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Topic: Protein synthesis

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Peptide synthesis

Translation (genetics)

Protein folding

Protein biosynthesis

Transfer RNA

Endoplasmic reticulum

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	Protein Synthesis
		synthesis proceeds from the N-terminus to the C-terminus of the protein.
		All three of these processes require specific proteins, some of which are ribosome associated and some of which are separate from the ribosome, but may be temporarily associated with it.
		The mammalian TOR proteins are homologs of the yeast TOR proteins that were identified in a screen for yeast mutants resistant to rapamycin.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/protein-synthesis.html (4520 words)

	Protein Synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Protein synthesis, a one-dimensional procedure - the information in a linear sequence of nucleotides is used to specify a linear chain of amino acids - depends on the collaboration of several classes of RNA molecules and requires a series of preparatory steps:
		The events in protein synthesis are catalysed on the ribosomes which are large complexes of RNA and protein molecules.
		The elongation phase of protein synthesis on a ribosome requires a three-step cycle which is repeated over and over during the synthesis of a protein chain.
	www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk /PPS2/course/section4/protsynth.html (513 words)

	The Three Roles of RNA in Protein Synthesis
		The accurate synthesis of proteins thus is critical to the proper functioning of cells and organisms.
		Synthesis of all protein chains in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells begins with the amino acid methionine.
		Successful in vitro synthesis of a naturally occurring protein was achieved first when mRNA from bacteriophage F2 (a virus) was added to bacterial extracts, leading to formation of the coat, or capsid, protein (the "packaging" protein that covers the virus particle).
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=mcb.section.863 (4368 words)

	Protein Synthesis
		In the synthesis of RNA during transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase moves along the DNA helix, unwinding small portions of the helix as it goes.
		The segment of the DNA molecule from which an RNA molecule is transcribed is in a sense equivalent to a gene, or a segment of DNA that (through RNA) specifies a protein.
		Most genes are composed of two general parts: a coding region to specify that portion of a gene or DNA molecule that is transcribed into RNA, and a regulatory region to regulate transcription of the coding region.
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/ProSynLec2.htm (767 words)

	DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis
		The basic reaction of protein synthesis is the controlled formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids.
		Protein synthesis starts when the mRNA binds to a small ribosomal subunit near a AUG sequence in the mRNA.
		The process of protein synthesis has been summarized on pages 34-38 of Molecular Biotechnology, and can also be found on the web at http://accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/protein_synthesis.html translation (in conjunction with transcription) and http://accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/dna_molecule.html.
	photoscience.la.asu.edu /photosyn/courses/BIO_343/lecture/DNA-RNA.html (1862 words)

	Protein Synthesis Review
		Two of the major functions of proteins in cells are (1) serving as enzymes (and thereby controlling which chemical reactions occur in a cell) and (2) serving as structural material from which parts are constructed.
		For example, hemoglobin is a protein whose primary function is to transport oxygen in red blood cells, and antibodies are proteins whose function is to protect against the invasion of antigens (i.e., "foreign materials").
		Since the RNA is composed of nucleotides and proteins are composed of amino acids, one "language" (that of nucleotides) is being translated into another "language" (that of amino acids).
	www.utm.edu /departments/cens/biology/faculty_pages/proteinsyn.htm (2405 words)

	1306 Protein Synthesis
		Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol and synthesize proteins that reside in the cytosol.
		A signal recognition particle (SRP) binds to the signal peptide and attaches it and its ribosome to a receptor protein in the ER membrane.
		After binding, the SRP leaves and protein synthesis resumes with the growing polypeptide snaking across the membrane into the cisternal space via a protein pore.An enzyme usually cleaves the signal polypeptide.
	www3.baylor.edu /~Mark_Taylor/1306proteinsynthesis.htm (2814 words)

	Protein synthesis lecture
		Protein synthesis only begins when all the components, appropriate mRNA, tRNAs with loaded amino acids, ribosomal subunits and other auxiliary factors come together to form a functional ribosome, the site of protein synthesis in the cell.
		Therefore in all proteins, at least as they are synthesized on the ribosome, their first amino acid is always methionine(Figure 13).
		Quite often several copies of a protein are produced by several ribosomes advancing sequentially along a single mRNA to form a "polyribosome" which is large enough to be visualized by electron microscopy (Figure 17).
	www.med.uottawa.ca /patho/devel/index.html (2239 words)

