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Topic: Proteinoid

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Proteinoid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Proteinoid microspheres are today being considered for use in pharmaceuticals, providing microscopic biodegradeable capsules in which to package drugs for delivery to a specific region in the patient's body. Fox later found proteinoids similar to those he had created in his laboratory in lava and cinders from Hawaiian volcanic vents and determined that the amino acids present polymerized due to the heat of escaping gases and lava. Some theories of abiogenesis propose that proteinoids were a precursor to the first living cells. www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proteinoid

Patent 4925673: Delivery systems for pharmacological agents encapsulated with proteinoids Proteinoids, which form the protective capsules of this invention, have been described as artificial polypeptides, as they are man-made condensation polymers produced by random or directed assembly of natural or synthetic aminoacids and/or small peptide chains. These results demonstrate the capacity of basic proteinoid microspheres to encapsulate and protect a dopamine derivative from the digestive enzymes and basic environment of the intestine, as well as the fact that such microspheres are transported across the gastrointestinal mucosa into the rear neutral blood stream where the encapsulated dopamine derivative is released. Thirty five mg of this powdered proteinoid is added to a mixture of 50 mg of porcine insulin crystals in 2 ml of distilled water and the mixture allowed to stand at room temperature until microspheres have formed. www.freepatentsonline.com /4925673.html

Patent 5242798: Synthetic polypeptides corresponding to portions of proteinoids translated from brain-specific mRNAs, receptors, methods and diagnostics using the same The proteinoid or proteinoid derivative bound by the antibodies so prepared is preferably a proteinoid that is itself neuroactive or is processed in the cell into one or more neuroactive proteinoid derivatives as is the material bound by antibodies to synthetic polypeptides P5 and P6. This proteinoid is glycosylated inasmuch as its apparent size is reduced to 70K daltons after incubation of the brain extract with endoglycosylase F which removes N-linked carbohydrate side chains as discussed by Elder et al, Proc. The proteinoid amino acid residue sequence to which the sequence of the synthetic polypeptide corresponds is translated from a messenger RNA that is present substantially only in brain and/or spinal cord cells. www.freepatentsonline.com /5242798.html

Botany online: How Did Life Evolve? Abiotic Conditions - Formation - Macromolecules In contrast to proteinoids and proteins, nucleic acids have matrix functions and are thus able to replicate identically, the necessary prerequisite to carry genetic information. Studies of cross-sections of microspheres with electron microscopes show that proteinoids are organized in membrane-like double layers, though the dimensions of these layers does not correspond with that of today’s double membrane. Conclusively, it can be stated that cell-like structures were able to evolve from proteinoids with the aid of other molecules like ions, lipids, etc, and that a number of biochemical processes were catalyzed at their surfaces and inside of them. www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e41/41a.htm

thermal proteins Further experiments revealed that these "proteinoids," which later became known as thermal proteins, had molecular weights from 3,000 to 10,000 and always contained some of each of the amino acids present in the starting mixtures. Synthetic polypeptides, previously referred to as "proteinoids," made by heating certain mixtures of amino acids. Fox quoted features of the proteinoid thermal synthesis reactions which were only discovered afterward in the biochemical mechanisms of living organisms. www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/T/thermalprotein.html

Intrasystem links: appearance and evolution of bilogical systems Part of proteinoids synthesized was built in the outer membrane, maintaining its integrity and optimal dimensions. Of a number of reactions, processes of synthesis of soluble proteinoids with the aid of primitive catalysts turned out to be essential for stability of the isolated systems. "Proteinoid has very limited set of amino acid sequences, far from those astronomically large numbers of probable random sequences,   offered by the people fond of formal calculations" [8].The most probable systems of all the possible ones are stable systems. www.vertushkov.dp.ua /statya.htm

More Info on Evolution and the Fossil Record Although proteinoids are not living, their formation and characteristics provided steps in the beginning of life. Proteinoids are round cell-like objects composed of proteins. Eventually, through laboratory recreations of the proposed atmosphere of the early earth, proteinoids were formed. dev.nsta.org /ssc/moreinfo.asp?id=1006

rebuttal to royal truman Briefly, proteinoids are made by the thermal copolymerization of amino acids in a selective, nonrandom fashion. Microspheres are then able to use proteinoids as templates to make polynucleotides, which are themselves nonrandom because specific three-nucleotide sequences bind preferentially to specific amino acids. In other words, proteinoids contain specified coded information, but the coding is based on the physiochemical nature of the amino acids. www.world-of-dawkins.com /Catalano/box/rebuttal_to_royal_truman.shtml

Evolution Deceit. com - This website is the interactive version of the book "Evolution Deceit" by HARUN YAHYA The difference between proteins and these proteinoids was as huge as the difference between a piece of high-tech equipment and a heap of unprocessed iron. Sydney Fox and the other researchers managed to unite the amino acids in the shape of "proteinoids" by using very special heating techniques under conditions which in fact did not exist at all in the primordial stages of Earth. Proteinoids were randomly assembled combinations of amino acids. www.evolutiondeceit.com /chapter11_3.php

