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Topic: Protected areas of the United States

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	United States article - United States protected deal with vandalism talk page . U.S. Flag U.S. Great - What-Means.com
		The United States of America, also referred to as the United States, U.S.A. America, ¹ or the States, is a federal republic in central North America, stretching from the Atlantic in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west.
		The social structure of the United States is highly stratified, with a large proportion of the wealth of the country controlled by a small fraction of the population which exerts disproportionate cultural and political influence on the rest of the nation.
		The United States is also a great center of higher education, boasting more than 1,500 universities, colleges, and other institutions of higher learning, the top tier of which may be considered to be among the most prestigious and advanced in the world.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/United_States (2726 words)

	Politics of the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		United States politics is dominated by the two major parties, the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.
		There are 50 state governments plus the government of the District of Columbia, and further down the ladder are still smaller units that govern counties, cities, towns, boroughs and villages.
		State parties exist in all fifty states, though their structures differ according to state law, as well as party rules at both the national and the state level.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States (4211 words)

	Learn more about Politics of the United States in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		There are 50 state governments plus the government of the District of Columbia, and further down the ladder are still smaller units that govern counties, cities, towns, and villages.
		Its structure is similar to that of the state and national governments, with an elected mayor as chief of the executive branch and an elected council that represents the various neighborhoods forming the legislative branch.
		One unique aspect of local government, found mostly in the New England region of the United States, is the "town meeting." Once a year — sometimes more often if needed — the registered voters of the town meet in open session to elect officers, debate local issues, and pass laws for operating the government.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /p/po/politics_of_the_united_states.html (2881 words)

	Protected Areas Programme - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Protected areas are a vital contribution to the conservation of the world's natural and cultural resources.
		Protected areas can provide opportunities for rural development and rational use of marginal lands, generating income and creating jobs, for research and monitoring, for conservation education, and for recreation and tourism.
		The WCMC Protected Areas and Landscapes Programme is the successor to the Protected Areas Data Unit, which was established by CNPPA in 1981 to handle ever increasing amounts of information, and to assist the Commission in preparing publications on protected areas around the world.
	www.unep-wcmc.org /protected_areas/data/un_eintro.htm (2487 words)

	Protected Areas and World Heritage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A protected area is defined as an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of natural and associated cultural resources, managed through legal or other effective means.
		UNEP-WCMC's work on protected areas is carried out in close collaboration with the World Commission on Protected Areas and the IUCN Programme on Protected Areas.
		Protected Areas of the Pacific Islands - Based on the IUCN Directory of Protected Areas in Oceania, compiled by UNEP-WCMC in collaboration with IUCN and the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme.
	www.unep-wcmc.org /protected_areas (523 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Marine Protected Areas: Tools for Sustaining Ocean Ecosystem (2001)
		These resolutions stated the primary goal of marine conservation, defined “marine protected area,&rdquo; identified a series of specific objectives to be met in attaining the primary goal, and summarized the conditions necessary for that attainment.
		In addition, areas that have fishing restrictions (zoning) with respect to gear, season, bycatch reduction, and other factors also may be considered types of marine protected areas, encompassing considerable portions of the U.S. Relatively few MPAs in place in the United States qualify as marine reserves (NRC, 1999a).
		Although the United States is comparatively well represented in global surveys of existing and potential areas (Kelleher et al., 1995), there is no comprehensive inventory of MPAs in the United States, and there is little information on or analysis of the goals, authorizing legislation, agency role, designation process, and current regulations.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309072867/html/145.html (6652 words)

	United States Becomes Party to the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol)
		On March 17, 2003, the United States deposited its instrument of ratification of the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife to the 1983 Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region, better known as the SPAW Protocol.
		As a Party to the Cartagena Convention, the Oil Spills Protocol and SPAW Protocol, and as a Signatory to the LBS Protocol, the United States is one of the leading supporters of regional efforts in the Wider Caribbean to protect and conserve the common marine resources of the region.
		The SPAW Protocol responds to this problem through detailed provisions addressing the establishment of protected areas and buffer zones for the conservation of wildlife, both national and regional cooperative measures for the protection of wild flora and fauna, the introduction of non-native or genetically altered species, environmental impact assessment, research, education and other topics.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/prs/ps/2003/18788.htm (456 words)

	Endangered Ecosystems of the United States
		Protecting and restoring ecosystems serve to protect species about which little is known and to provide the opportunity to protect species while they are still common.
		Identification and protection of specific aquatic habitats and watersheds seem to be the most efficient means of safeguarding and restoring aquatic biodiversity because the number of species is too large for species-specific protection.
		The immediate objective of protecting endangered ecosystems could be accomplished while working toward the longer-term and more difficult goals of representing all ecosystems adequately in protected areas, restoring degraded ecosystems to a natural and healthy condition, and managing ecosystems in reserves and multiple-use lands wisely.
	biology.usgs.gov /pubs/ecosys.htm (16935 words)

