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	Protectionism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Traditional protectionists fault the free trade model as being reverse protectionism in disguise, that of using tax policy to protect foreign manufacturers from domestic competition.
		China and Japan have been accused of protectionist policies that peg their currencies to the dollar and, thus, set prices of their exports lower than they would be if the market determined the relative prices of each currency.
		Protectionist quotas can cause foreign producers to become more profitable, mitigating their desired effect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Protectionism (840 words)

	PROTECTION - Online Information article about PROTECTION
		The rate of duties was pressed ever higher; and when the war closed, and the taxes could again be lowered, the protectionist managers knew how to lower or remit altogether the non-protective duties, and thus keep high, and even advance to a still higher point, the duties which protected them from foreign competition.
		protectionist who believed in protection as a preparation for free trade, and finally an uncompromising advocate of protection in all circumstances and for all nations.
		languages, and contributed doubtless to the spread of protectionist ideas, though the extreme form in which his views were expressed, and the rambling illogical method of exposition, repelled many who might otherwise have been attracted by the course of his thought.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PRE_PYR/PROTECTION.html (5219 words)

	Protectionist Party - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The Protectionist Party was a political party in Australia from the 1880s until 1909.
		For a period, the Protectionists formed government with the support of the Labor Party, on the understanding that they would implement social reforms desired by Labor.
		Labor's program, however, was frequently too radical for the Protectionists, and the party ended up splitting, with the most liberal Protectionists, such as Isaac Isaacs and H B Higgins, supporting Labor while Deakin and the others moved towards George Reid's Free Trade Party.
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Protectionist_Party (336 words)

	CJR - Campaign 92: Trade, by John Judis
		Of course, a politician might be described as wanting to "protect" a particular industry, but his is not the same as saying that he or she embraces the ideology of protectionism.
		"Protectionist" and "protectionism" are terms that may have some utility in a polemic, but they should not be used in news stories without being surrounded by quotation marks and historical explanation.
		If reporters' use of "protectionist" reflects a lack of historical knowledge, their use of the term "Japan basher" reflects a naivete about how Washington lobbyists and public relations flacks shape policy debates.
	archives.cjr.org /year/92/6/trade.asp (1548 words)

	Commentary: Free Trade Advances Despite Politics
		The difficulty with attaching such protectionist agendas to the "fast track" legislation is that a central tenet of the legislation is gutted–its ability to aid the economic development of poorer nations through expanded trade.
		Furthermore, such a protectionist agenda, which excludes trade partners in the developing world, denies an essential component of human dignity–a chance for people to work and contribute to their own well-being.
		Protectionist policies squelch opportunities for productive work, yielding damaging effects to the inherent dignity of man, who is charged to be productive, creative, and contributive to the world in which he lives.
	www.acton.org /ppolicy/comment/article.php?id=64&showall=yes (1070 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| Let's have a bonfire of WTO hypocrisies
		Protectionist measures bite deepest in areas where developing countries are most competitive, such as textiles, footwear and agriculture.
		Meanwhile, many of the poorest countries are liberalising at breakneck speed as a result of IMF loan conditions, such as those which have opened up markets in East Asia for US banks, insurance companies, and car manufacturers.
		There is one issue on which the industrialised countries are unashamedly protectionist: intellectual property.
	www.guardian.co.uk /business/story/0,3604,254099,00.html (726 words)

	Protectionist bills would harm Connecticut's economy - Government Issues & Politics
		Several committees of the General Assembly are considering bills that would harm the state’s economy by imposing protectionist measures under the guise of protecting Connecticut jobs.
		History has shown that protectionist policies simply don’t work — they invariably fail to produce the desired results and backfire by hurting jobs over the long term.
		Protectionist measures would send a poor message to these companies that have invested heavily here.
	www.cbia.com /gov/gar/0304/030503.htm (459 words)

