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Topic: Proteaceae

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	The Immemorial Proteaceae
		This inquiry about the ancient roots of the Proteaceae began by chancing upon an important paleobotanical theory by Ronald Melville, set forth in 1960, (4) and in 1983, (5), regarding the origin of the angiosperm (and in the course of events, its family Proteaceae).
		Indeed, absence of Nothofagus from Africa is a remarkable substantiation to the stark reduction of Proteaceae tribes in Africa.
		The Proteaceae and other angiosperms must have created evolutionary challenges to those then-living reptiles to climb, to cling, and to move freely among their branches; to find shelter there from Gondwanaland cold and predators; and to reach nectar-and-pollen-laden Proteaceae flowers, which, characteristically are at the tips of leafy branches that sway in the wind.
	flwildflowers.com /immemorialproteaceae (5504 words)

	Protoceaceae Factsheet - Gardening Australia - ABC (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Proteaceae is an ancient plant family which, according to some sources, has been around for fifty million years.
		Proteaceae are fast growing, evergreen, grow in a wide range of places, and will even tolerate poor soil.
		Proteaceae need to be planted in well drained soil since their fine root systems need plenty of air around them.
	www.abc.net.au /gardening/stories/s344205.htm (394 words)

	PROTEACEAE : Encyclopedia Entry
		Proteaceae are mainly a southern hemisphere family, with its main centres of diversity in Australia and South Africa.
		The framework for classification of the genera within Proteaceae was laid in 1975 by L.
		Many Proteaceae species are cultivated by the nursery industry, as barrier plants and for their prominent and distinctive flowers and foliage.
	www.bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Proteaceae (666 words)

	Proteaceae Floral Crops: Cultivar Development and Underexploited Uses
		The Proteaceae apparently originated on the southern supercontinent Gondwana long before it divided and began drifting apart during the Mesozoic era, accounting for the presence of the Proteaceae on all of the southern continents (Brits 1984a).
		Selected Proteaceae floral crops were analyzed for their potential profitability, on a hypothetical 4 ha farm, and determined to be profitable, given adequate farm management and marketing.
		Interspecific hybridization in Protea, Leucospermum, and Leucadendron (Proteaceae).
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-410.html (10974 words)

	Proteaceae - Australian plants
		The plant family Proteaceae is familiar to nearly all Australians because it includes Banksia, Grevillea, Macadamia, the waratahs and many other common, eye-catching native trees and shrubs.
		The Proteaceae family is almost entirely restricted to the continental landmasses of the southern hemisphere.
		For example, the macadamias and their closest relatives are endemic to Australia, but they also have close relatives, which are different species of the same family, in Sulawesi (also Macadamia), South Africa (Brabejum) and tropical South America (Panopsis).
	www.amonline.net.au /factsheets/proteaceae.htm (422 words)

	Proteaceae
		The studies of Johnson & Briggs (1981) have revealed two independent relict lines of Proteaceae in Madagascar.
		From a base number of N = 14 for subfamily Proteoideae, chromosomal evolution indicates aneuploid reductions from Cenarrhenes (N = 14) to Agastachys (N = 13), Beauprea and Beaupreopsis (N = 11), and Symphionema (N = 10), as well as polyploidy in Dilobeia (N = 24).
		Relationships among the genera are not fully resolved, but if Malagasia is most closely related to Heliciopsis as suggested by Johnson & Briggs (1981), then one could propose rafting of the ancestors of Heliciopsis on India, dispersal into W. Malesia, and subsequent extinction in India.
	www.mobot.org /MOBOT/Madagasc/biomad3.html (171 words)

	The Protea Family (Proteaceae)
		The South African and Australian Proteaceae tend to be at their best in warm, dry conditions and often thrive in coastal areas.
		Some proteaceae can make good container plants, but you will have to be careful with your choice of potting mixes and fertilisers.
		Species of this genus are the most widely grown of the South African Proteaceae and many are valued for the long-lasting qualities of their flower bracts once cut.
	coolexotics.com /articles/article-4-the-protea-family-proteaceae.html (0 words)