	NAP Skim View of:
		Although the United States has not ratified either convention, there is considerable agreement, at least in principle, with many recommendations of the two conventions, and the components of treaties in force often become customary international law.
		The most imposing barrier to a systematic evaluation of MPA performance in the United States is the shortage of baseline monitoring of physical and biological parameters within MPAs before and after designation.
		Obviously, the federal legislative environment in which MPAs are implemented in the United States is complex, with stringent standards for identification and mitigation of environmental impacts, consultative requirements, and pollution prevention and control measures.
	www.nap.edu /nap-cgi/skimit.cgi?isbn=0309072867&chap=145-173 (1196 words)

	Global Forest Watch: United States
		Some argue that remaining areas should be closed to further development in order to maintain their biological diversity and for their recreational and wilderness values; others urge development and use of the natural resources these forests contain.
		Protection is granted to federally-listed endangered and threatened species throughout the area.
		Much of this area is in the central and northern portions of the country, characterized by slow-growing forests and open woodland.
	www.globalforestwatch.org /english/us/forests.htm (3558 words)

	National Wildlife Refuge [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		National Wildlife Refuge is a designation for certain protected areas of the United States The protected areas of the United States are managed by an array of different federal, state, tribal and local level authorities and receive widely varying levels of protection.
		It began as the U.S. Commission on Fish and Fisheries in the United States Department of Commerce and the Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy in the United States Department of Agriculture and took its present form in 1939....
		The Desert NWR, created on May 20, 1936, is also the largest wildlife refuge in the lower 48 states of the United States, encompassing 1.5 million acres (6,000 km²) of the Mojave Desert in the southern part of Nevada.
	www.wikimirror.com /National_Wildlife_Refuge (595 words)

	National Wildlife Refuge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		National Wildlife Refuge is a designation for certain protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
		The National Wildlife Refuge system is a network of lands and waters managed to protect wildlife and wildlife habitat.
		National Wildlife Refuges in the U.S. Protected areas of the United States
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/National_wildlife_refuge (121 words)

	Protected area (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Protected areas are locations which need and / or receive protection because of their environmental, cultural or similar value.
		A protected area as defined by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) is An area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means.
		National park s are probably the best-known protected areas, but there are many other categories.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/P/Protected-area.htm (170 words)

	Marine Protected Areas
		Marine protected areas (MPAs) serve many different purposes and are established for a variety of reasons.
		In June 2005, the MPA Federal Advisory Committee delivered its first set of recommendations to the Departments of Commerce and the Interior on establishing and managing a national system of marine protected areas.
		The Marine Protected Areas Federal Advisory Committee is seeking nominations for an individual to represent the interests and perspectives of Indian tribes on marine protected area issues.
	mpa.gov (324 words)

	IEEE 802.11 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With high-gain external antennas, the protocol can also be used in fixed point-to-point arrangements, typically at ranges up to eight kilometers (km) although some report success at ranges up to 80â“120 km where line of sight can be established.
		In the United States, for example, FCC regulations only allow channels 1 to 11 to be used.
		802.11a is now approved by regulations in the United States and Japan, but in other areas, such as the European Union, it had to wait longer for approval.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/802.11n (2829 words)

	Surfrider Foundation: Special Places Campaign
		This statement, signed by 150 of the world's leading marine scientists, is the culmination of several years' study by an international group of marine scientists, and declares that "marine reserves are a highly effective but under-appreciated and under-utilized tool" for improving the overall health of the oceans.
		The Gulf of Maine Marine Protected Areas Project: The Gulf of Maine Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) Project is an international effort to consider a coordinated approach to the establishment of MPAs.
		Marine Protected Areas of the United States (a) (on-line).
	www.surfrider.org /specialplaces/nancy/resources.htm (810 words)

	National Geographic's Strange Days on Planet Earth . Predators . Resources \| PBS
		The Marine Protected Areas site is a federal government site that aims to help federal agencies coordinate and share information, tools and strategies.
		The protected zone, where commercial and recreational fishing is banned, has recently been increased from 5% of the 2,000-kilometre (1,200-mile) reef to over 30%.
		The mission of the Smartwood Alliance is to protect ecosystems and the people and wildlife that depend on them by transforming land-use practices, business practices and consumer behavior.
	www.pbs.org /strangedays/episodes/predators/experts/resources.html (775 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Marine Protected Areas: Tools for Sustaining Ocean Ecosystem (2001)
		An expanded and strengthened comprehensive system of marine protected areas throughout the marine environment would enhance the conservation of our Nation's natural and cultural marine heritage and the ecologically and economically sustainable use of the marine environment for future generations.
		For the purposes of this order: (a) “Marine protected area&rdquo; means any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by Federal, State, territorial, tribal, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein.
		(c) The term &ldquo;United States&rdquo; includes the several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands of the United States, American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309072867/html/232.html (1176 words)