	Protein Synthesis
		The instructions for building all the proteins an organism needs to make are located in the DNA molecules of the chromosomes which never leave the nucleus of the cell.
		The digestive process breaks the protein chains down into individual amino acid molecules which are then absorbed by the blood and transported to the individual body cells.
		However, since DNA never leaves the nucleus and proteins are constructed by ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell, the instructions must somehow be carried out of the nucleus to the ribosomes.
	www.contexo.info /DNA_Basics/Protein_synthesis.htm (1027 words)

	Pharmaceutical proteins glossary
		Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties.
		All new proteins in the cell have a tag on them, telling whether the protein is to be sent out of the cell or to a special part in the cell.
		Proteins provide the critical link between genes and disease, and as such are the key to understanding of basic biological processes including disease pathology, diagnosis, and treatment.
	www.genomicglossaries.com /content/proteins_glossary.asp (3523 words)

	Protein Synthesis Diagram: simplified picture of a cell with mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes working to produce protein, by ...
		Protein Synthesis Diagram: simplified picture of a cell with mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes working to produce protein..
		This diagram is very simplified but gives the essence of the process of protein manufacture in the cell and should be very useful for illustrating articles on proteomics or as an introduction to protein synthesis.
		Proteomics essentially means the identification and understanding of proteins (in a cell or organism) and is comparable to the term genomics which applies to the genes (DNA).
	www.rkm.com.au /CELL/protein-synthesis.html (468 words)

	Protein Synthesis
		Genetic information is most important because of the proteins that it encodes, in that proteins play most of the functional roles in cells.
		We now turn to the mechanism of protein synthesis, a process called translation because the four-letter alphabet of nucleic acids is translated into the entirely different twenty-letter alphabet of proteins.
		This chapter focuses primarily on protein synthesis in prokaryotes because it illustrates many general principles and is relatively well understood.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=stryer.chapter.4122 (351 words)

	Research News: New Insights Into Protein Synthesis and Hepatitis C Infections
		The model showed that the eIF3 protein complex employs the same structural mechanics in the loading of either human or viral RNA to ribosomes, the complex machinery in living cells responsible for protein synthesis.
		Proteins, the curiously-shaped macromolecules that serve as the basic construction material of all living cells, and also initiate and control nearly all cell chemistry, are assembled out of amino acids according to the instructions contained within the genes.
		Protein synthesis in mammalian cells begins with the loading of mRNA onto the small ribosome subunit, 40S, which is, in part, one of the responsibilities of the eIF3 complex.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/LSD-protein-synthesis.html (883 words)

	Protein Synthesis
		Proteins are widely used in cells to serve diverse functions.
		Some proteins provide the structural support for cells while others act as enzymes to catalyze certain reactions.
		To manufacture proteins, cells follow a very systematic procedure that first transcribes DNA into mRNA and then translates the mRNA into chains of amino acids.
	library.thinkquest.org /C004535/protein_synthesis.html (131 words)

	Interdependence in Macromolecule Synthesis: Evidence for Design
		Within the cell, proteins used for enzyme catalysis, structural components, energy generation, and digestion of food, are produced through an amazing manufacturing process, involving DNA as a template for the three types of RNA (MRNA, TRNA, and RRNA), which in turn act as different components in the synthesis and coding of each protein molecule.
		Usually when an amino acid is synthesized in experiments such as Stanley Miller's synthesis producing amino acids from a mixture of ammonia, methane, hydrogen and water by the treatment with an electric spark, a roughly equal amount of D and L isomers are produced.
		Functions of proteins in energy generation and the breakdown of food are also closely related to the synthesis of enzymes since the reaction cannot occur without a source of energy or building blocks from which the protein will be synthesized.
	www.rae.org /enzymes.html (4268 words)

	[Regents Prep Living Environment] Heredity & Genetics: Protein Synthesis
		DNA is encoded in the sequence of nitrogenous bases which directs the formation of proteins in the cell.
		Remember a protein is a long molecule formed from amino acid subunits.
		Protein molecules are long, usually folded chains made from 20 different kinds of amino acids in a specific sequence.
	regentsprep.org /Regents/biology/units/heredity/synthesis.cfm (560 words)

	A Science Odyssey: DNA Workshop: Protein Synthesis
		By controlling protein synthesis within each cell, the genes that make up DNA control the life of the entire organism.
		Although the outcome of protein synthesis can be involved and quite complex, its purpose is rather straightforward.
		The purpose of protein synthesis is simply to create a polypeptide -- a protein made out of a chain of amino acids.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/protein.html (192 words)

	Protein - student, teacher and parent learning resource
		Protein is a linear chain of amino acids.
		Proteins can be enzymes or serve structural roles in the cell.
		Messenger RNA, ribosomes (which contain ribosomal RNA and proteins), and transfer RNA charged with amino acids all act together to synthesize one protein from one gene.
	www.eurekascience.com /ICanDoThat/protein.htm (402 words)