	Botanic Gardens Trust - Drifting waratahs or continents?
		The Proteaceae is mainly confined to landmasses that once formed the ancient supercontinent Gondwana.
		The family Proteaceae — containing iconic plants like waratahs, banksias, grevilleas and hakeas — is represented on all of the continental landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere, with some extensions into the Northern Hemisphere and the Pacific Islands.
		For example, we expect the Proteaceae of New Caledonia and Australia to be more closely related to each other than they are to African Proteaceae because the African continent rifted from the rest of Gondwana earlier than either Australia or New Caledonia.
	www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au /whats_new/drifting_waratahs_or_continents (449 words)

	UWA Library - Digital Theses - adt-WU2004.0040
		Proteaceae is a major component of the south-western flora, though little is known about how its diversity developed.
		Although Proteaceae species were a consistent component of the pollen counts, diversity and abundance (maximum of 5%) was low throughout the studied section.
		Proteaceae species were noted throughout the core, though in low numbers, at a maximum of 3.5 % of the total pollen rain.
	theses.library.uwa.edu.au /adt-WU2004.0040 (595 words)

	Proteaceae Family Factsheet - Gardening Australia - ABC
		The Proteaceae family are a beautiful and diverse group of plants.
		The Proteaceae's success in Australia is partly due to their ability to grow on low-nutrient soils.
		The Proteaceae have developed various mechanisms for surviving fire, an essential for success in Australia.
	www.abc.net.au /gardening/stories/s4259.htm (406 words)

	Proteaceae, Proteaceae pollen (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although Proteaceae were traditionally thought to belong within the rosids, considerable recent progress in angiosperm phylogenetics has revealed an unsuspected, very well supported association with the monogeneric families Platanaceae (10 species) and Nelumbonaceae (1 species).
		This project is to investigate how the pollen morphology of modern and fossil Proteaceae may contribute to a better understanding of their evolutionary history.
		Using cladistic methods, the palynological variation of extant Proteaceae will be mapped onto their phylogeny and the question of where fossil pollen might branch on the tree will be addressed.
	www.nrm.se /researchandcollections/palaeontology/palaeobotany/research/amphitropicalangiosperms/contributionofpollenmorphology.4.5fdc727f10d795b1c6e80009657.html.printable (300 words)

	Proteaceae/Hoot (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Proteaceae is a moderately sized family consisting of 79 genera and approximately 1700 species, distributed predominantly in the Southern Hemisphere.
		All flowers of Proteaceae have four tepals that are valvate in bud, four basifixed stamens, each one directly opposite or attached to a tepal lobe, and a single carpel.
		Johnson, L.A.S. and Briggs, B.G. On the Proteaceae – the evolution and classification of a southern family.
	www.uwm.edu /People/hoot/Prot.html (237 words)

	HortFACT - Proteaceae - Flower and Foliage Production
		The clone must be resistant to local frost levels, able to withstand seasonal rainfall and wind patterns, and be suitable for local soil types and fertility.
		Proteaceae known to be currently trading successfully from New Zealand to international markets are listed below.
		In their native habitat Proteaceae are subject to a wide range of pests and diseases.
	www.hortnet.co.nz /publications/hortfacts/hf308001.htm (4510 words)

	Protea cynaroides
		Protea cynaroides is part of an ancient plant family, the Proteaceae, which had already divided into two subfamilies before the break-up of the Gondwanaland continent about 140 million years ago.
		Other well-known genera of the Proteaceae are the Leucospermum with the brightly coloured "pincushion" flowers, Leucadendron with yellow or red-brown foliage and Serruria, of which the Serruria florida or "Blushing Bride" with its pale pink flowers is widely used in bridal bouquets.
		Protea cynaroides has one of the widest distribution ranges of all the Proteaceae and occurs from the Cedarberg in the northwest to Grahamstown in the east.
	www.plantzafrica.com /plantnop/proteacyna.htm (1072 words)

	Cluster (Proteoid) Roots
		Adolf Engler described an unusual root morphology of plants in the family Proteaceae growing in Leipzig Botanic Gardens.
		She observed this structure in all but one (Persoonia) genera of the family Proteaceae, so the name ‘proteoid root’ stems from the plant family in which it was first discovered.
		The evolution of the cluster roots and their phylogenetic distribution is interesting: the diversity of response, together with the increasing number of families in which proteoid roots have been observed, suggests that proteoid roots have evolved independently.
	www.tau.ac.il /~ecology/virtau/3-philip_nemoy/cluster_roots.htm (1412 words)

