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Topic: Protarchaeopteryx

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	Protarchaeopteryx - Enchanted Learning Software
		Protarchaeopteryx (meaning "early ancient wing") was a feathered, meat-eating (theropod) dinosaur dating from the late Jurassic period to perhaps the early Cretaceous period, roughly 121-135 million years ago.
		Protarchaeopteryx had feathers covering its short arms, most of its body, and as a fan on its short tail.
		Protarchaeopteryx had long legs, short arms, and was about the size of a turkey, about 3 feet (1 m) tall.
	www.zoomdinosaurs.com /subjects/dinosaurs/dinos/Protarchaeopteryx.shtml (641 words)

	International Research Team Announces Discovery Of Two Species Of Feathered Dinosaurs
		Protarchaeopteryx is about the size of a modern-day turkey, and was close to maturity when it died.
		The analysis showed that neither Caudipteryx nor Protarchaeopteryx was a true bird, but that both were dinosaurs that were very closely related to birds - indeed, Caudipteryx was determined to be one of the dinosaurs most closely related to true birds.
		Protarchaeopteryx was found to be more primitive, and may be a close relative to the Velociraptorinae, a group of dinosaurs that takes its name from its most famous member, Velociraptor, although that relationship is not yet fully resolved.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-06/AMoN-IRTA-240698.php (998 words)

	- On the Alleged Dinosaurian Ancestry of Birds -
		The discoveries of Protarchaeopteryx and Caudipteryx were preceded by the discovery of Sinosauropteryx prima, a small theropod, similar to Compsognathus, that had short, fibrous structures along its spine and on other parts of its body.
		This means, according to the proposed phylogenetic positioning of Protarchaeopteryx, that this feature was either (a) developed in Protarchaeopteryx after it split from the lineage leading to dromaeosaurids or (b) was lost in the dromaeosaurid lineage after Protarchaeopteryx split (since it is not present in Dromaeosauridae).
		Protarchaeopteryx, a new genus of Archaeopterygidae in China.
	www.trueorigin.org /birdevo.asp (11091 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Protarchaeopteryx (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Well-developed, vaned feathers extended from the short, stubby tail; the hands were long and slender, and had three-fingered clawed hands.
		Protarchaeopteryx, known from the Yixian formation of China, lived in the Aptian age of the Early Cretaceous.
		Since modern birds that have symmetrical feathers are flightless, and the skeletal structure of Protarchaeopteryx would not support flapping flight, it is assumed that the Protarchaeopteryx was flightless as well.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Protarchaeopteryx (206 words)

	What are Feathers?
		Caudipteryx, Protarchaeopteryx, Microraptor, a new Sinornithosaurus specimen, and the unnamed Yixian dromaeosaurid also have what are clearly remiges - larger feathers with a stiffened central vein (rachis) that fit together as a fan or wing to make a more-or-less continuous surface.
		The exact relationships of Protarchaeopteryx are uncertain, but it seems clear that it was definitely not a flightless bird.
		Caudipteryx and Protarchaeopteryx are clearly too large to have done much climbing, and their relatively short forelimbs would have made it even more difficult.
	www.geocities.com /dannsdinosaurs/whatfeat.html (2079 words)

	Feathered non-avian theropods found
		Protarchaeopteryx and Caudipteryx were approximately turkey-sized with long legs suitable for swift running.
		The tail of Protarchaeopteryx was comprised of up to 28 vertebrae, similar to non-avian theropods, while Caudipteryx's tail was comprised of 22 vertebrae like that of Archaeopteryx.
		The forelimbs of Protarchaeopteryx were shorter, compared with the femur, than in birds but was longer than those of long-armed non-avian coelurosaur theropods such as the dromaeosaurs.
	www.dinosauria.com /jdp/archie/protocaud.html (541 words)

	New Protarchaeopteryx specimens found (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Unlike Archaeopteryx, however, Protarchaeopteryx's feathers are symmetrical, indicating that Protarchaeopteryx may not have been able to fly.
		Protarchaeopteryx was discovered in the same locality that produced Liaoningornis, the oldest "modern" bird, Confuciusornis, the oldest known toothless bird, and Sinosauropteryx, a compsognathid dinosaur preserved with what may have been feathers or protofeathers.
		The locality, near Liaoning, China, preserves a lake environment in a fine layer of ash, perhaps produced by a catastrophic volcanic eruption that instantaneously covered and preserved the area.
	www.dinosauria.com /jdp/archie/protarchaeopteryx.html (177 words)

