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	Prothrombin Mutation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The prothrombin gene mutation is a genetically acquired trait and was first described in 1996.
		The Prothrombin gene mutation is relatively uncommon in the native populations of India, Korea, Africa and North America.
		Based on these data, for persons with the prothrombin gene mutation, the most important preventive steps for the purposes of arterial disease are controlling other risk factors including: smoking, hypertension (high blood pressure), hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol), obesity and a sedentary lifestyle (limited activity).
	www-admin.med.uiuc.edu /hematology/PtProthrombin.htm (783 words)

	s020423a - Thromboembolism - Factor V Leiden and Prothrombin Gene Mutation
		Heterozygous mutation of the prothrombin gene was found in 3/67 (4%), and heterozygous mutation of the factor V gene was identified in 3/66 (4%).
		The prothrombin gene mutation was demonstrated in 27 patients (prevalence, 10.8%; 95% CI, 6.9 to 14.6), and the factor V gene mutation was demonstrated in 41 patients (prevalence, 16.3%; 95% CI, 11.8 to 20.9).
		Prothrombin and factor V gene mutations occur frequently in patients with venous thrombosis and are associated with an increased risk for recurrent venous thromboembolic complications.
	www.emory.edu /WHSCL/grady/amreport/litsrch02/s030423a.html (5962 words)

	Prothrombin time -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The prothrombin time (PT) and its derived measures of prothrombin ratio (PR) and international normalized ratio (INR) are measures of the extrinsic pathway of (The process of forming semisolid lumps in a liquid) coagulation.
		The prothrombin time is the time it takes (Colorless watery fluid of blood and lymph containing no cells and in which erythrocytes and leukocytes and platelets are suspended) plasma to clot after addition of tissue factor (obtained from animals).
		The prothrombin time can be measured roughly on whole blood (which is done in (A baby from birth to four weeks) neonates), but is more commonly measured from (Plasma that separates from blood in coagulation) blood plasma.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pr/prothrombin_time.htm (880 words)

	Prothrombin Time - [Medical Test]
		Prothrombin, or factor II, is one of several clotting factors produced by the liver.
		Prothrombin time is an important coagulation test because it measures the presence and activity of five different blood clotting factors (factors I, II, V, VII, and X).
		An abnormal prothrombin time is often caused by liver disease or injury or by treatment with the medication warfarin (Coumadin), which is used to prevent the formation of blood clots.
	www.bchealthguide.org /kbase/topic/medtest/hw203083/descrip.htm (258 words)

	Prothrombin definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Prothrombin: A coagulation (clotting) factor that is needed for the normal clotting of blood.
		In this cascade, prothrombin is a precursor to thrombin.
		Prothrombin is also known as thrombinogen and, in medical jargon, as pro.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5089 (209 words)

	Prothrombin Mutation
		The prothrombin gene mutation is a genetically acquired trait and was first described in 1996.
		The Prothrombin gene mutation is relatively uncommon in the native populations of India, Korea, Africa and North America.
		Based on these data, for persons with the prothrombin gene mutation, the most important preventive steps for the purposes of arterial disease are controlling other risk factors including: smoking, hypertension (high blood pressure), hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol), obesity and a sedentary lifestyle (limited activity).
	www.med.uiuc.edu /hematology/PtProthrombin.htm (783 words)

	Prothrombin time - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The prothrombin time (PT) and its derived measures of prothrombin ratio (PR) and international normalized ratio (INR) are measures of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.
		The reference range for prothrombin time is 7-10 seconds; the range for the INR is 0.8-1.2.
		The prothrombin time can be measured roughly on whole blood (which is done in neonates), but is more commonly measured from blood plasma.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prothrombin_time (853 words)

	Prothrombin Time - [Medical Test]
		Prothrombin, or factor II, is one of the clotting factors made by the liver.
		Prothrombin time is an important test because it checks to see if five different blood clotting factors (factors I, II, V, VII, and X) are present.
		Partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time are often done at the same time to check for bleeding problems or the chance for too much bleeding in surgery.
	www.peacehealth.org /kbase/topic/medtest/hw203083/descrip.htm (250 words)

	Prothrombin (Factor II) 20210G>A Mutation Analysis
		Prothrombin, or factor II, is the precursor of thrombin; as such, it plays a key role in the balance between procoagulation and anticoagulation.
		Prothrombin and factor V mutations in women with a history of thrombosis during pregnancy and the puerperium.
		The transition G to A at position 20210 in the 3‘-untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is not associated with cerebral ischemia.
	www.questdiagnostics.com /hcp/intguide/jsp/showintguidepage.jsp?fn=TS_Prothrombin.htm (868 words)