	Australian protectionist shoots himself in the head
		Protectionist fallacies never die: they just go into cold storage until some third rate academic or ignorant journalist defreezes them.
		This is the first and only time I ever heard a protectionist argue that tariffs were needed to protect consumers from higher-priced imports.
		Moreover, if Jones were right, protectionist Victoria would have led free-trade New South Wales.
	www.brookesnews.com /030708evanjones.html (644 words)

	The Seattle Times: Opinion: Kerry's protectionist shift out of touch with reality
		And while most members of the party aren't nearly as strident, protectionist policies are gaining converts.
		Protectionist clichés from the Democratic National Committee, labor unions and environmental activists are also enshrined in the 2004 Democratic Platform.
		Kerry's protectionist overtures will, in the long-term, slow environmental progress and economic justice in the United States and abroad.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/opinion/2002015377_buri26.html (831 words)

	George Bush, Protectionist
		Fast forward all these years later, and the Bush administration is undertaking a blizzard of protectionist regulations, and nary a word of protest is coming from the supporters of international trade agreements.
		But when a protectionist administration is in charge, there's an easier route: file a complaint with the government and hope to skew the market in your favor.
		Fortunately, the drug protectionists have been beaten back by the House, which voted yes on a bill to permit wholesale reimportation of pharmaceuticals—a bill that was opposed by the whole of the drug industry as well as the FDA and the Beltway thinktanks.
	www.mises.org /freemarket_detail.asp?control=463 (1734 words)

	Unclean Hands: America’s Protectionist Policies
		One reason is that, generally speaking, America is among the world’s least protectionist nations.
		Protectionist policies in the late 20th century take forms different from the tariffs that traditionally were the restriction of choice.
		But while other nations may harm the welfare of their own people through protectionist trade policies, that is no argument for inflicting damage on the well-being of Americans by limiting foreign companies’ access to the American market.
	www.freetrade.org /pubs/freetotrade/chap6.html (4315 words)

	Group says U.S. overreacting to offshoring / Tech association urges Congress to delay protectionist measures
		The American Electronics Association, the nation's largest technology trade group, is urging the government not to enact protectionist measures to stop the flow of white-collar jobs overseas.
		In a report to be released today, the association compared anxiety over the offshoring trend to the fear in the 1980s and early 1990s that Japan's growing economy was taking over the world.
		Today, the electronics group argues, fears about offshoring are just as overblown as the Japanese threat was, and protectionist reactions like the multiple bills in Congress that would limit what jobs can be sent overseas could interfere with the United States' next big surge.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/03/24/BUGRA5PV1F20.DTL&type=printable (704 words)

	6th Circuit Buries Protectionist Statute in Tennessee Casket Case
		Numerous state protectionist statutes have the effect of banning many forms of e-commerce, including sales of cars, wines, contact lenses, and other products.
		The 6th Circuit wrote that "strict scrutiny" test requires that "the regulation must serve a compelling state purpose and be narrowly tailored to achieving that purpose", while the "rational basis" test requires "only that the regulation bear some rational relation to a legitimate state interest".
		The consequence may be that, at least in the 6th Circuit (Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee), opponents of protectionist state statutes and rules will now have another effective legal argument for challenging legal barriers to electronic commerce.
	www.techlawjournal.com /topstories/2002/20021206.asp (1323 words)

	Protectionism wrong medicine for U.S., economists say - Oct. 13, 2003
		Job-saving protectionist proposals are mostly hot air -- and that's a good thing, economists say.
		"Protectionist sentiment in a slow-growth economy in the leadup to an election tops our worry list," David Rosenberg, chief North American economist at Merrill Lynch said recently, citing Green's comment and some of the bills floating through Congress.
		For one thing, some of the protectionist measures on the table would violate America's international trade agreements and invite massive retaliation from trading partners, said former Treasury Department official Jeffrey Schott, now a senior fellow at the Institute for International Economics and the author of several books on trade.
	money.cnn.com /2003/10/10/news/economy/protectionism (1031 words)