	AllRefer.com - Rio Grande, river, United States and Mexico, United States (U.S. Physical Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Near the mouth of the Rio Grande is the irrigation-dependent citrus-fruit and truck-farm region commonly called the Rio Grande Valley and developed principally in the 1920s.
		An agreement between the United States and Mexico in 1944 provided for future distribution of the river's water, but in drought years the amount reaching the United States is often less than what is called for under the treaty.
		Shifts in the river's channel have led to border disputes between the United States and Mexico.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/R/RioGrndRUS.html (470 words)

	Averett University Library: New Books by Subject (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Cardarelli, Fran{240}cois, 1966 Encyclopaedia of scientific units, weights, and measures : their SI equivalences and origins / Fran{240}cois Cardarelli ; English translation by M.J. Shields.
		Protected areas and the regional planning imperative in North America : integrating nature conservation and sustainable development / J.G. Nelson, J.C. Day and Lucy Sportza, editors, with Carlos Israel V{167}azquez and James Loucky.
		Protected areas -- United States -- Congresses
	www.averett.edu /library/new5f04.html (4494 words)

	CBI/WWF Protected Areas Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The database contains boundaries of all federal and state owned/managed protected areas in the coterminous United States and Alaska, and includes county, city, and private reserves when data were available.
		Protected areas are defined as parcels with a Gap Analysis Program (GAP) code of 1, 2, or 3.
		Areas that are mainly in a natural state and are being managed to maintain or restore such a state in the Columbia River Basin
	gis.tnc.org /community/projects/FWI/metadata/wwfpad.html (2685 words)

	DOI SEMARNAP Letter of Intent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		By this Letter of Intent, the two agencies plan to expand existing cooperative activities in the conservation of contiguous natural protected areas in the border zone, and to consider new opportunities for cooperation in the protection of natural protected areas on the United States- Mexico border.
		Cooperation under this Letter of Intent is subject to the existing laws and regulations in effect in each country, and should serve to harmonize activities directed at conservation of biological diversity, cultural resources and balance of the ecosystems that are shared along the border between the countries.
		DOI and SEMARNAP plan to strengthen cooperation though this Letter of Intent, consistent with the policies of present or future international and inter-institutional agreements or treaties between the United States of America and the United Mexican States.
	www.cerc.usgs.gov /fcc/protected_agreement.htm (482 words)

	Nat'l Academies Press: Marine Protected Areas: Tools for Sustaining Ocean Ecosystem
		Declining yields in many fisheries and decay of treasured marine habitats, such as coral reefs, has heightened interest in establishing a comprehensive system of marine protected areas (MPAs)-areas designated for special protection to enhance the management of marine resources.
		Therefore, there is an urgent need to evaluate how MPAs can be employed in the United States and internationally as tools to support specific conservation needs of marine and coastal waters.
		Marine Protected Areas compares conventional management of marine resources with proposals to augment these management strategies with a system of protected areas.
	www.nap.edu /catalog/9994.html (354 words)

	Marine Protected Areas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This collection is a list of citations to articles, books, manuals, handbooks, research papers, reports, and workshop and conference proceedings directly related to the management and science of marine protected areas.
		State Policies and Programs Related to Marine Managed Areas: Issues and Recommendations for a National System
		Agardy, M. Advances in marine conservation: The role of marine protected areas " Trends in Ecology & Evolution.
	www2.mpa.gov /mpa/mpaservices/virtual_library/publications.lasso (404 words)

	Sonoran Desert: State of the Desert Biome: Protected Areas in the United States Portion of the Sonoran Desert Bioregion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Sonoran Desert: State of the Desert Biome: Protected Areas in the United States Portion of the Sonoran Desert Bioregion
		Home >> State of the Desert Biome Table of Contents >>Table 10b: Protected Areas in the United States Portion of the Sonoran Desert Bioregion
		Table 10b: Protected Areas in the United States Portion of the Sonoran Desert Bioregion
	alic.arid.arizona.edu /sonoran/documents/nabhan/db_table10b.html (65 words)

	Marine Protected Areas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		"marine protected area" and "Marine Protected Area" are equivalent.
		Using "protected" and "area" (syntax: protected area) will find pages where these two words occur.
		To find pages that contain a specific phrase, place the phrase in quotations, as in "Marine Protected Area".
	www2.mpa.gov /mpa/mpaservices/virtual_library/virtual_library.lasso (181 words)

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