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Topic: Protein S

	Protein S Information on Healthline
		and protein S are involved in regulation of blood clotting.
		Protein C and protein S are decreased by some anticoagulants (Coumadin or warfarin).
		During a clot-related event like a pulmonary embolism, proteins C and S are reduced anyway, and their measurements may be misleading until the episode is resolved.
	www.healthline.com /adamcontent/protein-s (458 words)

	Protein C and Protein S: The Test
		Protein C and Protein S tests are ordered when a person has had a thrombotic episode or thromboembolism, especially when the affected patient is relatively young (less than 50 years old) and/or does not have any other obvious reasons for developing a blood clot.
		Protein C and Protein S tests should not, however, be ordered for at least 10 days after the episode, and they should not be ordered while a person is on anticoagulant therapy.
		Protein C and Protein S concentrations (quantity) may be measured with, or after, function/activity levels to determine whether a sufficient amount of each is being produced, to determine the severity of any deficiencies, and to classify the type of deficiency.
	www.labtestsonline.org /understanding/analytes/protein_c_and_s/test.html (972 words)

	Vector containing DNA encoding mature human protein S - Patent 5258288
		This invention relates to Protein S and the use of recombinant DNA techniques to produce Protein S. The coagulation cascade is a series of reactions, involving a number of plasma proteins, which occur in response to an injury.
		Protein S is a cofactor for the activated Protein C-induced cleavage of activated Factors V and VIII in the blood clotting pathway.
		Protein S fragments were generated by enzymatic and chemical cleavages and the fragments purified by gel filtration and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as described by Dahlbach et al.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5258288.html (4220 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Testicular infarction secondary to protein S deficiency: a case report
		Protein S deficiency is an inherited cause of thrombophilia.
		Protein S deficiencies are associated with superficial and deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism [2].
		Protein S deficiency has been associated with arterial as well as venous occlusion [5,6] and it is now suggested to be an independent risk factor for peripheral arterial insufficiency [6].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2490/6/17 (1404 words)

	Ask Dr. Stephan Moll - Protein S deficiency
		Protein S deficiency is an uncommon clotting disorder: approximately 1 per 500 to 1 per 3,000 people has inherited protein S deficiency.
		When protein S deficiency was first described in the 1980's it appeared that it was a strong risk factor for blood clots.
		Protein S deficiency by itself may not be a very strong risk factor for clots.
	www.fvleiden.org /ask/50.html (1709 words)

	Haematologic Technologies - Human Protein S
		Protein S is a single chain vitamin K-dependent protein which is thought to function in both the coagulation and complement cascades (1,2).
		Approximately 60% of protein S circulating in plasma is complexed to C4b binding protein (C4BP).
		In the presence of protein S, a moderate increase (3-10 fold) in the rate of factor Va and factor VIIIa inactivation by APC is observed in plasma and on the surface of unstimulated platelets.
	www.haemtech.com /Cofactors/Protein_S.htm (397 words)

	Ca2-bound Protein S (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Protein S does not have a signal sequence that will direct its secretion, thus it has been hypothesized that protein S is released into extracellular space by cell lysis.
		Upon being released, protein S forms a multi-layer spore coat in presence of Ca Protein S is a heat-stable, acidic protein.
		Overall, the structure of protein S is similar to beta-gamma-crystallins -- principal components of the vertebrate eye lens.
	calcium.uhnres.utoronto.ca /story/1prr.html (311 words)

	Protein C and Protein S: The Test
		Protein C and Protein S tests are ordered when you have had a thrombotic episode, especially when you are relatively young (less than 50 years old) and/or do not have any other obvious reasons for developing a blood clot.
		Protein C and Protein S tests should not, however, be ordered for at least 10 days after the episode and they should not be ordered while you are on anticoagulant therapy.
		Protein C and Protein S concentrations (quantity) may be measured with, or after, function/activity levels to determine whether a sufficient amount of each is being produced, to determine the severity of any deficiencies, and to classify the type of deficiency.
	labtestsonline.org /understanding/analytes/protein_c_and_s/test.html (973 words)

	eMedicine - Protein S Deficiency : Article by John E Godwin, MD, MS
		Protein S deficiency may be hereditary or acquired, the latter usually is due to hepatic diseases or a vitamin K deficiency.
		Protein S deficiency manifests as an autosomal dominant trait; manifestations of thrombosis are observed in both heterozygous and homozygous genetic deficiencies of protein S. Pathophysiology: To understand how thrombosis occurs in protein S deficiency, its physiological function should be briefly reviewed.
		Protein S is a single-chain glycoprotein, and it is dependent on vitamin K action for posttranslational modification of the protein to a normal functional state.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic1924.htm (6104 words)

