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Topic: Protected areas of Finland

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	Finland
		The Republic of Finland (Finnish: Suomen tasavalta, Swedish: Republiken Finland) is a Nordic country in northeastern Europe, bordered by the Baltic Sea to the southwest, the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west.
		The climate in Southern Finland is a northern temperate climate.
		Finland's policy of neutrality was moderated further from "active neutrality" to "military non-alignment," with an emphasis on maintaining a competent independent defence.
	creekin.net /n66-finland.html (3219 words)

	Metsähallitus - A Network of Protected Areas Conserves Finland’s Nature
		Nature reserves, wilderness areas and hiking areas established on state-owned lands are the central parts of the protected area system in Finland.
		Nature conservation programme areas are then converted into protected areas by a law or by a statute drawn up by the Ministry of the Environment.
		Already established protected areas and areas which are part of nature conservation programmes are managed by Metsähallitus under the principles of protected area management.
	www.metsa.fi /page.asp?Section=1387 (343 words)

	Finland at Caribbean Topfunwebsites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1808, Finland was conquered by the armies of Alexander I of Russia and thereafter remained an autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in personal union with the Russian Empire until the end of 1917.
		When the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 Finland was surprised and suffered economically, but was free to follow her own course and joined the European Union in 1995, where Finland is an advocate of federalism contrary to the other Nordic countries that are predominantly supportive of confederalism.
		Today, Finland has Provinces of Finland ''(lääni, läänit)'' The province authority is part of the executive branch of the national government; a system that had not changed drastically since its creation in 1634 to the new division to "greater provinces" in 1997.
	www.topfunwebsites.com /guyana/finland.html (3239 words)

	Finland Resource Center - tom of finland
		The Republic of Finland (Finnish: Suomen tasavalta Swedish: Republiken Finland) is a Nordic country in northeastern Europe, bounded by the Baltic Sea to the southwest, the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west.
		Finland tom of finland gallery is a country of thousands of lakes and islands; 187,888 lakes and 179,584 islands to be precise.
		Finland's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country, map of finland which is even more pronounced after the 20th century urbanization.
	www.taxgloss.com /Tax-Banks_Cl_-_G-/Finland.html (2115 words)

	Parks.it - Parks, Reserves, and other Protected Areas in Finland
		Finland has an extensive network of protected areas, formed mainly by National Parks and Nature Reserves.
		Its purpose is to conserve for the present and future generations an adequate amount of representative and ecologically viable sample areas of all of Finland's ecosystems and biotopes.
		National Parks are protected areas exemplifying the more valuable and characteristic habitats and land forms in the country; their primary objective is nature protection, but they also play an important role in providing opportunities for recreation, hiking and similar outdoor pursuits.
	www.parks.it /world/FI/Eindex.html (217 words)

	A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas - Volume 1, Marine Region 6, Baltic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Baltic is an important area for birds, particularly in the shallow coastal lakes and lagoons in the south, and further north, in the thousands of islands of the archipelagos on the Finnish and Swedish coasts.
		In deeper areas north of the threshold there is usually a characteristic halocline: the surface Baltic water (8-10o/oo), an intermediate layer of surface water from the Kattegat (18-24o/oo), and the bottom layer of water from deeper layers in the Kattegat (30-34o/oo).
		The area is incorporated within a large national nature area (1978) and is a high priority area in county water quality management with a number of state and county reference localities for monitoring of benthic flora and fauna.
	www.deh.gov.au /coasts/mpa/nrsmpa/global/volume1/chapter6.html (13262 words)

	The Annotated Ramsar List: Finland
		The area of Vaahersalonlampi is a narrow sound of Lake Haukivesi, surrounded by extensive sedge meadows and an alder zone, which gradually transforms into pasturage with diverse meadows and an old-growth silver birch forest.
		The unbroken area is situated in the northwestern part of the province of Lapland bordered by Norway to the north and by Sweden to the south.
		Finland's largest national park and one of Europe's most extensive roadless and uninhabited wilderness areas, one in which all the mire types of northern forest Lapland can be found.
	www.ramsar.org /profile/profiles_finland.htm (8690 words)

	HERITAGE @ RISK: FINLAND
		Finland is a sparsely populated country and most people live in southern Finland around the capital, Helsinki.
		The areas are often protected by planning, but that is not enough to protect the originality of the buildings.
		Cemeteries are not protected, and their cultural historic value is not clear to the majority of those who make economic decisions in parishes.
	www.international.icomos.org /risk/finla_2000.htm (1104 words)

	Protected areas of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The protected areas of Finland include national parks, nature reserves and other areas, with a purpose of conserving areas of all of Finland's ecosystems and biotopes.
		Protected old-growth forest areas (Vanhat metsät) - 100 km²
		The state-ovned protected areas cover a total of 14,961 km² while 1,220 km² are on private land.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Protected_areas_of_Finland (156 words)

	IUCN - World Commission on Protected Areas
		Protected areas are a key component of this and there are a range of IUCN Protected Area Categories applied.
		Protected area legislation and wildlife conservation measures were established with the passing of two key acts: the Wild Animals Reservation and Protection Act 1960, amended 1992; and the National Parks Act 1961.
		National parks are established to protect scenic landscapes, important historical sites and rare plants or animal species, preserved in their natural habitats, or to conserve and protect both living natural resources and environments for the benefit of public education, recreation and tourism.
	www.iucn.org /THEMES/WCPA/ppa/WPALF_Docs.htm (4942 words)

