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	Proteasome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The importance of proteolytic degradation inside cells and the role of ubiquitin in proteolytic pathways was acknowledged in the awarding of the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose.
		Trought the cascade of E1 ubiquitin activating, E2 ubiquitin conjugating, and E3 ubiquitin ligase enzymes, ubiquitin monomers are attached sequentially to the target proteins The polyubiquitinated proteins are then recognized by the 26S proteasome, a large ATP-dependent multicatalytic protease, which removes the ubiquitin chain and degrades the proteins to short peptides.
		The proteasome is hollow, providing an enclosed space for protein digestion, and has openings at the two ends to allow entry of the targeted protein.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proteasome (578 words)

	The Proteasomes
		Proteasomes are protein degradative machines that are found in the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
		Proteasomes are cylindrical structures very similar to hsp60 chaperonins (we'll discuss this later).
		In the case of proteasomes, the proteins in the cytoplasm must be protected from the proteolytic processes.
	homepages.bw.edu /~mbumbuli/cell/protlec (1446 words)

	Xray - Thermoplasma proteasome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The proteasome is widely recognized as the central enzyme of non-lysosomal protein degradation.
		The 26S proteasome, which contains the 20S proteasome as catalytic core degrades ubiquitinated proteins in an ATP dependent manner and is the proteolytic enzyme of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway of cytosolic protein turnover.
		Proteasomes occur in the cytosol and in the nuclei of all eukaryotic cells examined so far and they have also been found in the archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum (Dahlmann et al., 1992).
	www.biochem.mpg.de /xray/projects/hubome/rpr.html (627 words)

	Proteasomes.com: Biochemicals for Ubiquitin - Proteasome Research
		Thus, the proteasome is implicated in numerous, important biological functions.
		The proteasome is responsible for removing damaged, misfolded, nonfunctional and potentially toxic proteins from the cell.
		For example, positive and negative regulators of apoptosis and cell division are subject to proteasomal degradation in a temporally and highly restrained way, thus illustrating the ability of the proteasome to assume two roles in Cellular apoptosis and proliferation.
	www.proteasomes.com (691 words)

	Structure of the proteasome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The role of this 19S particle, which "caps" each extremity of the 20S proteasome is to unfold the protein substrates to inject them into the 20S proteasome and to stimulate the proteolytic activity.
		Despite the difference in subunit composition, the proteasome from archaebacteria to eukaryotes have the same basic architecture, which under the electron microscope appears as a cylinder shaped particle, made up of four stacked rings with dimensions of approximately 15 nm in height and 11 nm in diameter.
		This generation of peptides of defined length is of biological relevance in the context of the implication of the eukariotic proteasome in the antigen presentation by MHC molecules during the T-cell immune response
	delphi.phys.univ-tours.fr /Prolysis/proteasome.html (545 words)

	Psmb10 - Proteasome subunit beta type 10 precursor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Molecular cloning of the mouse proteasome subunits MC14 and MECL-1: reciprocally regulated tissue expression of interferon-gamma-modulated proteasome subunits.
		LMP2 is required for MECL-1 incorporation at the level of proteasome precursor formation that guarantees the concerted incorporation of two IFN-gamma-inducible proteasome subunits encoded inside and outside the MHC.
		We compared the 20S proteasome subunit pattern from IFN-gamma- induced and non- induced mouse fibroblasts on two-dimensional gels and identified a third subunit exchange by microsequencing: the non-MHC-encoded subunit MECL-1 is induced by IFN-gamma and replaces a sofar barely characterized beta subunit designated ' MC14'.
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gg/123793.html (1090 words)

