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Topic: Protein catabolism

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	[No title]
		Catabolism generally refers to those processes in which body tissues and components are breaking down into simpler metabolic constituents.
		When we refer to a catabolic state we are referring to a specific condition in which catabolic processes are dominant.
		That is, they suppress the synthesis of protein, glycogen and triglycerides.
	www.arltma.com /ProteinCatabNews.htm (1046 words)

	Protein - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Proteins are essential to the structure and function of all living cells and viruses.
		Protein is the major component in the regulation, growth and differentation of muscles, tendons, enzymes, skin, hair, eyes, as well as a tremendous variety of other organs and processes.
		Proteins are often progenitors in allergies and allergic reactions to certain foods.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Protein (2170 words)

	Protein - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Proteins are one of the classes of bio-macromolecules, alongside polysaccharides and nucleic acids, that make up the primary constituents of living things.
		When protein is listed on a nutrition label it only refers to the amount of complete proteins in the food, though the food may be very strong in a subset of the essential amino acids.
		Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, insulin resistance, hair loss, loss of hair pigment (hair that should be fl becomes reddish), loss of muscle mass (proteins repair muscle tissue), low body temperature, and hormonal irregularities.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Protein (1833 words)

	Profect protein beverage - For Special Medical Needs and Healthy Lifestyles
		As part of an overall nutritional therapy, Profect is indicated to increase serum protein levels, balance metabolism and to aid in the body’s ability to rebuild lost tissues due to catabolism.
		Pregnant and lactating women have protein requirements that are 30% to 40% higher than normal adults.Low protein intake may cause a decrease in milk production and depletion of protein stores.
		There are several reasons for this, including increased energy requirements, decreased protein source from gut turnover, malabsorption, and increased protein turnover.Profect is indicated for the preservation and restoration of protein stores and body tissues, as well as for the support of protein-dependent biochemical functions.
	www.protica.com /profect.htm (1248 words)

	Protein, Part 4: Amino Acid Kinetics and Adaptations
		The proteins synthesized after a meal are thought to be labile proteins; that is, proteins which serve mainly as a temporary storage site for protein (12).
		The general premise is that chronically high intakes of protein lead to adaptive increases in protein oxidation and breakdown, which is deemed to be negative.
		With regards to the concept of protein cycling, while the general idea is somewhat logical, in that decreasing protein intake can cause a transient decrease in oxidation and turnover, there is little indication that there will be a net gain in body protein when protein intake is increased again.
	www.thinkmuscle.com /articles/mcdonald/protein-04.htm (6136 words)

	Protein (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A protein (in Greek πρωτεϊνη = first element) is a complex, high molecular weight organic compound that consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
		In terms of human nutritional needs, proteins differ in their ability to provide all eight of the amino acids (threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, and methionine) that humans cannot produce themselves.
		Excess protein can cause problems as well, such as causing the immune system to overreact, liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues, bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood, foundering (foot problems) in horses, and has also been linked to obesity.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/P/Protein.htm (2175 words)

	The Physician and Sportsmedicine: The Power of Protein
		Protein is essential for building and maintaining muscles, as well as repairing the muscle damage that occurs during training.
		Protein requirements for athletes are higher than the current recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 0.4 g of protein per pound of body weight, which is based on the needs of nonexercisers.
		Protein recommendations for athletes are commonly expressed in a range to include a safety margin (2).
	www.physsportsmed.com /issues/1996/04_96/protein.htm (1145 words)

	Protein Controversies in Diabetes
		Protein controversies exist either because research has not provided conclusive answers or because professionals are not aware of the research.
		The majority of protein is digested, and the amino acids not used for gut fuel are metabolized in the intestinal mucosal cells and transported by the portal vein to the liver for protein synthesis or gluconeogenesis.
		Protein degradation and conversion of both endogenous and exogenous protein to glucose in type 1 diabetes depends on the state of insulinization and degree of glycemic control.
	journal.diabetes.org /diabetesspectrum/00v13n3/pg132.htm (8020 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In yet another embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method of decreasing protein catabolism and increasing lean body mass in an individual, comprising the step of administering to said individual a pharmacologically effective dose of a beta-adrenergic antagonist.
		In another embodiment, the present invention is also directed to a method of decreasing protein catabolism and increasing lean body mass in an individual, comprising the step of administering to said individual a pharmacologically effective dose of a beta-adrenergic antagonist.
		While the effects may be primary through direct effects on protein flux machinery on diminished catecholamine receptor activity, it is also possible that indirect effects are at work though changes in endogenous insulin responsiveness, cortisol activity, or changes in regional blood flow.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=03/06001.030123&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (4568 words)