	ELISA Assays Protein C Antigen Protein S Von Willebrand Factor Anticardiolipin (aCL) Antibodies Assay Kits - Discovery ...
		Protein C is a vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant proenzyme synthesized in the liver.
		Protein C activity is enhanced by its cofactor, Protein S. Deficiency of Protein C is associated with thrombosis, from superficial thrombophlebitis to serious deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
		Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein synthesized in the liver, vascular endothelium and megakaryocytes.
	www.discovery-diagnostics.com /ELISA_Assays.asp (460 words)

	Protein S Functional (free) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Protein S production is decreased during Coumadin therapy.
		The protein S assay should be ordered at least 10 days after a thrombotic event or after termination of Coumadin therapy.
		If the functional PS assay indicates a deficiency, total and free protein S antigen assays may be used to distinguish among qualitative and quantitative disorders.
	peir.path.uab.edu /coag/article_5.shtml (140 words)

	Protein C and Protein S: Test Sample
		Protein S exists in two forms: free and bound, but only the free Protein S is available to combine with Protein C. There are three types of Protein S deficiencies.
		Type 1 deficiency is due to an insufficient quantity, type 2 to abnormal function, and type 3 to a shift from free Protein S to bound (or total) Protein S. Tests for Protein C and Protein S may look at their function (activity) or quantity.
		Since both proteins are produced in the liver and are vitamin K dependent, liver disease, a shortage of vitamin K, or anticoagulant therapy that opposes vitamin K, may result in reduced Protein C and/or Protein S levels.
	www.labtestsonline.org /understanding/analytes/protein_c_and_s/sample.html (706 words)

	Primary Structure of Bovine Vitamin K-Dependent Protein S -- Dahlback et al. 83 (12): 4199 -- Proceedings of the ...
		Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein that functions as a cofactor to activated protein C in the inactivation of coagulation factors Va and VIIIa.
		Protein S consists of 634 amino acids in a single polypeptide chain and has one asparagine-linked carbohydrate side chain.
		In contrast to the other vitamin K-dependent plasma proteins, the carboxyl-terminal part of protein S is not homologous to the serine proteases.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/short/83/12/4199 (566 words)

	Protein S Deficiency Profile
		Protein S (PS) is produced by the liver, megakaryocytes and endothelial cells.
		A portion of the PS in blood is bound to the protein, which binds the C4b region of complement (ie, the C4b-binding protein [C4b-BP]).
		Congenital Protein S Deficiency: The prevalence of congenital PS deficiency in the general population experiencing their first venous thrombosis is approximately one percent.
	www.labcorp.com /datasets/labcorp/html/chapter/mono/cf004700.htm (1246 words)

	Protein S - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the liver.
		The best characterized function of Protein S is its role in the anti coagulation pathway, it functions as a cofactor to Protein C in the inactivation of Factors Va and VIIIa.
		Protein S deficiency is a rare blood disorder which can lead to an increased risk of thrombosis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Protein_S (274 words)

	Cleaved Protein S (PS), Total PS, Free PS, and Activated Protein C Cofactor Activity as Risk Factors for Venous ...
		Homozygous protein S deficiency in an infant with purpura fulminans.
		Binding of protein S to factor Va associated with inhibition of prothrombinase that is independent of activated protein C. J Biol Chem 1993;268:2872-2877.
		Characterization of cleaved plasma protein S with a monoclonal antibody-based assay.
	www.clinchem.org /cgi/content/full/49/4/575 (4024 words)

	Protein S (Test)... Fort Lauderdale, Florida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		A blood test that measures the amount of protein S. Deficiencies may lead to the formation of blood clots in arteries or veins.
		Protein C and protein S are involved in regulation of coagulation (blood clotting); they inactivate factors V and VIII.
		Protein C and Protein S are decreased by Vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (Coumadin, warfarin).
	www.browardhealth.org /18116.cfm (607 words)

	Association of Protein S Deficiency with Thrombosis in a Kindred with Increased Levels of Plasminogen Activator ...
		Functional protein S activity and free protein S antigen levels measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 45 healthy volunteers (23 men and 22 women) and in 14 patients unrelated to this pedigree with protein S deficiency (10 men and 4 women).
		the concentration of protein S is 346 nmol/L [22].
		Deficiencies of coagulation-inhibiting and fibrinolytic proteins in outpatients with deep-vein thrombosis.
	www.annals.org /cgi/content/full/119/8/779 (3968 words)