	Ubiquitin, proteasome, COP9 signalosome, and TPPII research - BIOMOL International LP
		The SCF family of ubiquitin-protein ligases may be responsible for protein ubiquitinylation in the G1/S phase and the related APC/cyclosome complexes perform the same function in G2/M. The search continues for further substrates that are targeted for degradation during the cell cycle and cytokinesis (King et al., 1996).
		Maybe, the ubiquitinylation/26S proteasomal apparatus is focussed on the pericentriolar region not only to facilitate cell division but also to ubiquitinylate mutant proteins (and excess wild-type proteins?) which have been removed from the ER by the ER-quality control system (Hiller et al., 1996).
		The basis of the utilisation of ubiquitin (and attachable ubiquitons) is the formation of an isopeptide bond between the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxyl-terminal glycine residue of ubiquitin and the e-amino group of a lysine residue within a target protein.
	www.proteasome.com /proteolysis2000.htm (3251 words)

	Allelic Differences in the Relationship Between Proteasome Activity and MHC Class I Peptide Loading -- Benham et al. ...
		for 2 h in the presence or the absence of proteasome inhibitor.
		HLA-A3 is not altered by the decline in proteasome activity, whereas the stability of HLA-A68 declines with the trypsin-like activity of the proteasome.
		Inhibitors of the proteasome block the degradation of most cell proteins and the generation of peptides presented on MHC class I molecules.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/161/1/83 (6330 words)

	Nob1p is required for biogenesis of the 26S proteasome and degraded upon its maturation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Because proteasomes are assembled in the nucleus (Lehmann et al.
		Only after making a tight complex between the 20S proteasome and the 19S RP is Nob1p internalized in the 26S proteasome (step 5) and degraded inside the newly formed proteasome (step 6).
		Saeki, Y., Toh-e, A., and Yokosawa, H. Rapid isolation and characterization of the yeast proteasome regulatory complex.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/16/24/3142 (7068 words)

	Effects of the proteasome inhibitor ritonavir on glioma growth in vitro and in vivo -- Laurent et al. 3 (2): 129 -- ...
		Effects of the proteasome inhibitor ritonavir on glioma growth in vitro and in vivo -- Laurent et al.
		Proteasome is required for cell cycle progression (14, 15, 19).
		are inhibitors of the proteasome that are usable in vivo because
	mct.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/3/2/129 (5124 words)

	Proteasome Inhibitors Available from Peptides International
		Proteasomes are responsible for the selective degradation of proteins when cells no longer need them.
		he proteasome is a multisubunit complex responsible for the degradation of almost all cytosolic proteins.
		C-terminal peptide aldehydes were the first of several classes of compounds to be investigated as proteasome inhibitors.
	www.pepnet.com /proteasome.html (382 words)

	Retroviruses Have Differing Requirements for Proteasome Function in the Budding Process -- Ott et al. 77 (6): 3384 -- ...
		Rapid deubiquitination of nucleosomal histones in human tumor cells caused by proteasome inhibitors and stress response inducers: effects on replication, transcription, translation, and the cellular stress response.
		Proteasome inhibitors which induce neurite outgrowth from PC12h cells cause different subcellular accumulations of multi-ubiquitin chains.
		Budding of equine infectious anemia virus is insensitive to proteasome inhibitors.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/77/6/3384 (6664 words)

	The Proteasome
		Proteasomes deal primarily with endogenous proteins; that is, proteins that were synthesized within the cell such as:
		This causes three of the subunits in the core particle to be replaced by substitute subunits.
		The peptides generated in this altered proteasome are picked up by TAP (= transporter associated with antigen processing) proteins and transported from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum where
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Proteasome.html (674 words)

	Activity and Regulation of the Centrosome-associated Proteasome -- Fabunmi et al. 275 (1): 409 -- Journal of Biological ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The 26 S proteasome catalyzes the sequential removal of ubiquitin molecules from the distal end of polyubiquitin chains.
		to the centrosome in response to proteasome inhibition.
		is sufficient to induce recruitment of the proteasome (16).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/275/1/409 (4227 words)