	Bodybuilding.com - Planet Muscle - Eat The Right Proteins To Grow!
		You need a protein that works BOTH sides of the muscle-building equation, to slam the brakes on muscle protein catabolism as it hits the gas pedal on muscle protein anabolism.
		In fact, suppression of protein catabolism is the central means by which your body maintains protein balance in the face of fluctuations in dietary protein intake over the course of a day.
		Stimulation of muscle protein synthesis is the means by which resistance training (lifting weights) makes muscles grow [Barr and Esser, 1999], and it's also how some of the most powerful muscle-building hormones used by athletes operate (e.g., testosterone, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1).
	www.bodybuilding.com /fun/planet24.htm (1621 words)

	Welcome to Parrillo Performance
		They are related to the fatty acid esters and together with carbohydrates and proteins constitute the principal structural material of living cells.
		Protein - Any of a group of complex nitrogenous organic compounds that have amino acids as their basic structural units and that are found in all living matter and are required for the growth and repair of tissue.
		This means that they are readily available for protein synthesis that occurs during muscle growth and repair.
	www.parrillo.com /techterms.asp (3811 words)

	Using carbohydrates as fuel, protein building lean muscle mass
		I think it's imperative that you understand that protein isn't found in muscle alone, but is a major component of almost every cell in the body.
		Protein will serve you a dual role in body modification in that it is as important for body fat reduction as it is for muscular gains.
		In regards to body fat reduction, protein has a specific dynamic action on the metabolism which means that when you ingest protein, your metabolic rate is elevated higher and remains elevated longer than when you ingest either fats or carbohydrates.
	www.eliteimagenutrition.com /bodybuilding/nutrition (2516 words)

	Protein turnover and amino acid transport kinetics in end-stage renal disease -- Raj et al. 286 (1): 136 -- AJP - ...
		Protein turnover and amino acid transport kinetics in end-stage renal disease -- Raj et al.
		It represents protein breakdown for Phe, Leu, and Lys and proteolysis and de novo synthesis for Ala.
		and for synthesis of acute phase response proteins (30).
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/286/1/E136 (4475 words)

	Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E214k/HR6B is dispensable for increased protein catabolism in muscle of fasted mice -- ...
		protein is not induced in response to 2 days of fasting and is absent in knockout mice.
		Evidence that lysosomes are not involved in the degradation of myofibrillar proteins in rat skeletal muscle.
		Mechanism of attenuation of skeletal muscle protein catabolism in cancer cachexia by eicosapentaenoic acid.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/283/3/E482 (5136 words)

	Distribution of Protein Turnover Changes with Age in Humans as Assessed by Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Image Analysis ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		protein breakdown to whole-body protein catabolism is decreased,
		with a proportional increase in the visceral organ protein catabolism
		Goldspink D. F., Kelly F. Protein turnover and growth in the whole-body, liver and kidney of the rat from the fetus to senility.
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/130/4/784 (6059 words)

	Regulation of Amyloid Precursor Protein Catabolism Involves the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal Transduction ...
		-amyloid precursor protein in the absence of the cytoplasmic tail.
		Echlers MRW, Riordon JF (1991) Membrane proteins with soluble counterparts: role of proteolysis in the release of transmembrane proteins.
		-Amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer disease occurs as 110- to 135-kilodalton membrane-associated proteins in neural and nonneural tissues.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/17/24/9415 (5691 words)

	Protein Powders, Drinks & Shakes
		Whey Protein Isolate (WPI): Isolates supply the highest percentage of protein (typically 90% or greater) and are filtered to remove nearly all carbs and fats.
		Whey Isolate is considered a rapid absorbing protein and is ideal for post-workout or immediately upon waking.
		The goal is to slowly feed your muscles protein during 8 hours of sleep and avoid catabolism (muscle breakdown).
	www.affordablesupplements.com /protein.asp (678 words)

	Induction of protein catabolism in myotubes by 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid through increased expression of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Induction of protein catabolism in myotubes by 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid through increased expression of the ubiquitinproteasome pathway
		The potential role of 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE) as an intracellular signal for increased protein catabolism and induction of the expression of key components of the ubiquitin
		There was an increase in 'chymotrypsin-like' enzyme activity, the predominant proteolytic activity of the proteasome, in the same concentration range as that inducing total protein degradation, and this effect was also attenuated by EPA.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/sj.bjc.6601184 (341 words)