	Protein S deficiency - MayoClinic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Protein S is an anti-clotting factor in the blood.
		A deficiency of protein S may increase the risk of abnormal blood clots, such as in the lung (pulmonary embolism) or leg (deep vein thrombosis).
		Protein S deficiency is a rare, usually inherited disorder.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/protein-s-deficiency/AN01124 (226 words)

	Intracranial venous and dural sinus thrombosis due to protein S deficiency in a patient with AIDS -- IRANZO et al. 64 ...
		Protein S is a vitamin K dependent plasma glycoprotein that inhibits blood coagulation through inactivating factors Va and
		Protein S is synthesised by endothelial cells, megakaryocytes, osteoblasts, neural derived tissues, and hepatocytes.
		in protein S is unknown, the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/64/5/688 (767 words)

	Hemostasis Reference Laboratory \| Protein S (Activity)
		Protein S is a cofactor for Protein C-catalyzed inactivation of factors Va and VIIIa and its activity is determined by a similar assay.
		As with Protein C, low Protein S levels can occur secondary to vitamin K deficiency, warfarin therapy, liver disease and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
		Protein S has a relatively long half-life in circulation, comparable to factor X. Sample Required: 0.5 ml frozen plasma x4 or (2) 3.2% sodium citrated tubes, 5 ml each.
	www.psbc.org /lab_hemostasis/thrombosis05.htm (124 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Protein S
		Protein S is a substance that affects blood clotting.
		Protein S and protein C help control blood clotting.
		Clot events such as a clot in the lung (pulmonary embolism) reduce protein C and S levels, and their measurements may be misleading until the clot is treated.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003660.htm (538 words)

	Protein Supplements, Bodybuilding Supplements, Sports Nutrition, Vitamins & Minerals
		Proto Whey is a micro peptide protein supplement designed specifically to fulfill the entire spectrum of metabolic requirements for optimum human health and performance.
		Research on protein breakdown, absorption, intestinal function, peptide transport, amino acid profile and tissue requirements provide the foundation.
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	www.mrprotein.com (1033 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Protein S deficiency - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Protein S deficiency: An autosomal dominant disorder showing decreased levels of plasma protein S antigen or activity, associated with venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
		PROTEIN S is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein that inhibits blood clotting by serving as a cofactor for activated PROTEIN C (also a vitamin K-dependent protein), and the clinical manifestations of its deficiency are virtually identical to those of protein C deficiency.
		They list Protein S deficiency as a "rare disease".
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/protein_s_deficiency.htm (290 words)

	Combination of APC resistance and acquired protein S deficiency in a haemodialysis patient with recurrent A-V shunt ...
		Protein S inhibits coagulation by serving as a cofactor for
		protein synthesized in the liver, vascular endothelium and megakaryocytes.
		Kodaira H, Ishida F, Shimodaira S, Takamiya O, Furihata K, Kitano K. Resistance to activated protein C and Arg506 Gln factor V mutation are uncommon in eastern Asian populations.
	ndt.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/14/10/2474 (2576 words)

	Protein S
		This test measures the amount of protein S in the blood.
		Protein C and protein S are involved in regulation of blood clotting.
		UMMC is a member of the University of Maryland Medical System, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201.
	www.umm.edu /ency/article/003660.htm (502 words)

	Vitamin K-Dependent Protein S Localizing Complement Regulator C4b-Binding Protein to the Surface of Apoptotic Cells -- ...
		Vitamin K-Dependent Protein S Localizing Complement Regulator C4b-Binding Protein to the Surface of Apoptotic Cells -- Webb et al.
		S complex to apoptotic cells was calcium-dependent and could
		Role of CCP2 of the C4b-binding protein {beta}-chain in protein S binding evaluated by mutagenesis and monoclonal antibodies
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/abstract/169/5/2580 (739 words)

	Clinical Trial: Protein S and Myocardial Infarction
		To test the hypothesis that low levels of free protein S, a natural anticoagulant protein in plasma, were associated with an increased incidence of myocardial infarction in middle aged men and women.
		The study design permitted the assessment of the temporal relationship between the development of low free protein S levels and the occurrence of myocardial infarction and the presence or absence of a biologic gradient (dose-response) between levels of free protein S and the frequency of infarction.
		A second study was conducted in women to examine protein S as a risk factor for myocardial infarction.
	clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00005329 (456 words)

	Protein S Deficiency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		It functions as a cofactor to Protein C in the inactivation of Factors Va and VIIIa.
		In the circulation, Protein S exists in two forms: a free form and a form bound to complement protein C4b.
		In pregnancy, both free and bound Protein S is decreased.
	medinfo.ufl.edu /year2/coag/sdef.html (190 words)

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