	Caudipteryx - Enchanted Learning Software
		Protarchaeopteryx - Long, symmetrical feathers on arms and tail, but it probably could not fly (from China, 121-135 mya).
		These fossils, Sinosauropteryx and the more primitive Protarchaeopteryx robusta have features which are more dinosaur-like than bird-like, and are considered to be theropod dinosaurs.
		Two specimens of the fossil Caudipteryx have been found in the sediment of an ancient lake bed in China's Liaoning Province (in northeastern China) and were identified by Philip Currie.
	www.zoomdinosaurs.com /subjects/dinosaurs/dinos/Caudipteryx.shtml (713 words)

	Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In contrast with Archaeopteryx, Confuciusornis, Protarchaeopteryx and many non-avian theropods (ornithomimids, troodontids, dromaeosaurids and oviraptorids), the manus is relatively short compared with the femur.
		The placement of Protarchaeopteryx as the sister group to Caudipteryx + Avialae, as the sister group to Velociraptorinae, or as the sister group to Velociraptorinae + (Caudipteryx + Avialae) are equally well supported by the data.
		The relatively long legs of Protarchaeopteryx and Caudipteryx, both of which have the hallux positioned high and orientated anteromedially, indicate that they were ground-dwelling runners.
	www.natureasia.com /get.pl5/japan/nature/chinosouzou/25ji/index.html (3307 words)

	Discussions by Yann Oliver (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the dinosaur family tree, Sinosauropteryx is not particularly close to birds: the tyrannosaurs, ostrich dinosaurs and troodonts were roughly as close to birds as it, and deinonychosaurs and oviraptors were much closer.
		Protarchaeopteryx is an Early Cretaceous Chinese dinosaur about turkey-sized, with long limbs, and arms longer than those of other theropods but shorter than Archaeopteryx'.
		The feathers are similar to modern feathers (rachis, barbs and barbicles), but they are symmetrical, hence Protarchaeopteryx could probably not fly, though this is not certain.
	www.dinodata.org /Discussions/dino/birds2.html (1219 words)

	Indices Academiatrum, a Dialogue on an AIG Webcast with Jonathan Sarfati - TheologyWeb Campus
		The claims that Protarchaeopteryx and Caudipteryx are neoflightless Aves, and not members of Coelurosauria rest on one character, and one character alone: the presence of what are undeniably feathers in these taxa (Feduccia 1996, 1999, 2002).
		The arguments raised in protest to this phylogenetic semantics are not to be construed as disputing neoflightless status of these taxa (which is almost certain), but rather to reiterate that the osteology of the respective genera displays characters synapomorphic of Theropoda, and thus their status as theropods is well substantiated.
		While the Protarchaeopteryx material is not particularly well preserved, what material is available displays the same catalogue of synapomorphies seen in its closest relative, the urvogel, that ally both with Deinonychosauria.
	www.theologyweb.com /forum/showthread.php?p=241020 (5105 words)

	Early Cretaceous CHINA Liaoning Safari feathered dinosaurs Beipiaosaurus Caudipteryx Dilong Microraptor Sinornithosaurus
		All of these dinosaurs exhibit the remains of integumentary fibres that are either definitely feathers (Protarchaeopteryx and Caudipteryx) or more arguably some sort of proto-feather.
		Feathers clearly did not evolve primarily for flight, and may have developed for insulation, display, or even as a metabolic clearance system for excess sulphur), it is generally considered that the discovery of a genuine feathered dinosaur would be the definitive proof of the dinosaurian origin of birds.
		Protarchaeopteryx and Caudipteryx were first announced as basal birds, largely on the basis of their feathers.
	www.dinosaurcollector.150m.com /featheredDinosaurs.html (1194 words)