	Protein Synthesis
		Essential details of protein synthesis are covered in many courses, and are presented well in the textbook.
		Thus a GEF causes a GTP-binding protein to release GDP and bind GTP (GDP/GTP exchange).
		of protein synthesis, which is more complex in eukaryotes, and requires a larger number of protein factors.
	www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk /biochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/translate.htm (1549 words)

	quiz protein synthesis
		Molecules of ____________________ carry instructions for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
		The sequence of three nucleotides that code for specific amino acids or stop signals in the synthesis of protein is called a(n) ____________________.
		During translation, amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by molecules of ____________________.
	sps.k12.ar.us /massengale/quiz_protein_synthesis.htm (333 words)

	DNA-RNA-Protein
		Proteins perform important tasks for the cell functions or serve as building blocks.
		The flow of information from the genes determines the protein composition and thereby the functions of the cell.
		Outside the nucleus, the proteins are built based upon the code in the RNA (
	nobelprize.org /educational_games/medicine/dna/index.html (184 words)

	Protein Synthesis
		Prior to the beginning of the protein synthesis, all of the component parts are assembled in the ribosome which is the brown/tan structure in the left graphic.
		In the cytoplasm, protein synthesis is actually initiated by the AUG codon on mRNA.
		The N-formyl-methionine that was used to initiate the protein synthesis is also hydrolyzed from the completed peptide at this time.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/584proteinsyn.html (415 words)

	Regulation of Protein Synthesis (6.2)
		When appropriate signal is received, the proteins dissociate from mRNA, leaving the transcript free to associate with the ribosome.
		The lack of heme triggers the accumulation of a heme-controlled inhibitor (HCI) protein.
		This protein is a kinase which phosphorylates eIF2-GTP.
	bass.bio.uci.edu /~hudel/bs99a/lecture25/lecture6_2.html (815 words)

	Designer GlycerLEAN by Next Nutrition
		Inferior proteins like casein [BV-77], egg white [BV-88] and milk [BV-99] are digested in the stomach so slow, protein synthesis is severely compromised.
		It's direct link to muscle growth, protein synthesis, and cellular hydration is therefore not surprising.
		Leucine's muscle-boosting effects are especially effective after exercise, promoting protein synthesis by itself without the support of carbohydrates.
	www.a1nutritionproducts.com /buy/next_proteins/glycerlean/4lb (1489 words)

	DNA/Protein synthesis
		DNA - carries the blueprint for the order of amino acids to be produced during protein synthesis.
		- genepharming using transgenic organisms to produce pharmaceuticals eg genes that code for therapeutic and diagnostic proteins are incorporated in and animal's DNA and appear in milk.
		From a given strand of DNA be able to determine the sequence of mRNA codons, and the amino acid strand produced.
	abbysenior.com /biology/dna_protein_synthesis.htm (1358 words)

	Antibiotics
		Initiation of Protein Synthesis - Figure 3 illustrates the initiation of protein synthesis and the site of action of antimicrobials that inhibit this process.
		The aminoglycosides also slow down protein synthesis that has already initiated and induce misreading of the mRNA.
		The β-lactams inhibit cell wall synthesis and thereby increase the permeability of the aminoglycosides.
	pathmicro.med.sc.edu /mayer/antibiot.htm (1922 words)

	The Gene School - Protein Synthesis
		Ribosomes inside the cell make the necessary proteins for the cell to live.
		The synthesis process (making the proteins) is more complex than DNA duplication, but relies on similar processes.
		Before the ribosome can make a protein, it first needs the appropriate DNA instructions.
	library.thinkquest.org /19037/ebasics3.html (175 words)

	Science Lesson: Protein Synthesis and Words
		Students simulate parts of a cell to learn about the process of protein synthesis.
		Inside the cell is a concentrated mixture of thousands of different molecules which form a variety of specialized structures that carry out such cell functions as energy production, transport of molecules, waste disposal, synthesis of new molecules, and the storage of genetic material.
		Regulation occurs both through changes in the activity of the functions performed by proteins and through the selective expression of individual genes.
	pulse.pharmacy.arizona.edu /10th_grade/dawn_new/science/protein.html (751 words)

	Genetics@TTU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Transcription begins upstream (5') of the coding sequences of a gene and continues in a 5' to 3' direction until a termination sequence is encountered.
		Translation is the synthesis of a protein with a specific sequence of amino acids based on the nucleotide sequence of a mRNA.
		This process is repeated again and again, building the protein chain one amino acid at a time.
	genetics.biol.ttu.edu /genetics/Lecture/red20.html (1814 words)

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