	Role of Proteasomes in T Cell Activation and Proliferation -- Wang et al. 160 (2): 788 -- The Journal of Immunology
		B, The inhibitory effect of LAC on proteasome activity was reversible in the cells.
		by this assay was predominantly (>90%) derived from the proteasome
		Mechanistic studies on the inactivation of the proteasome by lactacystin: a central role for clasto-lactacystin ß-lactone.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/160/2/788 (8628 words)

	InterPro: IPR000243 Peptidase T1A, proteasome beta-subunit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The proteasome (or macropain) (3.4.25.1) [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ] is a eukaryotic and archaeal multicatalytic proteinase complex that seems to be involved in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent nonlysosomal proteolytic pathway.
		In eukaryotes the proteasome is composed of about 28 distinct subunits which form a highly ordered ring-shaped structure (20S ring) of about 700 kDa.
		Threonine peptidases are characterized by a threonine nucleophile at the N terminus of the mature enzyme.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR000243 (2928 words)

	Proteasome Activator Subunit 4 antibody (ab5620) datasheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		If Proteasome Activator Subunit 4 antibody (ab5620) does not perform as described on this datasheet, notify us within 90 days of delivery using this form, so that we can help you or offer you a replacement or a refund.
		Proteolytic degradation is critical to the maintenance of appropriate levels of short-lived and regulatory proteins as important and diverse as those involved in cellular metabolism, heat shock and stress response, antigen presentation, modulation of cell surface receptors and ion channels, cell cycle regulation, transcription, and signalling factors.
		Evidence suggests that this protein is involved in DNA repair, possibly by recruiting the proteasome to double-strand DNA breaks.
	www.abcam.com /?datasheet=5620 (661 words)

	Identification and characterization of a mammalian protein interacting with 20S proteasome precursors -- Burri et al. ...
		The proteasome is one of the major nonlysosomal proteases present in the cytosol and nucleus of cells.
		Cells were then solubilized, and cleared lysate was immunoprecipitated either with a monoclonal antibody against the ha epitope (lanes a and d) or with a polyclonal antibody against the proteasome (lanes b and c).
		Fractions (350 µl) were collected and assayed for proteasomal activity by incubating them with Bz-LLE-AMC and monitoring the increased fluorescence in arbitrary units (A.U.) emitted by the released fluorogenic group AMC.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/19/10348 (4480 words)

	Proteasome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The human proteasome subunit HsN3 is located in the inner rings of the complex dimer.
		Caption: Proteasomes from Thermoplasma acidophilum negatively stained with uranyl acetate.
		Caption: Human proteasomes that had reacted with a monoclonal antibody with specificity for subunit XAPC-7.
	delphi.phys.univ-tours.fr /Prolysis/microprot.html (120 words)

	The Proteasome, a Novel Protease Regulated by Multiple Mechanisms -- DeMartino and Slaughter 274 (32): 22123 -- Journal ...
		The proteasome is a 700,000-dalton, cylinder-shaped protease arranged as four axially stacked heptameric rings (4) (Fig.
		Binding of the proteasome to regulatory proteins such as PA700 and PA28 activates degradation of ubiquitinated proteins and peptides, respectively.
		The Role of the Proteasome in the Ubiquitin Pathway Is Mediated by the Regulatory Protein, PA700
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/274/32/22123 (4441 words)

	NOD Mice Are Defective in Proteasome Production and Activation of NF-kappa B -- Hayashi and Faustman 19 (12): 8646 -- ...
		Basal expression of the proteasome subunits LMP7, LMP10, and HC9
		In this study, we have identified a marked proteasome defect in NOD mice.
		The defect in proteasome function in NOD mouse splenocytes was evident from the impaired NF-
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/19/12/8646 (6993 words)

