of Neural Networks and of databases of recorded speech in general.
	www.compapp.dcu.ie /~alex/PUB/aix92.html (6698 words)

	VII. The Prosody of the Nineteenth Century: Bibliography. Vol. 13. The Victorian Age, Part One. The Cambridge History ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Milton’s Prosody, by Bridges, Robert, and Classical Metres in English verse, by Stone, W. Oxford, 1901.
		Odell, J. An Essay on the elements, accents and prosody of the English Language, etc. 1806.
		Sayers, F. Poetical Works of the late F. To which have been prefixed the connected disquisitions on the rise and progress of English poetry and on English metres … by Taylor, W., of Norwich.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/223/0700.html (423 words)

	Prosody for Dialog Systems
		SRI is investigating the use of prosody, the rhythm and melody of speech, in voice input to human-computer dialog systems.
		Current dialog systems often model prosody on the output side, to generate acceptable speech synthesis, but few systems use prosody on the input side, as this is a quite difficult task.
		Prosody can enhance spoken interaction with dialog systems in several important ways, for example by detecting user emotions (such as frustration or boredom), disfluencies and repairs, locating endpoints of user utterances, and distinguishing statements from questions.
	www.speech.sri.com /projects/dialog-prosody (313 words)

	Expansive Poetry & Music Online Essay
		On the way, the meanings of terms shifted, notably as feet and syllables were defined, going from pitch and duration in Greek, Latin and the Romance languages to the stress/less-stressed beat of English (with vestiges of pitch and duration still evident).
		It will assume sound as the basis of prosody, and thus an inherent part of poetry, performance just secondary to that (performance in a reader's mind as important, if not far more so, as what's heard in a poetry reading), and typography last.
		Prosody is not the property of a publishing house nor of a culture.
	www.n2hos.com /acm/pagetwo.html (1439 words)

	LLT Vol8Num1:GENERALIZATION OF COMPUTER-ASSISTED PROSODY TRAINING: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE FINDINGS THROUGH ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The mean prosody rating for that group declined from 4.28 in the pretest to 4.18 in the posttest; the mean rating for segmental accuracy was 4.12 in the pretest and 4.16 in the posttest.
		To determine whether improvement in both prosody and segmental accuracy had generalized to novel sentences, ratings of the unfiltered productions in the test of generalization were compared to those of the pretest.
		Following training, prosody had improved significantly, and ratings of its native-like quality were not influenced by segmental accuracy as in the pretest.
	llt.msu.edu /vol8num1/hardison (7743 words)

	Aculab, Prosody - Media processing resources
		Prosody is available on hardware (DSP cards) and a software only variant called Prosody S where the media processing is carried out on the host PC's processor.
		Prosody S offers a subset of the full range of Prosody functions in the IP domain and is ideal for smaller solutions like IVR that require basic speech processing.
		Prosody PCI and cPCI cards have been designed to offer media processing resources alone, or combined with digital network access functions.
	www.aculab.com /products/media_processing_resources.htm (684 words)

	powin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Prosody and intonation cover much the same ground; as an overall term is needed, prosody will be used.
		Where speech-sounds such as vowels and consonants function mainly to provide an indication of the identity of words and the regional variety of the speaker, prosody can indicate syntax, turn-taking in conversational interactions, types of utterance such as questions and statements, and people's attitudes and feelings.
		The forms (or elements) of prosody are derived from the acoustic characteristics of speech.
	www.eptotd.btinternet.co.uk /pow/powin.htm (208 words)

	Prosody (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		But with more than a hundred corporate and academic research groups working on the problem, attempts at incorporating prosody into speech software are enjoying growing success.
		Recent advances suggest that within five years, prosody software will perform tasks such as telling when a customer speaking to an automated telephone system is getting angry and respond accordingly-by, say, transferring the call to a human.
		Microsoft has already begun incorporating simple prosody into its Chinese language speech recognition software and is working to create next-generation software for Chinese and Japanese languages.
	cache.technologyreview.com /articles/02/07/upstream0702.asp?p=1 (826 words)

