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Topic: Prostatic urethra

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	ACVC 2001 - Diagnosis and Medical Management of Canine Prostatic Disease
		Subcategories of disease are prostatic cysts (usually a complication of BPH), and prostatic abscesses (a complication of bacterial prostatitis and/or infected cysts).
		Prostatomegaly is defined as a dorsoventral prostate dimension > 70% of the distance from the sacral promontory to the pubis on the lateral radiograph.
		In severe prostatitis with peritonitis, the blood prostate barrier is disrupted, and a beta-lactam antibiotic used in combination with a fluoroquinolone may be effective.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00441.htm (2776 words)

	Urethra - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In anatomy, the urethra is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
		The urethra has an excretory function in both sexes, to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for sperm.
		Hypospadias is a form of abnormal development of the urethra in the male, where the opening is not quite where it should be (it occurs lower than normal in hypospadias).
	www.free-definition.com /Urethra.html (469 words)

	Endotext.com - BENIGN PROSTATE DISORDERS
		During the development of the prostate, epithelium and mesenchyme are under the control of testicular androgens, and interact to form an organised secretory organ.
		In the developing prostate, urogenital sinus mesenchyme acting under the influence of testicular androgens induces ductal morphogenesis, the expression of epithelial androgen receptors, regulates epithelial proliferation and specifies the expression of prostatic-lobe specific secretory proteins.
		Glandular epithelium of the prostate differentiates from the endodermal cells of the urethra, and the associated mesenchyme into which the outgrowths grow differentiates into the dense stroma and smooth muscle fibres of the prostate.
	www.endotext.org /male/male9/male9.htm (1041 words)

	Urethral cancer: 101623 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The male urethra is lined by transitional cells in its prostatic and membranous portion and stratified columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium in the bulbous and penile portions.
		Except for the prostatic urethra, where transitional cell carcinoma is most common, squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant histology of urethral neoplasms.
		Since transitional cell carcinoma of the prostatic urethra is usually associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and/or transitional cell carcinoma arising in prostatic ducts, it is treated according to the guidelines for treatment of these primaries and should be separated from the more distal carcinomas of the urethra.
	www.acor.org /cnet/101623.html (1597 words)

	Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Diagnosis and Treatment [Jan 1995; 11-3] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The increase in size of the prostate inside its capsule exerts pressure on the urethra, which passes through the capsule, resulting in obstruction to urine flow.
		Hyperthermia of the prostate tissue utilises microwaves to `cook' the prostate tissue and destroy it.
		Prostatic stents are metal devices that can be placed in the prostatic urethra to expand the urethra and make urine flow easier.
	www.jr2.ox.ac.uk /bandolier/band11/b11-3.html (1428 words)

	Nephrogenic Adenoma
		Fifty-five percent of the lesions occurred in the urinary bladder, 41% in the urethra, and 4% in the ureter.
		The prostatic cases showed circumferential granular cytoplasmic AMACR expression of at least moderate intensity, in >75% of tubules in 3 cases and in <10% of tubules in the remaining case.
		Prostatic adenocarcinoma of the small acinar type can be mimicked by benign proliferative lesions, such as atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (adenosis), sclerosing adenosis, nodular hyperplasia (cellular areas), lobular hyperplasia, basal cell hyperplasia, mesonephric hyperplasia, and nephrogenic adenoma.
	www.thedoctorsdoctor.com /diseases/nephrogenic_adenoma.htm (4869 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 13, Ch. 155, Abscesses
		Prostatic abscesses develop as complications of acute prostatitis, urethritis, and epididymitis.
		Rectal examination may show prostatic tenderness and fluctuance, but often prostatic enlargement is the only abnormality, and sometimes the gland feels normal.
		Many of these abscesses, however, are discovered unexpectedly during prostatic surgery or endoscopy; bulging of a lateral lobe into the prostatic urethra or rupture during instrumentation reveals the abscess.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section13/chapter155/155c.jsp (154 words)