	Cystine levels, cystine flux, and protein catabolism in cancer cachexia, HIV/SIV infection, and senescence. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Patients with skeletal muscle catabolism (cachexia) fail to conserve the skeletal muscle protein and release large amounts of nitrogen as urea.
		The term constructive describes the fact that the release of cystine is correlated with an increase of the plasma cystine level.
		The regulation of the plasma cystine level is disturbed in conditions with progressive skeletal muscle catabolism including cancer, HIV infection, and old age.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_9034170.html (257 words)

	Cognia: Information Management tools for Drug Discovery (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The initial focus of the system will be the highly-regulated ubiquitin-proteasome pathways, which are of fundamental importance for regulating intracellular protein levels.
		Protein catabolism is becoming a major focus for drug targeting and lead identification, in addition to being of prime importance in the exploration of pharmaceutical side effects.
		Larsen has advanced the protein catabolism field through over ten years of research.
	www.cognia.com /corporate_news/news_sbir.htm (392 words)

	Sherpa Strength for Muscle Enhancement
		By keeping a consistent level of circulating energy, you are able to combat the catabolic effects of weight training, harness the anabolic activity of increased glucose and amino acid uptake, improve whole body nitrogen retention, and increase lean tissue protein.
		Growth hormones provoke several anabolic actions on skeletal muscle: the uptake of glucose and amino acids, activation of muscle protein synthesis, suppression of muscle protein catabolism, and the utilization of body fat for energy.
		From blood-clotting to carbohydrate and protein metabolism to the storage of glycogen, there is no artificial organ or device capable of emulating all the functions of the liver.
	www.sherpa-strength.com /howitworks.htm (1640 words)

	Pulmonary Function, Body Composition, and Protein Catabolism in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis -- IONESCU et al. 165 (4): ...
		(4, 5, 20), and a catabolic intermediary metabolism secondary
		CF is the parallel reduction in the inflammatory and catabolic
		protein breakdown and the severity of lung disease.
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/165/4/495 (4372 words)

	Regulation of Protein Catabolism by Muscle-Specific and Cytokine-Inducible Ubiquitin Ligase E3{alpha}-II during Cancer ...
		Regulation of Protein Catabolism by Muscle-Specific and Cytokine-Inducible Ubiquitin Ligase E3{alpha}-II during Cancer Cachexia -- Kwak et al.
		Regulation of Protein Catabolism by Muscle-Specific and Cytokine-Inducible Ubiquitin Ligase E3 -II during Cancer Cachexia
		Laboratory of Protein Catabolism, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
	cancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/64/22/8193 (362 words)

	Growth Hormone Decreases Protein Catabolism in Children with Cystic Fibrosis -- Hardin et al. 86 (9): 4424 -- Journal ...
		This figure compares protein kinetics at BL in the CF subgroups to results from healthy, non-CF children matched for age, gender, height, and pubertal maturation.
		protein catabolism in many chronic illnesses (9, 39, 40).
		Jahoor F, Shangraw RE, Miyoshi H, Wallfish H, Herndon DN, Wolfe RR 1989 Role of insulin and glucose oxidation in mediating the protein catabolism of burns and sepsis.
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/86/9/4424 (3846 words)

	NEJM -- Reversal of Catabolism by Beta-Blockade after Severe Burns
		Fang, C.-H., Li, B.-G., James, J. H., King, J.-K., Evenson, A. R., Warden, G. D., Hasselgren, P.-O. Protein Breakdown in Muscle from Burned Rats Is Blocked by Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3{beta} Inhibitors.
		Navegantes, L. C., Resano, N. Z., Baviera, A. M., Migliorini, R. H., Kettelhut, I. Effect of sympathetic denervation on the rate of protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle.
		Hoffer, L J. Protein and energy provision in critical illness.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/abstract/345/17/1223 (561 words)

	The Art of Stimulating Muscle Growth without catabolism
		Six ounces of a good protein source like beef or chicken, a baked potato or rice, and a piece of fresh fruit or salad.
		It is better if you mix your protein sources here like steak and eggs, or lean beef and cottage cheese; add a good carbohydrate source and a vegetable or salad.
		To maximally encourage protein breakdown, rep ranges between five and twelve are utilized with relatively short rest periods.
	www.bodybuildingworld.com /vol8_3/art_of_big.html (2880 words)

	AST Sports Science - GL3 750 L-Glutamine Caps
		Glutamine is usually taken in powder form mixed into water or added to a protein shake or flavored drink.
		It regulates the metabolic processes (including protein synthesis) in almost all tissues throughout the human lifespan.
		By keeping a consistently high level of circulating growth hormone, you are able to combat the catabolic effects of weight training, harness the anabolic activity of increased glucose and amino acid uptake, improve whole body nitrogen retention, and increase lean tissue protein accrual.
	www.ast-ss.com /Products/ProductPage.asp?ProdID=110 (777 words)

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