	Metsähallitus - Nature Protection and Recreational Use
		Finland's protected areas are usually situated on state-owned lands and waters.
		Also northern wilderness reserves and national hiking areas are managed by us.
		Most of the protected and other special areas are suited also for recreation.
	www.metsa.fi /natural (76 words)

	Kostomukshsky Zapovednik - Russian Nature Reserve
		In 1990, the zapovednik was joined with protected areas in Finland to form the Finnish-Russian Nature Reserve Friendship, the first transboundary nature reserve for both countries.
		The wolves encircles one calf and move in for the kill, while the mother moose flings her front hooves at the plunderers with enough force to crack a canine skull.
		Failing to protect one of her offspring, she moves on in effort to save the other.
	www.wild-russia.org /bioregion2/2-kostomukshsky/2_kostom.htm (2440 words)

	birding facts Birding Resources by the Fat Birder
		Finland`s popularity with ornithologists is also greatly enhanced by the incomparable sights provided in late May and again in September-October by the mass migration offshore and water birds over the country on their way to and from the arctic.
		When you arrive in Finland on a birdwatching tour you will be coming to a country with an unspoiled natural environment, to enjoy the wind sighing in the forests, the light sparkling on the surfaces of the lakes and the freshness of the clean air.
		In August 1998, Finland`s Council of State decided to propose to the European Union Commission the inclusion in the Natura 2000 Network of a total of 1,457 areas compliant with the EU Habitat Directive or Bird Directive.
	www.fatbirder.com /links_geo/europe/finland.html (3044 words)

	Finland Deforestation Rates and Related Forestry Figures
		Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Finland has some 512 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
		Finland is home to at least 1102 species of vascular plants.
		Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy, with per capita output roughly that of the UK, France, Germany, and Italy.
	rainforests.mongabay.com /deforestation/2000/Finland.htm (762 words)

	Publication: 'Management Effectiveness Evaluation of Finland's Protected Areas'
		The evaluation was conducted in the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) framework, but was adapted to the conditions of Finland.
		The MEE was finalised by a field assessment, which included visits to representative protected area sites as well as meetings with NHS staff and representatives of directing and financing ministries, local stakeholder groups and NGOs.
		The evaluation gives the general rating that Finland's protected areas are well managed, and with some exceptions, they appear to be achieving their aims of conserving biodiversity.
	www.eurosite-nature.org /article.php3?id_article=321 (399 words)

	EU begins legal action against 6 nations for failing to meet environmental rules - iht,europe,EU Environment - Europe - ...
		It said it would take Finland to court over its failure to implement a 2003 EU court ruling to set aside more protected land for wild birds.
		Since then, the number of protected areas in Finland has increased, but still unprotected is the Nyham-Batskar Islands, a winter home for the endangered Stellar Eider in the southwest of the country.
		The Commission said a decision by Spanish authorities to allow the construction of a road through the middle of land set aside for the lynx violated EU rules, and "threatens the survival of a species that is already in danger of extinction."
	www.iht.com /articles/ap/2006/10/13/europe/EU_GEN_EU_Environment.php (317 words)

	GISuser.com GIS, GPS, LBS, CAD, mapping news, jobs, software, data, community
		At a time when protected and recreation areas are under extreme pressures from the sheer weight of visitor numbers, mobile information services are looked as a possible “instrument” to encourage that the visitors and tourists make eco-friendly and safe use of the environment.
		Nevertheless, environmental education is, for a majority of the protected areas, a main mandate (Dias et al 2004).
		All these examples are illustrative of the international political importance of education and environmental awareness within protected areas framework and are an evident support of these international organizations in developing tools and processes that enable the access to information, increase environmental awareness and involve the local communities in the protected areas activities.
	www.gisuser.com /content/view/8023/28 (4045 words)

	Plant Conservation in Finland
		In the north, a narrow lichen-tundra belt; in central Finland, extensive areas of peat bogs bordered by pine and spruce (Finland, Sweden and Norway contain 80% of Europe’s peatlands); south of the Arctic Circle, pine is more widespread with heathlands; in the south, herb-rich meadows, once abundant, now disappearing, due to decline of traditional agriculture.
		A proposal for the organization of the nationwide biodiversity monitoring in Finland is presented in the reports of the expert group for Biodiversity Research, Monitoring and Data Systems, Part II, Specific monitoring.
		Suomen Biologian Seura Vanamory [Biological Society of Finland Vanamo], PL 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), FI-00014 Helsinki.
	www.plant-talk.org /country/finland.html (866 words)

	Outdoors.fi - Other Protected Areas
		In addition to national parks there are many other protected areas, which have been established to conserve and research, for example, mires, herb-rich forests, bird wetlands and old-growth forests.
		Hiking is allowed in some of these areas as an Everyman’s Right, while entering other areas is completely forbidden.
		Hiking is allowed at least to some extent in all the nature conservation areas and Natura 2000 sites featured on the Outdoors.fi pages.
	www.luontoon.fi /page.asp?Section=7432 (103 words)

	EROS-AFO Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Maps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Protected Areas - Canada, Greenland, Iceland, and USA (Alaska) (50k gif image)
		Protection Levels in the Arctic (50k gif image)
		The State of Protected Areas in the Circumpolar Arctic 1994.
	agdc.usgs.gov /caff/caff_maps.html (111 words)

	Prototype Nationally Designated Protected (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Some data in this database were collected during collaboration with the European Environment Agency and its Nature Conservation Topic Centre, in the development of a common European Protected Areas Database.
		Click here for further details on this prototype database.
		These data are compiled and managed by the UNEP-WCMC Protected Areas Programme.
	www.unep-wcmc.org /protected_areas/data/nat2.htm (63 words)

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