	Haematologic Technologies - Human Prothrombin - Mouse Prothrombin
		Prothrombin is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein which is synthesized in the liver (1).
		During activation, human prothrombin is cleaved at Arg273-Thr274 and at Arg323-Ser324 to yield a "pro" fragment (fragment 1.2) and thrombin, the latter of which is composed of two chains covalently linked by a disulfide bond.
		Bovine prothrombin is prepared from fresh bovine plasma using a modification of the procedure described by Owen and coworkers (3).
	www.haemtech.com /Zymogens/Prothrombin.htm (400 words)

	About thrombosis: thrombophilia: congenital thrombophilia: Prothrombin 20210
		Prothrombin is one of the blood clotting factors.
		The condition known as Prothrombin 20210 is due to a mutation of the prothrombin gene.
		Prothrombin 20210 does not increase the risk of arterial thrombosis, so there is no increased risk of heart attacks or strokes.
	www.thrombosis-charity.org.uk /aboutthrom_thrombophilia_congenital_prothrom.htm (488 words)

	Prothrombin Time - Good Health by SETON
		Prothrombin levels are checked along with other liver tests, such as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase.
		Prothrombin times are also kept at longer times for people with artificial heart valves, because these valves have a high chance of causing clots to form.
		Prothrombin levels are checked along with other liver tests, such as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase to check how the liver is working.
	www.goodhealth.com /health_a_to_z/health_library/medical_test/prothrombin_time (1208 words)

	NewsPath - College of American Pathologists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The incidence of the prothrombin gene mutation is approximately 2.5% in the general Caucasian population.
		The primary advantage of testing for the prothrombin 20210 mutation is the identification of high-risk patients who would benefit from long-term anticoagulant therapy or aggressive prophylaxis in temporary periods of high thrombotic risk.
		Prothrombin 20210 testing is not recommended as a general population screen or a routine test during or before pregnancy or as a routine test in patients with an arterial thrombotic event.
	www.cap.org /apps/docs/newspath/spring_2002/newspath1.html (482 words)

	Prothrombin 20210 Mutation (Factor II Mutation)
		Normally, the prothrombin protein is produced to help the blood clot, and is produced in greater amounts after a blood vessel is damaged.
		Prothrombin testing is done by taking a blood sample, and using a genetic test to look at the prothrombin gene.
		A change in the prothrombin gene is present in 2-4% (or 1 in 50 to 1 in 25) of Caucasians, and is more common in individuals of European ancestry.
	netwellness.com /healthtopics/clotting/prothrombin.cfm (389 words)

	Prothrombin time
		Prothrombin is a protein in the liquid part of blood (plasma) that is converted to thrombin as part of the clotting process.
		The normal prothrombin time is 11-15 seconds, although there is some variation depending on the source of the thromboplastin used in the test.
		The prothrombin time of patients receiving warfarin therapy will also be prolonged-usually in the range of one and one half to two times the normal PT time.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/prothrombin_time.jsp (915 words)

	Prothrombin time ratios and anticoagulation therapy - Tips from Other Journals American Family Physician - Find Articles
		Hospital laboratories selected for the study were sent a questionnaire to determine the type of hospital, the method of reporting prothrombin times (whether in seconds or as international normalized ratios), the international sensitivity index values and the method of determining international normalized ratio values.
		If laboratories are using international normalized ratio values, the degree of error in applying the prothrombin time ratio guidelines is related to the deviation of the international sensitivity index from the assumed range of 2.2 to 2.6.
		The authors suggest that until laboratory has established that the international normalized ratios are reported accurately, clinicians need to be aware of the prothrombin time ratio and of the international sensitivity index of the local thromboplastin, and adjust the level of anticoagulation accordingly.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_n2_v46/ai_12606745?lstpn=article_results&lstpc=search&lstpr=external&lstprs=other&lstwid=1&lstwn=search_results&lstwp=body_middle (540 words)

	G20210A Prothrombin Gene Polymorphism and Prothrombin Activity in Subjects With or Without Angiographically Documented ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Prothrombin is the precursor of the serine protease thrombin,
		prothrombin gene mutation assay for the in vitro amplification
		Prothrombin G20210A mutant genotype is a risk factor for cerebrovascular ischemic disease in young patients.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/103/20/2436 (3171 words)