	Feathers Don't Make the Bird - fossil found in china appears to be a dinosaur with feathers - Brief Article Discover - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		For many paleontologists, these overlapping bird and dinosaur features sealed the 30-year argument that birds are the direct descendants of such dinosaurs.
		The analysis produced a sort of family tree, with its first split coming between the lineage leading to Velociraptor and the line leading to all the other dinosaurs and birds.
		Protarchaeopteryx branched off this line soon after that, and then Caudipteryx's ancestry split away from that of Archaeopteryx and all modern birds.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1511/is_1_20/ai_53501795 (886 words)

	Dinosaur News continued (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Should the fossils turn out to be dinosaurs, instead of early, flightless birds, the assumption that birds are direct decendents of dinosaurs would be almost fact.
		The two animals which currently is being called "dinosaurs", were of a species named "Protarchaeopteryx robusta".
		He says that Protarchaeopteryx were more advanced birds that evolved back to being flightless.
	members.tripod.com /~Dinoman_17/index-news2.html (205 words)

	"Feathered" Dinosaurs
		The symmetrical feathers on the arms and tail or Protarchaeopteryx, and the extremely long legs and small forelimbs, indicate that the creature could not fly.
		The skeleton is completely preserved, with long feathers around the forelimbs up to 52 mm long, and shorter unbranched filaments covering the body from 20-32 mm around the head and neck up to 50 mm on the hind limbs.
		There is however a small fan-like structure at the end of the tail that seems to have been made up of the same sort of hair-like filaments seen elsewhere on the body.
	www.geocities.com /dannsdinosaurs/featdino.html (2717 words)

	Dinosaur special: Welcome to Dinotopia - evolution - 21 May 2005 - New Scientist
		He called one protarchaeopteryx because it looked like a primitive version of the oldest-known bird, archaeopteryx.
		And while microscopic examination showed that sinosauropteryx's frill was made of filaments rather than real feathers, both protarchaeopteryx and caudipteryx had the real thing.
		Sinosauropteryx had simple filaments; protarchaeopteryx had feathers very similar to those on a modern bird.
	www.newscientist.com /channel/life/evolution/mg18625001.900 (3707 words)

	Feathered Dinosaurs
		Protarchaeopteryx robusta, found in northeastern China, has dinosaur features along with recognizable feathers on its tail (upper left).
		For instance, the animals were the same size and all had body feathers, but two of them had much shorter arms than the third.
		It joins Protarchaeopteryx and Confuciusornis—a creature with relatively short, clawed wings that was probably one of the first birds to fly well—and Sinosauropteryx, one of the most important dinosaur finds of the 20th century.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/Evolution/Feathers/feathered_dinosaurs.htm (863 words)

	Are birds feathered dinosaurs?
		By contrast, Protarchaeopteryx and Caudipteryx are said to possess feathers identical to those of modern non-flying birds.
		Despite its name, Protarchaeopteryx is later than Archaeopteryx, the famous fossil from Late Jurassic Germany - and Archaeopteryx, certainly, was a true bird.
		For this reason, advocates of the theropod hypothesis view this region as a "refugium" - an isolated area in which relict species survived much longer than elsewhere.
	www.biblicalcreation.org.uk /scientific_issues/bcs107.html (1061 words)

	Dino (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		One creature, Protarchaeopteryx, has already been described in a preliminary report: this is the first full-length treatment.
		This animal falls on the family tree somewhere between Velociraptor and Protarchaeopteryx on the one hand, and the historically important fossil bird Archaeopteryx on the other.
		It is unlikely that either of the feathered dinosaurs could have flown: the function of the feathers will be a matter of lively speculation.
	www.teachtheteachers.org /projects/KDecroo/public_html/dino.htm (205 words)

	EXN.ca \| Discovery
		In order to determine where Caudipteryx and Protarchaeopteryx, the other new species discovered, fit into the dinosaur-bird family tree, the research team looked at 90 characteristics seen in dinosaur fossils.
		The analysis showed that Caudipteryx had 80 of those characteristics - 75 of which are not seen in birds.
		The team thus determined that Caudipteryx was very closely related to birds, while Protarchaeopteryx was found to be more primitive.
	www.exn.ca /Stories/1998/06/24/51.asp (739 words)