	José Bové: Social Revolutionary or Protectionist Reactionary?
		Therefore, José Bové is not only a capitalist, but also a protectionist and a nationalist.
		They appear to be taking a nationalist stance on the one hand while admitting on the other that it's their own homegrown elitists who control most of the land.
		In their case, taking a national protectionist position doesn't necessarily provide them with a solution to the continuing oppression, exploitation, and denial of land at the hands of the Brazilian elite.
	www.rtis.com /touchstone/apr01/07JOSE.HTM (1086 words)

	Our Protectionist Protection
		He disavowed his vote for NAFTA and promised to elevate labor and environmental standards, not open markets, to the top of the U.S. agenda.
		He proudly declared that there was no difference on trade between himself and his chief primary rival, protectionist Sen. John Edwards.
		A protectionist president wouldn't launch any new negotiations and could allow ongoing talks to flounder.
	www.freetrade.org /pubs/articles/al-03-21-04.html (915 words)

	Contents of III. THE ACT SHOULD BE FOUND CONSTITUTIONAL UNDER DORMANT COMMERCE CLAUSE DOCTRINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		These laws could not be characterized as having anything but a protectionist purpose since there is no convincing health or welfare purpose for making liquor in New York or Connecticut as cheap or cheaper than it is in other states.
		Donald Regan, in his effort to place all offending laws under the protectionist purpose rubric, has proposed that a discriminatory effect should only be evidence of such a purpose.
		In sum, whether or not the Court overtly uses a discriminatory effect as evidence of a protectionist purpose, such a purpose seems to be necessary to the conclusion that a law with such effect is unconstitutional.
	www.law.upenn.edu /conlaw/issues/vol4/num1/pancoast/node5_ct.html (5657 words)

	Paul Krugman: Protectionist stance hurts America \| www.azstarnet.com ®
		Although old fallacies about international trade have been making a comeback lately (yes, Sen. Charles Schumer, that means you), it is as true as ever the U.S. economy would be poorer and less productive if we turned our back on world markets.
		Furthermore, if the United States were to turn protectionist, other countries would follow.
		And that suggests free traders should be more worried by the prospect that the policies of the current administration will continue than by the possibility of a Democratic replacement.
	www.azstarnet.com /dailystar/printSN/11851.php (720 words)

	Townhall.com :: Columns :: Protectionist Carolina by Robert Novak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Although Edwards voted consistently against ratifying trade agreements, he did not trumpet the protectionist line until the final stages of his race for president.
		He lacked sufficient time for this theme to take root in economically depressed Ohio as he hoped, but Edwards the protectionist is well received back home.
		The classic case is the solidly Republican Hickory area, which in 1999 encountered a labor shortage but now suffers from manufacturing job losses in textiles, furniture and fiber optics.
	www.townhall.com /columnists/robertnovak/rn20040308.shtml (814 words)

	Concerns over jobs not served best by protectionist measures - Government Issues & Politics
		While worries about jobs throughout the country have contributed to debates in many state houses over economic protectionist proposals, lawmakers in other states have stepped back from imposing punitive measures as proposed in the General Assembly.
		In fact, while Indiana approved a related measure earlier this year, legislators there specifically stripped the bill of language banning overseas contract work.
		Protectionist bills may only invite retaliation and make companies look less favorably on our state as a place to do business, ultimately harming those people they attempt to help.
	www.cbia.com /gov/gar/0404/042303.htm (500 words)

	Protectionist policies of EU flayed at JBC meeting with Portugal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Protectionist policies of EU flayed at JBC meeting with Portugal
		We become protectionist against cases in which specific evidence is present and not against countries", he added.
		Pacheco said that human capital and the financial sector are two crucial sectors which need to be taken care of and India had a comparative advantage in the area of technology which it could share with Portugal.
	www.expressindia.com /fe/daily/19990107/00755685.html (289 words)