	Anatomy
		Prostatic Urethra – the most proximal portion that begins at the vesical neck at the apex of the trigone of the urinary bladder and extends through the prostate gland ending at the superior facia of the urogenital diaphragm.
		Membranous Urethra – begins at the superior facia of the urogenital of the diaphragm, extends at the deep transverse perineal muscle ending at the inferior facia of the urogenital diaphragm.
		The secretory function of the prostate is mediated by cholinergic innervation from the pelvic and hypogastric nerves, while contractile function is mediated by the alpha-adrenegic receptors that predominate in the stroma.
	www.prostate.com.ph /anatomy.htm (798 words)

	His and Her Health: Stents Help for Men with Urinary Problems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the past, enlargement of the prostate which occurs in 50 percent of men over 50 years frequently leads to either medications or surgery due to the symptoms of obstruction: decreased stream, intermittency of urination, frequently waking up at night to void, frequency, urgency, control problems, and in many cases actual retention of urine.
		The prostate is a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder and the urethra.
		Many patients who have had gonorrhea, trauma to the urethra, multiple manipulations and long-term catheterizations of the urethra for various reasons can develop a chronic infection of the wall of the urethra with subsequent scar tissue and with contraction of the scar tissue a stricture which is a narrowing of the urethra.
	www.hisandherhealth.com /articles/Stents_Help_for_Men_with_Urinary_Problems.shtml (980 words)

	Prostate
		This enlargement impinges upon the prostatic urethra, leading to the difficulty on urination with hesitency that is typical for this condition.
		Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), which is dysplasia of the epithelium lining prostate glands, is a probable precursor of prostatic carcinoma.
		Prostatic adenocarcinomas almost always arise in the posterior outer zone of the prostate and are often multifocal.
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /WebPath/TUTORIAL/PROSTATE/PROSTATE.html (1584 words)

	FAA Medical Virtual Flight Surgeons Aviation Medicine BPH Prostate Hypertrophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The prostate is a walnut sized gland located between the base of the bladder and the base of the penis.
		Prostatic hypertrophy is detected with a digital rectal exam (DRE), as is early prostate cancer.
		Often the diagnosis of chronic prostatitis may be obscured by the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy.
	www.aviationmedicine.com /bph.htm (1536 words)

	MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CANINE PROSTATIC DISEASE
		Prostatic fluid is secreted constitutively, and is normally expelled into the prostatic urethra, from where it drains into the urinary bladder and along the penile urethra.
		Prostatic disease is fairly common in the dog, with a reported incidence of 2.5%.
		Prostatitis is bacterial infection of the prostate, usually due to ascending infection by a member of the normal urethral flora.
	www.geocities.com /dachshealth/medical_treatment_of_canine_pros.htm (4509 words)

	Urethral Stricture Disease: urethra stricture narrowing reconstruction, frequent urination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The posterior or deep portion of the urethra is 4 - 6cm in length, and involves both the prostatic urethra and the membranous urethra.
		As its name implies the prostatic urethra is surrounded by the prostate while the membranous urethra is the only portion of the urethra which is not surrounded by any supportive tissue.
		Because of this the membranous urethra is most susceptible to rupture or tears during the stress produced by a pelvic fracture.
	urology.northwestern.edu /nmffurology/urethralstricture.html (979 words)

	Final Diagnosis -- Case 203
		Carcinoma of the prostate is the most common form of cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States.
		(1967) Endometrial carcinoma of prostatic utricle (uterus masculinus).
		(1992) Endometrioid carcinoma of the prostate: a misnomer?.
	path.upmc.edu /cases/case203/dx.html (907 words)