	Press Events @ nationalgeographic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Protarchaeopteryx robusta: a 3-foot (0.9-meter) possible precursor to Archaeopteryx, the earliest known bird;
		I think Caudipteryx was running and jumping and trying to fly, but he couldn’t, because his feathers were symmetrical [without the narrower leading edge needed for true flight] and too short.
		I think there is generally an evolutionary tendency from Sinosauropteryx to Caudipteryx to Protarchaeopteryx to Archaeopteryx to modern birds.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /events/98/dinosaurs/interview.html (698 words)

	The Awesome Library Search Results
		Sinosauropteryx prima, Caudipteryx zoui, Confuciusornis, and Protarchaeopteryx robusta were feathered dinosaurs, whereas Archaeopteryx was the oldest known bird.
		However, two more types of feathered dinosaurs were found in 1998, supporting very strongly the theory that birds evolved from dinosaurs.
		Provides a comprehensive and well-organized study of dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures, oriented to children and teens.
	www.awesomelibrary.org /cgi-bin/search-aw1-e.cgi?terms=dinosaurs (887 words)

	Caudipteryx (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Caudipteryx is one of the few non-avian dinosaurs for which feathery impressions are known.
		The only others (Sinosauropteryx, Protarchaeopteryx, Beipiaosaurus, and Sinornithosaurus) come from the same site and have also only recently been discovered.
		Caudipteryx specimens were at first mistaken for Protarchaeopteryx specimens.
	www.ircs.upenn.edu /cogsci2000/caudipteryx.html (129 words)

	Birds: the earliest birds
		The same area of China that yielded fossils of Sinosauropteryx and Caudipteryx has also been the site of several early bird discoveries.
		Protarchaeopteryx is a 120 million year old bird that appears even more primitive than Archaeopteryx - it probably glided rather than flapped its wings.
		Confuciusornis ('sacred Confucius bird'), also dated to the early Cretaceous period, was probably one of the first birds that could fly well.
	www.nhm.org /journey/prehist/birds/earliest.html (422 words)

	[No title]
		They are a generalized maniraptoran and an oviraptorosaur, respectively.
		The dinosaurs from Tyrannosauroidea up to birds on this cladogram are noted by a reduction in the number of tail vertebrae; this is particularly true of birds and their closest relatives.
		No one has questioned the feathers on Protarchaeopteryx; the only question was whether or not it was a bird.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/wells/holtzemail.txt (779 words)

	Dinosaur Decendants @ Planet Dinosaur
		The filamentous structures on the skin of Sinosauropteryx are similar to the barbs of feathers, which suggests that feathers evolved from a much simpler structure that probably functioned as an insulator.
		True feathers of several types, including contour and body feathers, have been found in the 125-million-year-old feathered oviraptorid Caudipteryx and the apparently related Protarchaeopteryx.
		Because these animals were not birds and did not fly, it is now evident that true feathers neither evolved first in birds nor developed for the purpose of flight.
	planetdinosaur.com /dinosaurs/descendants.htm (635 words)

	Kinetosaurs: Digging up Dinosaurs
		Caudipteryx's feathers are key evidence that birds evolved from dinosaurs.
		Protarchaeopteryx had long, symmetrical feathers, but probably couldn't fly.
		Confuciousornus is the earliest-known bird that flew much like modern birds.
	www.childrensmuseum.org /special_exhibits/kinetosaur/a3.html (72 words)

	Did Birds Evolve From Dinosaurs?
		It has short arms and other skeletal properties indicating that it may be related to the theropod Compsognathus, which is not especially close to birds or other maniraptorans.
		The second creature, Protarchaeopteryx, apparently has short, true feathers on its body and has longer feathers attached to its tail." (p.
		One important question surrounding the fossil is whether the tail feathers actually belong to Protarchaeopteryx.
	www.rae.org /birds.html (3053 words)

	What? Another feathered dinosaur claim?
		Many news agencies have reported on two fossils found in Northern China that are claimed to be feathered theropods (meat-eating dinosaurs).
		The fossils, Protarchaeopteryx robusta and Caudipteryx zoui, are claimed to be ‘the immediate ancestors of the first birds’.
		We should remember that the media often sensationalize ‘proofs’ of evolution, but the later disproofs hardly rate a mention, even by other evolutionists.
	www.answersingenesis.org /docs/3378.asp (326 words)

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