Purdue NanoDevices: Special Seminar The molecule of proteinoid is comb-type and spontaneously forms the aggregates or polymer micelles. Proteinoids such as poly(aspartic acid) based (PHEA) were synthesized and the hydrophobic segments were grafted. The size and critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of aggregates was determined by light scattering and fluorescence spectra. www.nanodevices.ecn.purdue.edu /seminars/20020718.html

205.htm Produced when proteinoids were boiled and then allowed to cool. Proteinoids can be formed through the dry heating of amino acids. Permit selective absorption and diffusion of compounds, including proteinoids. www.bios.niu.edu /Parrish/205.htm

Foundations to Chemistry - adapted from "Chemistry, Matter and the Universe" These are small globules of proteinoid polymer solution, enclosed by a semipermeable proteinoid film with some of the physical properties of simple cell membranes. If a hot proteinoid mixture is washed with water or salt solution, microspheres of a fairly uniform 20,000-Å diameter are formed, as in the photograph to the right. They will grow at the expense of dissolved proteinoid material, and have been observed to bud like yeast cells to produce "daughter" microspheres. www.chem.ox.ac.uk /vrchemistry/chapter26/page26.htm

Botany online: How Did Life Evolve? Catalytic Properties of Proteinoids The activity of the proteinoids is stronger than the activity of the same amount of free histidine. Proteinoids have an active centre that can be inactivated. The activity of haemin is reduced after addition of proteinoids. www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e41/t3.htm

Lucaspa: Proteinoids and microspheres Proteinoid microspheres, on the other hand, do not grow in a biological sense — they grow from the outside as simple attractive forces cause free proteinoids to aggregate to the microspheres and accrete on them. His claims that proteinoid microspheres were lifelike eventually appeared in several biology textbooks, something that he constantly mentioned in his talks and papers. Anyone claiming to have found numerous recent articles on microspheres (to support a claim that proteinoid microspheres have not been dismissed by mainstream scientists) should be asked to provide valid material from the article: a title containing the word “Microsphere”, but without the word “Proteinoid” in it, is insufficient. www.christianforums.com /showthread.php?p=431912&postcount=7

THE ORIGIN OF LIFE Proteinoids containing heme can be made by including heme in the mixture before heating and exhibit peroxidase activity. Proteinoids can be formed by heating amino acid mixtures at around 150°C for a few hours. These primeval proteinoids contain up to 250 amino acids and can be partially digested by some proteolytic enzymes. www.science.siu.edu /microbiology/micr425/425Notes/14-OriginLife.html

Protocells: The Origin of Life The Proteinoid Theory also postulated that the thermal cyclization of glutamic acid to pyroglutamic acid and the thermal polymerization of aspartic acid to polyaspartic acid were the original chemical initiator reactions leading to protein synthesis on the primitive Earth. The Proteinoid Theory of the Origin-of-life, created and developed by Sidney W. Fox over the last four decades, represents the most extensive, experimentally verified theory of molecular evolution to have been generated in the modern scientific era. The Proteinoid Theory postulates that thermal copolyamino acids were the first proteins to appear on the Primitive Earth. www.siu.edu /~protocell/ACS.htm

ch1.0 These curious chemical proteinoids appear to possess many of the attributes of bona fide living organisms: they are cell-like spheres a few microns across, each possessing a thick shell-like membrane; most even appear to exhibit a primitive metabolism, with some dissipating away while others swell and bud (fig. A photomicrograph of proteinoid spheres, each containing a large concentration of amino acids (upper frame, from the research of S. Fox and his associates). The laboratory proteinoids may be as far removed from real life as hurricanes are from galaxies. history.nasa.gov /CP-2156/ch0.htm

Cell (biology) - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch Biochemically, cell-like spheroids formed by proteinoids are observed by heating amino acids with phosphoric acid as a catalyst. They bear much of the basic features provided by cell membranes. encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /cell_(biology).htm

Energy, structure, and carbon dioxide: A realistic view of the organism The proteinoid microsphere is not a modern living system, but does represent at least a protoliving system (Fox and Dose, 1972). From proteinoid microsphere to contemporary cell: formation of internucleotide and peptide bonds by proteinoid particles. "When lysine-rich proteinoid, which catalyzes the formation of peptides from amino acids and ATP, is complexed with acidic proteinoid to form microspheres of mixed constitution, the normal synthesis by basic proteinoid alone is multiplied several-fold. members.westnet.com.au /pkolb/peat2.htm