	Aulax umbellata
		Aulax umbellata is part of an ancient plant family, the Proteaceae, which had already divided into two subfamilies, the Proteoideae and the Grevilleoideae, before the break-up of the Gondwanaland continent about 140 million years ago.
		Other well-known genera of the Proteaceae are Leucospermum with brightly coloured pincushion flowers, Protea with some of the most spectacular flowers imaginable, Leucadendron with decorative woody cones and Serruria, of which Serruria florida, the blushing bride, with its beautful pale pink flowers is the most well-known.
		The fire itself, as well as the smoke it produces, is thought to play a role in damaging the thick seed coat of the small nuts and stimulating the germination process.
	www.plantzafrica.com /plantab/aulaxumbell.htm (905 words)

	Proteaceae (Site not responding. Last check: )
		"Proteaceae" is a common misspelling or typo for: Predecease, Protease.
		The Proteaceae are a large family of flowering plants of about 80 genera and 1500 species, included in the order Proteales.
		"Proteaceae" is used about 2 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /Pr/Proteaceae.html (449 words)

	Solar radiation as a factor in the evolution of scleromorphic leaf anatomy in Proteaceae -- Jordan et al. 92 (5): 789 ...
		Barker N. Weston P. Rourke G. Reeves 2002 The relationships of the southern African Proteaceae as elucidated by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequence data.
		Carpenter R. Jordan R. Hill 1994 Banksieaephyllum taylorii (Proteaceae) from the Late Paleocene of New South Wales and its relevance to the origin of Australia's scleromorphic flora.
		Hill R. 1998 Fossil evidence for the onset of xeromorphy and scleromorphy in Australian Proteaceae.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/92/5/789 (4066 words)

	The Protea Family (Proteaceae) - Landscaping-Gardening (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The South African and Australian Proteaceae tend to be at their best in warm, dry conditions and often thrive in coastal areas.
		Some proteaceae can make good container plants, but you will have to be careful with your choice of potting mixes and fertilisers.
		Species of this genus are the most widely grown of the South African Proteaceae and many are valued for the long-lasting qualities of their flower bracts once cut.
	www.advancingwomen.com /landscaping/649.php (5932 words)

	Lets Atlas out Alien Proteaceae too!
		The Proteaceae family is concentrated in temperate Australia (about 700 species) and in the Cape (about 350 species).
		Proteaceae shrubs are usually the dominant woody plants on most nutrient-poor soils in both regions: Protea, Leucadendron and Leucospermum are prominent in the Cape, whereas Banksia and Hakea are conspicuous in Australia.
		If you are particularly keen you may note (in the Additional Comments Box) the incidence of weevils, the proportion of follicles killed, or the proportion of plants infected or killed by the fungus.
	protea.worldonline.co.za /p8hak.htm (1368 words)

	Proteaceae, Proteaceae pollen, Proteaceae morphology,
		Proteaceae består av 79 släkten och omkring 1700 arter av vedartade angiospermer spridda över södra halvklotets tempererade och tropiska zoner med två anmärkningsvärt differentierade centra, ett i Sydafrikas Kapregion (14 släkten, av vilka 11 är endemiska) och det andra i sydvästra och östra Australien (47 släkten, varav 38 är endemiska).
		Proteaceae har traditionellt ansetts tillhöra rosiderna men åtskilliga nyare rön inom angiospermfylogeni har avslöjat en oväntad, mycket väl understödd förbindelse till familjerna Platanaceae (10 arter) och Nelumbonaceae (1 art).
		Detta projekt ämnar undersöka hur pollenmorfologin hos nutida och fossila Proteaceae kan bidraga till att bättre förstå deras evlutionära historia.
	www.nrm.se /forskningochsamlingar/fossil/paleobotanik/forskning/amfitropiskaangiospermer/bidraggenompollenmorfologi.4.4e32c8104f585693780004549.html.printable (332 words)

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