	Proteasome home page - proteasome home page - yes, proteasome home page
		While the 20 S proteasomedegrades only short peptides and is unable to degrade native proteins,the 26 S proteasome degrades native proteins linked with polyubiquitinchains with the use of ATP.
		The 20 S proteasome is the core of this structureand is arranged of four stacked rings, two outer alpha rings and two innerbeta rings, each ring consistent of 7 subunits.
		Note that in this corticalneuron, the proteasome is apparently present predominantly in the cytoplasm.
	www.ib.amwaw.edu.pl /home/cwojcik/proteas.htm (636 words)

	Mapping and Structural Dissection of Human 20 S Proteasome Using Proteomic Approaches -- Claverol et al. 1 (8): 567 -- ...
		20 S proteasome from erythrocytes (40 µg) was separated using a pH 3–10 non-linear IPG strip in the first dimension followed by a 12.5% SDS gel in the second dimension.
		Ermonval, M., Kitzmuller, C., Mir, A. M., Cacan, R., and Ivessa, N. (2001) N-glycan structure of a short-lived variant of ribophorin I expressed in the MadIA214 glycosylation-defective cell line reveals the role of a mannosidase that is not ER mannosidase I in the process of glycoprotein degradation.
		Bulteau, A., Petropoulos, I., and Friguet, B. (2000) Age-related alterations of proteasome structure and function in aging epidermis.
	www.mcponline.org /cgi/content/full/1/8/567 (5882 words)

	Pfam 18.0 : Proteasome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The family consists of the protease components of the archaeal and bacterial proteasomes and the
		ATP-dependent protease complexes are present in all three kingdoms of life, where they rid the cell of misfolded or damaged proteins and control the level of certain regulatory proteins.
		The proteasome (or macropain) (EC:3.4.25.1) MEDLINE:7682410, MEDLINE:2643381, MEDLINE:1317508, MEDLINE:7697118, MEDLINE:8882582 is a multicatalytic proteinase complex that is involved in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent non-lysosomal proteolytic pathway.
	pfam.wustl.edu /cgi-bin/getdesc?name=Proteasome (309 words)

	26S Proteasome subunit polyclonal antibodies from Research Diagnostics Inc
		Background: Proteolytic degradation is critical to the maintenance of appropriate levels of short-lived and regulatory proteins as important and diverse as those involved in, cellular metabolism, heat shock and stress response, antigen presentation, modulation of cell surface receptors and ion channels, cell cycle regulation, transcription, and signalling factors.
		This sequence is 93% conserved in the rat and chicken and 87% conserved in the mouse protein.
		-immunogen: peptide corresponding to amino acid residues 263-277 from human proteasome 20S Z. The sequence is 100% conserved in mouse and 97% in rat.
	www.researchd.com /miscabs/prot26s.htm (998 words)

	Properties of the hybrid form of the 26S proteasome containing both 19S and PA28 complexes
		−proteasome interaction, PA28 rings often dissociated from the 20S proteasome upon adsorption to the carbon film and could be seen as a top view adjacent to the proteasome (see, for example, the particle denoted PA28−20S−PA28).
		(B) Known forms of the proteasome: gallery of negatively stained particles and the corresponding average images.
		(1) 20S proteasomes with two 19S caps (19S−20S−19S); (2) proteasomes with one 19S cap (19S−20S); (3) 20S proteasomes (20S); (4) proteasomes with one PA28 cap (20S−PA28); and (5) proteasomes with two PA28 caps (20S−PA28).
	www.nature.com /emboj/journal/v21/n11/fig_tab/7594483f2.html (231 words)

	Proteasome 19S S6' antibody (ab3321) datasheet
		By Western blot, this antibody detects a 48 kDa protein representing proteasome 19S subunit S6' from HeLa cell lysate.
		If Proteasome 19S S6' antibody (ab3321) does not perform as described on this datasheet, notify us within 90 days of delivery using this form, so that we can help you or offer you a replacement or a refund.
		At Abcam, we have one centralized database to hold all of our product information, so that everything we know about this Proteasome 19S S6' antibody is on this datasheet.
	www.abcam.com /?datasheet=3321 (505 words)

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