	Disturbances of affective prosody in patients with schizophrenia; a cross sectional study -- Leentjens et al. 64 (3): ...
		Disturbances of affective prosody in patients with schizophrenia; a cross sectional study
		The objective was to determine whether disturbances of affective prosody constitute part of the symptomatology of schizophrenia.
		Prosody is commonly divided into affective and non-affective prosody.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/64/3/375 (1978 words)

	Influence of period and genre (from prosody) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		In the lyric genres, the rhythms of the individual poet—or, in the words of the 20th-century American poet Robert Lowell, “the person himself”—can be heard in the prosody.
		The blank-verse tragedy of the Elizabethan and Jacobean dramatists, the blank verse of Milton's…
		More results on "Influence of period and genre (from prosody)" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-50852?tocId=50852 (1042 words)

	BU: Use of Prosody in Speech Recognition/Understanding
		The project investigated three different aspects of prosody: the marking of prominent syllables and phrase boundaries and the relationship of these cues to syntactic structure, the association of prosodic features with disfluencies in spontaneous speech, and the use of prosody as a cue to higher level dialog structure.
		One reason is simply that prosody modeling is a difficult problem, with acoustic cues depending on prosodic structures operating at many different time scales.
		A second reason may be that current speech systems handle only constrained domains, where the information provided in prosody is often redundant with semantic cues in speech understanding systems or is less useful because the speech recognition task involves read speech.
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /nsf/isgw97/reports/ostendorf2.html (901 words)

	Whence and Whither Prosody in Automatic Speech Understanding: A Case Study. - Batliner (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Abstract: The `case' this paper is dealing with is prosody research at the Chair for Pattern Recognition at the University of Erlangen-- Nuremberg during the last fifteen years.
		We sketch the realm of prosody in automatic speech understanding and relate the projects conducted to the research topics.
		Batliner et al., "Whence and whither prosody in automatic speech understanding: a case study," Proc.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /batliner01whence.html (702 words)

	Linguistic Laboratory for Speech Prosody (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The goal of the Linguistic Laboratory for Speech Prosody at the University of Illinois is to understand the prosodic structure of speech and the units of prosodic encoding in human languages.
		Researchers in the lab explore (i) the expression of prosodic structure in the suprasegmental features of pitch, duration and intensity, and (ii) the affect of prosodic context on the spectral and durational features that encode segment identity.
		A major research focus is on how prosodic patterns vary across speakers and speaking styles, and how the pragmatic, syntactic and lexical functions of prosody interact to determine observed prosodic contours.
	prosody.beckman.uiuc.edu (149 words)

	Scansion (from prosody) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The various elements of prosody may be examined in the aesthetic structure of prose.
		Adapted from the classical method of analyzing ancient Greek and Roman quantitative verse, scansion in English prosody employs a system of symbols to reveal the mechanics of a poem—i.e., the predominant type of foot (the smallest metrical unit of stressed and unstressed syllables); the number of feet...
		Deals with words and form, inflections, parts of speech, gender, cardinals and ordinals, pronouns, construction of cases, rhetoric and prosody, and forms of verse.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-50843?tocId=50843 (737 words)

	Neural response to emotional prosody in schizophrenia and in bipolar affective disorder -- Mitchell et al. 184 (3): 223 ...
		Neural response to emotional prosody in schizophrenia and in bipolar affective disorder -- Mitchell et al.
		Neural response to emotional prosody in schizophrenia and in bipolar affective disorder
		prosody, particularly in response to unfiltered emotional prosody.
	bjp.rcpsych.org /cgi/content/full/184/3/223 (3406 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Some of them asserted that personal price carries a strongly negative semantic prosody and was inappropriate given the purpose of the advert.
		Others saw nothing wrong with this advertisement.11 It was suggested in the discussion that the potentially negative prosody of personal price in the advertisement might have been caused by a wider phraseology, i.e.
		A more general difference between English and Chinese is that collocation and semantic prosody may be affected by morphological variations in English but not in Chinese, which lacks such variation.
	www.lancs.ac.uk /postgrad/xiaoz/papers/collocation.doc (1358 words)

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