	RPP: Division of Membranous Urethra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The dorsal half of the urethral wall is incised sharply with a knife precisely at its junction with the prostatic apex (Fig.14).
		If a prostatic tractor is in place, the incision is deepened down to the metal shaft, the prostatic tractor is removed, and the ventral half of the urethral wall is transected with Potts' angled scissors beneath the encircling right-angle forceps.
		modification of transection and preservation of the prostatic apex is antiquated, and it is specifically avoided with contemporary radical perineal prostatectomy as cancer is present within 1 cm of the apical margin in 80% of radical prostatectomy specimens.
	www.marinurology.com /articles/cap/rpp/surgery/division.htm (583 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 17, Ch. 218, Prostate Disease
		Multiple fibroadenomatous nodules occur in the periurethral region of the prostate gland, probably originating within the periurethral glands rather than in the true fibromuscular prostate (surgical capsule), which is displaced peripherally by progressive growth of the nodules.
		The hyperplasia may involve the lateral walls of the prostate (lateral lobe hyperplasia) or tissue at the inferior margin of the vesical neck (middle lobe hyperplasia).
		As the lumen of the prostatic urethra becomes compromised, urine outflow is progressively obstructed, accompanied by hypertrophy of the bladder detrusor, trabeculation, cellule formation, and diverticula.
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual/section17/chapter218/218a.htm (864 words)

	Balloon Dilatation of the Prostatic Urethra
		Balloon dilatation of the prostatic urethra, or balloon urethroplasty, is a therapeutic procedure intended to manage symptoms associated with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH).
		This widening process is intended to relieve obstruction of the urethra caused by the enlarged prostate and to alleviate the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy (e.g., urinary retention, urgency, hesitancy, nocturia, and dysuria).
		Balloon dilatation of the prostatic urethra for the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is considered investigational.
	www.bcbst.com /MPManual/Balloon_Dilatation_of_the_Prostatic_Urethra.htm (454 words)

	Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine: Urinary cytologic findings in patients with benign and malignant ...
		A biopsy specimen of the polyps was described as a highgrade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm in adenomatous polyp.
		Benign prostatic epithelial polyps are known to be associated with hematuria, dysuria, and, less commonly, hematospermia,1,3 symptoms that would commonly result in a workup for urologic neoplasia and include cytotologic evaluation of the urine and cystoscopy.
		After histologic-cytologic correlative studies revealed urine abnormalities in 2 cases of adenomatous polyps of prostatic urethra, a comprehensive retrospective review of the urine cytologic test findings associated with cases of biopsy-- proven urethral adenomatous polyps with prostatic epithelium was done.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3725/is_200007/ai_n8921616 (1077 words)

	Pathology
		The prostate is a fibromuscular and glandular organ shaped like an inverted cone with its base in contact with the urinary bladder neck and the apex in contact with the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm.
		Behind the urethra, the two ejaculatory ducts traverse the prostate obliquely and antero-medially from its postero-superior margin to enter the prostatic urethra on either side of the prostatic utricle.
		Main prostatic glands: This layer constitutes the bulk of the organ occupying two-thirds of the gland.
	www.med-ed.virginia.edu /courses/path/gu/prostate1.cfm (566 words)

	Benign prostatic hypertrophy - enlarged prostate gland
		An enlarged prostate — known as benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH — is caused by an overgrowth of prostate cells.
		One of the main functions of the prostate is to produce an important liquefying component of semen, which allows the sperm to move freely.
		Although it is not prostate cancer, the symptoms of BPH are similar to those of prostate cancer so you should see your doctor if you start to experience problems passing urine.
	hcd2.bupa.co.uk /fact_sheets/Mosby_factsheets/BPH.html (1291 words)

	Patient's Favour / Surgeon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Devinderjit Dhatt, Member - The complainant Shri Khem Singh @ Khem Chand resident of Ropar was suffering from a stone the initial part of the prostatic urethra and was advised to undergo surgery by the doctors of General Hospital, Sector16, Chandigarh.
		Briefly the respondent-complainant was diagnosed to have stone in the initial part of prostatic urethra by General Hospital, Sector 16, Chandigarh, where he was advised to undergo surgery.
		The complainant/appelant was not in favour of undergoing surgery, therefore, on the opinion given by Dr. A.K. Gupta, a private medical practitioner, of Village Maloya, and also baseed on the advertisement in the newspaper that stones are removed without surgery, he went to the clinic of Kidney Stone Centre, Chandigarh on 12.2.1996.
	www.mdbrowse.com /Medicolegal1/patfav/surgeon.htm (3947 words)