Origin of life - Open Encyclopedia Early cell membranes could have formed spontaneously from proteinoids, protein-like molecules that are produced when amino acid solutions are heated. The RNA world hypothesis, for example, suggests that short RNA molecules could have spontaneously formed that would then catalyze their own continuing replication. Other possibilities include systems of chemical reactions taking place within clay substrates or on the surface of pyrite rocks. open-encyclopedia.com /Origin_of_life

Specifying How Work Is To Be Done Second, thermal proteinoids are composed of approximately equal numbers of L- and D-amino acids in contrast to viable proteins with all L-amino acids. Third, there is no evidence that proteinoids differ significantly from a random sequence of amino acids, with little or no catalytic activity. As in thermal proteinoid formation, the free water is removed. www.ldolphin.org /mystery/chapt9.html

Chapter Five - 123 If a concentrated proteinoid solution is heated at between 120 and 200 degrees (centigrade) and then is very slowly cooled down, one can observe that proteinoids spontaneously form vesicles which Fox called microspheres. But perhaps the most interesting thing is that microspheres can absorb proteinoids from the surrounding solution, which allows them to grow and eventually to divide in two by fission or budding (Figure 5-5). The important point is that hot and dry conditions were surely existing somewhere on the primitive Earth, for example in ponds and lakes that the Sun or volcanoes had dried up. www.biologiateorica.it /organiccodes/cap5/p123.htm

English For Science and Technolgy - Portal Pendidikan Utusan proteinoids were digested by enzymes that digested ordinary proteins, and could be used as food by bacteria. Most startling of all, when Fox dissolved the proteinoids in hot water and let the solution cool, he found they would cling together in little microspheres about the size of small bacteria. These microspheres were not alive by the usual standards but behaved as cells do, in some respects at least (they are surrounded by a kind of membrane, for instance). www.tutor.com.my /tutor/arcbhest.asp?e=Ogos&s=060803

Proteinoid bibliography Fox, S. W., Jungck, J. R., and Nakashima, T., 1974, From proteinoid microsphere to comtemporary cell: formation of internucleotide and peptide bonds by proteinoid particles: Origins Life, v. Fox, S. W., 1974, The proteinoid theory of the origin of life and competing ideas: American Biology Teacher, v. Hardebeck, H. G., Krampitz, G., and Wulf, L., 1968, Decarboxylation of pyruvic acid in aqueous solutions by thermal proteinoids: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysiology, v. www.talkorigins.org /origins/biblio/proteinoid.html

Lucaspa: Proteinoids lack genetic continuity Proteinoid microspheres cannot produce polynucleotides — in fact, there is no prebioticaly plausible route to polynucleotides like RNA (or DNA). Lucaspa:andnbsp; Proteinoid molecules can last years.andnbsp; Fox kept protocells around for 6 years at one point and then tossed them out when that particular postdoc left.andnbsp; So 6 years is the minimal time they can last. As Shapiro pointed out, proteinoid microspheres are fragile and changes in pH orandnbsp;even dilution can destroy them.andnbsp; The MINIMAL time they can last could be minutes or hours. www.christianforums.com /t25877&goto=nextnewest

Primordial Soup Theory They were Proteinoids though, very different from real proteins. leiwenwu.tripod.com /primordials.htm

Protocells The demonstration of the conversion of these proteinoids into microspheres, primitive cells, by the addition of water to the thermal proteinoid completed the demonstration of the simplicity of an experimental approach to the origin of life. This was the basis of the scientific work on the origin of life which dominated the remainder of his life. Sidney moved to the University of Miami in 1964 where he spent the next 25 years of his professional life as director of the NASA supported Institute for Molecular Evolution. www.siu.edu /~protocell/obit1.htm

Wilder Smith Book: "CREATION OF LIFE..." For the chemical composition of the proteinoids formed varied from that of the original mixture of amino acids. And here is the grand difference between the specific DNA and protein molecules of life, and the proteinoids formed under the influence of nonliving catalysts. Further, he found that the amino acid sequences of these proteinoids were not totally random. emporium.turnpike.net /C/cs/col.htm

Bio-H Chp. 12 Outline Proteinoids - complex molecules formed by simpler molecules in a lifeless environment. Microspheres - termed by Sidney Fox - are the small droplets that result from proteinoids (clumps of amino acids) being mixed in cool water. 1) Self-assembling proteinoids - the microspheres grow by absorbing proteinoids until they become so large that they fragment. www.webbschool.com /mquinn/Bio-H-Chp.12-01-02.htm

Chapter 26: Early Earth and the Origin of Life Fox:   produced proteinoids (polypeptides produced by abiotic means) by heating up dry mixtures of amino acids and plopping them in water. The amino acids spontaneously assembled into the proteinoids. Miller-Urey experiments:   Miller was able to show, using the ‘spark-discharge apparatus’, that by simulating the Oparin/Haldane postulates they could form examples of all the major types of organic molecules spot.colorado.edu /~didomeni/Chapter33.htm

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