	Tissue Prothrombin : Universal Distribution in Smooth Muscle -- McBane et al. 17 (11): 2430 -- Arteriosclerosis, ...
		All estimations of prothrombin content were performed by comparing the rate of substrate hydrolysis to a standard curve and by stoichiometry of recombinant hirudin.
		of prothrombin in estrogen-primed immature rat uterus to transudation.
		Prothrombin levels are increased in the estrogen-treated immature rat uterus.
	atvb.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/17/11/2430 (3595 words)

	eMedicine - Factor II : Article Excerpt by: Christopher J Steen, MD
		The gene encoding prothrombin is primarily expressed in the liver (Royle, 1987) and is located on chromosome 11 in the region of the centromere (Degen, 1992).
		Since measurable prothrombin is present in all individuals with hypoprothrombinemia or dysprothrombinemia, authorities believe that complete absence of prothrombin is incompatible with postnatal life.
		Aside from the prothrombin deficiencies, another disorder of prothrombin is the prothrombin 20210a mutation.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/factor-ii.htm (581 words)

	Activation of alpha Vbeta 3 on Vascular Cells Controls Recognition of Prothrombin -- Byzova and Plow 143 (7): 2081 -- ...
		Nonspecific binding was measured in the presence of 50-fold excess of nonlabeled prothrombin and subtracted.
		I-prothrombin binding to HUVEC by 75-80% and to c7E3 by ~50%.
		Prothrombin binding to nonstimulated endothelial cells was subtracted from the total binding, and the difference is displayed.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/143/7/2081 (5471 words)

	Home Prothrombin Time Monitor for Anticoagulation Management
		Monitoring of the prothrombin time is recommended to ensure that the dose levels are within the therapeutic range.
		Prothrombin time is measured by a method known as the International Normalized Ratio (INR).
		This is used to determine the effect of warfarin and to regulate its dosage.
	www.bcbst.com /MPManual/Home_Prothrombin_Time_Monitoring.htm (724 words)

	Linkage analysis demonstrates that the prothrombin G20210A mutation jointly influences plasma prothrombin levels and ...
		The heterozygous 20210 G/A prothrombin genotype is associated with early venous thrombosis in inherited thrombophilias and is not increased in frequency in artery disease.
		The prothrombin gene 3'-untranslated region mutation is frequently associated with factor V Leiden in thrombophilic patients and shows ethnic-specific variation in allele frequency [letter].
		Prevalence of FVR506Q and prothrombin 20210A mutations in the Navarrese population.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/95/9/2780 (4610 words)

	The G20210A mutation does not affect the stability of prothrombin mRNA in vivo -- Pollak et al. 100 (1): 359 -- Blood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The approximate 25% increase in prothrombin expression that is observed in 20210G/A heterozygotes
		Nascent prothrombin 20210G mRNA is polyadenylated at positions 20210 and 20212 in the indicated ratio; by comparison, the 20210A mRNA is polyadenylated exclusively at position 20210.
		Prothrombin mRNAs that are polyadenylated at positions 20210 and 20212 translate with high and low efficiencies, respectively (illustrated by dense and sparse ribosomal loading).
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/100/1/359 (2767 words)

	UpToDate Prothrombin gene mutation
		The prothrombin gene mutation and deficiencies in protein S, protein C, and antithrombin account for most of the remaining cases, while rare causes include the dysfibrinogenemias [1,2].
		— Prothrombin (factor II) is the precursor of thrombin, the end-product of the coagulation cascade.
		A report published in 1996 identified a transition (guanine to adenine) at nucleotide 20210 in the 3' untranslated region of the prothrombin gene as a risk factor for thrombosis [3].
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=coagulat/5982 (468 words)

	Factor II Prothrombin Mutation Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The factor II prothrombin G to A 20210 gene mutation was recently described as a risk factor for thromboembolism.
		A common variation in the 3’untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increase in venous thrombosis.
		The prothrombin gene 3’ untranslated region mutation is frequently associated with factor V Leiden in thrombophilic patients and show ethnic-specific variation in allele frequency.
	www.hpath.com /HPAServices/MolecPath/Factorii.htm (279 words)

	Factor II (Prothrombin), DNA Analysis
		This variant is associated with prothrombin levels that are 30% higher than normal, although the mechanism responsible for this elevation is not fully understood.
		Prothrombin is cleaved to thrombin, which acts as a serine protease in the coagulation cascade, and promotes clotting activity by producing fibrin.
		Elevated levels of prothrombin create a mild hypercoagulable state that is associated with deep vein thrombosis.
	www.labcorp.com /datasets/labcorp/html/chapter/mono/mg001100.htm (756 words)

	Prothrombin (Factor II) / Antibodies / Hemostasis / Products / Home - DiaPharma Group, Inc.
		Prothrombin (factor II, FII) is a vitamin K-dependent glycoprotein produced in the liver.
		The concentration of prothrombin in plasma is ~100 micrograms/milliliters (~1.4 micrometers).
		The binding to membranes is required for effective presentation of prothrombin as a substrate for activation by the prothrombinase complex, which consists of activated factor X, activated cofactor V and calcium on phospholipid membrane.
	www.diapharma.com /products/hemostasis/antibodies/prothrombin_factor_ii (236 words)

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