	Urethra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Membranous Urethra- 1cm segment traversing the urogenital diaphragm
		Mucosal flap at jxn of membranous to ant urethra
		VCUG - balloning of prox prostatic urethra, narrowed dist half
	www.indyrad.iupui.edu /public/lectures/HTML/gu/bladder/urethra.htm (424 words)

	eMedicine - Prune Belly Syndrome : Article by Beverly P Wood, MD, MS, PhD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The urethra may be normal or portions of the corpus spongiosum may be absent and associated with megalourethra of the anterior urethra.
		The posterior urethra is elongated and dilated with a funnel-shaped appearance that resembles a posterior urethral valve; however, the presence of a valve is unusual in prune belly syndrome.
		The posterior urethra may be triangular in appearance secondary to the absence of the posterior lobe of the prostate.
	www.emedicine.com /radio/topic575.htm (2261 words)

	The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
		Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is the nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland from an increase in cellular growth.
		Enlargement of the transition zone that surrounds the prostatic urethra is recognized endoscopically by lateral or medial lobe hypertrophy.
		Prostate volume of 30 mL or greater was associated with a threefold increase in the risk of urinary retention.
	www.physsportsmed.com /issues/2002/04_02/wehle.htm (2914 words)

	Necropsy study of infarcts of prostate and prostatic urethra -- Jones and Howie 39 (11): 1221 -- Journal of Clinical ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Necropsy study of infarcts of prostate and prostatic urethra -- Jones and Howie 39 (11): 1221 -- Journal of Clinical Pathology
		Necropsy study of infarcts of prostate and prostatic urethra
		prostatic urethra is at risk of ischaemia in hypotensive patients with a
	jcp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/39/11/1221 (161 words)

	MR Imaging of the Male and Female Urethra -- Ryu and Kim 21 (5): 1169 -- RadioGraphics
		of the prostatic apex and the presence of hematoma or fibrosis
		and the displacement of the prostatic apex (23,24) (Fig 12).
		The outer ring of the urethra is disrupted in the left anterolateral portion (arrowhead), suggesting invasion of the outer muscle layer.
	radiographics.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/21/5/1169 (5521 words)

	Prostate
		Prostatic carcinoma: general, histologic treatment effect, core biopsies, adenocarcinoma of peripheral ducts, grading, immunohistochemistry, atypical glands suspicious for malignancy,
		Prostatic urethra begins on superior surface, descends almost vertically, with continuous prostatic utricle extending to posterior prostatic wall, exits anteriorly; divided into halves by sharp 35 degree angle midway, at site of verumontanum (bulge along posterior proximal urethra; site of emptying of ejaculatory, central and transition zone ducts)
		nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis, eosinophilic prostatitis, iatrogenic granulomas or parasitic infestation
	www.pathologyoutlines.com /prostatepf.html (3890 words)

	American Family Physician: Transurethral dilatation of the prostatic urethra - Tips from Other Journals
		However, studies suggest that transurethral dilatation of the prostatic urethra may produce the same results at lower cost and with fewer side effects.
		The base case used in the model was a 70-year-old man with benign prostatic hyperplasia and an average life expectancy of 11.8 years.
		Based on this analysis, the authors suggest that balloon dilatation may be the preferred method of treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia in patients who meet the eligibility criteria for the procedure.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_n4_v48/ai_14237517 (461 words)

	CT Signs of Urethral Injury -- Ali et al. 23 (4): 951 -- RadioGraphics
		Note that the UGD (arrows) is contiguous to the prostatic apex (a).
		The balloon of a Foley catheter (b) is seen in the prostatic urethra.
		Note the air in the urethra, which resulted from an unsuccessful attempt at catheterization.
	radiographics.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/figsonly/23/4/951 (2049 words)

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