	Jan Orbie, European Enlargement and External Trade: Towards a Protectionist Regional Bloc?
		Important agricultural countries such as Hungary and Poland are less protectionist than the EU in external agricultural protection.
		Most CCs have much lower trade barriers than did Spain and Portugal at the time of their entry into the EU and they are certainly much less protectionist than Austria and Finland were on agriculture until 1995.
		Even if all acceding states took a protectionist stance, there is no arithmetical prospect that they could link with the existing more protectionist group to achieve the necessary votes that will be needed to bring about a standing protectionist majority (Johnson and Rollo 2001; Tovias 2001).
	www.alternativesjournal.net /volume2/number1/orbie.htm (3243 words)

	PENDING PROTECTIONIST MOVES IN U.S. AND EEC ASSAILED.
		PENDING PROTECTIONIST MOVES IN U.S. -- Several impending protectionist moves and discriminatory levies in the U.S. and EEC against imports from the third world were raised at the meeting of the GATT Council Wednesday.
		Such protectionist measures, harmful to third world capacity to augment export revenues for imports and debt servicing, could impair the Uruguay Round negotiating processes, several third world delegations are reported to have warned.
		U.S. delegate Samuels agreed that the pending bill was protectionist, but had originated in the congress and was inconsistent with the administration's views.
	www.sunsonline.org /trade/areas/industry/03070087.htm (1032 words)

	Will Bush admit administration erred in imposing protectionist steel tariffs? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The issue that bitterly divided the administration when President Bush wandered down the protectionist path 18 months ago now has his entire economic team united in advocating a change.
		Not debatable is the failure of this protectionist venture to further Bush’s efforts for a foothold in blue-collar labor unions.
		He meant that the President is now vulnerable to protectionist lobbying on an endless succession of commodities.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/978708/posts (1415 words)

	A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union --C--
		Established by the Treaty of Rome in 1958, it was for many years the only significant Community policy, accounting for over two-thirds of the budget, providing vast subsidies and substantially raising the cost of food to consumers.
		With the accession or approaching accession of new countries, some, like Poland, poor and with large rural areas, others with Arctic or mountainous conditions, further modifications to the CAP are inevitable if the farm budget is not to run out of funds.
		The five aims of the CAP as set out in the Treaty of Rome in 1957 were couched in elevated terms: increased productivity, a fair standard of living for the agricultural population, stabilised markets, regular supplies of food and reasonable prices for consumers.
	www.euro-know.org /dictionary/c.html (11451 words)

	EconPapers: The Sources of Protectionist Drift in Representative Democracies
		The trade policy in each country is set by the politician who has been elected by the citizens in a previous stage.
		Due to a delegation effect citizens generally favor candidates who are more protectionist than they are.
		The (multiple) one candidate per country-equilibria exhibit a ''protectionist drift'' owing to this delegation effect and an abstention effect.
	econpapers.repec.org /paper/ecmwc2000/1086.htm (198 words)

	Shout99 : FTVs: Unnecessary barriers are protectionist
		Unnecessary barriers on transferring individuals within a company would be moving the UK in a protectionist direction, according to the Government's e-Minister.
		Mr Timms recognised the importance of the UK's tradition as a trading nation and felt that this would be an advantage to the domestic market.
		He said: "It is important that we are not protectionist in the UK, we are a trading nation.
	www.shout99.com /contractors/showarticle.pl?id=15120 (927 words)

	Greenspan warns against 'protectionist cures' to deal with U \| ajc.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		WASHINGTON -- Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan warned on Friday that "protectionist cures" being advanced to deal with the country's job insecurities would make the situation worse.
		Entering the politically charged debate over U.S. service jobs being shipped overseas, Greenspan said that it was a lack of adequate educational training rather "outsourcing" which posed the greatest threat to future American prosperity.
		"The protectionist cures being advanced to address these hardships will make matters worse rather than better," he said.
	www.ajc.com /business/content/business/0204/20greenspan.html (375 words)

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