Proto Indo Europeans

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Topic: Proto Indo Europeans

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	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: PIE
		Most PIE linguists believe that all three series were distinct by late Proto-Indo-European, although a minority, including Frederik Kortlandt, believe that the plain velar series was a later development of certain satem languages; this view was originally articuled by Antoine Meillet in 1894.
		Various proposals, with varying levels of skepticism, also exist that join some subset of the putative Eurasiatic language families and/or some of the Caucasian language families, such as Uralo-Siberian, Ural-Altaic (once widely accepted but now largely discredited), Proto-Pontic, etc.
		PIE had personal pronouns in the first and second person, but not the third person, where demonstratives were used instead.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=PIE (2743 words)

	Indo-European - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		India has the largest single Indo-European speaking population on the planet where 75% of the non-Dravidian population (some 700 million people) speak many different Indo-European languages and dialects, which are descendents of a language called Proto-Indo-Aryan by linguists.
		In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, great progress was made due to the discovery of more language material belonging to the Indo-European family, and by advances in comparative linguistics, by scholars such as Ferdinand de Saussure.
		The languages are traditionally separated into a Satem group in the east (Baltic, Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian) and a Centum group in the west (Greek, Italic, Celtic, Germanic), according to their different treatment of PIE velar sounds.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indo-European (801 words)

	Proto-Indo-Europeans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On the other hand, such results also gave rise to a new incarnation of the "European hypothesis" suggesting the Indo-European languages to have existed in Europe since the Paleolithic (see Paleolithic Continuity Theory).
		A rough localization was attempted by reconstructing the names of plants and animals (importantly the beech and the salmon) as well as the culture and technology (a Bronze Age culture centered on animal husbandry and having domesticated the horse).
		Under this hypothesis University of Pennsylvania archaeologist Fredrik T. Hiebert hypothesizes that the transition from PIE to IE dispersion occurred during a catastrophic break in a natural dike between the, then, freshwater Black Sea and the brackish Mediterranian Sea when the latter rose due to post-iceage glacial melting.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans (1752 words)

	We, the Balts
		Proto - Indo - Europeans was so realistic to Schleicher that he wrote even a fable about a horse and a sheep in this first proto - language, which he reconstructed on the basis of the linguistic facts of the living Indo - European language.
		According to it, Proto - Indo - European was spoken between southern Transcaucasia and northern Mesopotamia not later that the 5th - 4th centuries BC.
		The latter fact induced the linguists to look for the Proto -Indo - European homeland in places where wolves roamed in birch groves and snow was a usual phenomenon, for Indo - Eoropean languages also have a common word for snow.
	postilla.mch.mii.lt /Kalba/baltai.en.htm (1969 words)

	PIE, BS, CS
		The 19th century linguistic texts where the PIE is postulated are here Click here to explore common Indo-European lexical roots or take a look at the on-line Indo-European etymological dictionaries.
		PIE vocalic r,l,n,m change into the groups ur,ir,ul,il,un,in,um,im, which are retained in the Baltic languages while evolving furhter in Slavic
		Main structural features of CS: vocalism simplified as compared to PIE (esp. monophtongization), quality is tied to quantity, consonantal oppositions are moving toward the front of mouth cavity, syllables have to be open, still rich inflection
	www.asu.edu /clas/reesc/asugh/GHPIE.HTM (713 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Aryans
		Indo-Iranian arya- descends from PIE ar-yo-, a yo-adjective to a root ar "to assemble skillfully", present in Greek harma "chariot", Latin ars "art" etc.
		This latter suggestion is now widely regarded as untenable, and while ar-yo- is certainly a well-formed PIE adjective, there is no evidence that it was used as an ethnic self-designation outside the Indo*-Iranian branch.
		The Aryan race was a term used in the nineteenth century by European racial theorists who believed strongly in the division of humanity into biologically distinct races with differing characteristics.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Aryans (1455 words)

	Proto-Indo-European verbs conjugation
		The Indo-European languages are the descendants of a single unrecorded language that is believed to have been spoken more than 5,000 years ago in the steppe regions north of the Black Sea and to have split into a number of dialects by the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC.
		Indo-European languages are a family of languages spoken in most of Europe and areas of European settlement and in much of Southwest and South Asia.
		By comparing the recorded Indo-European languages, especially the most ancient ones, much of the parent language from which they are descended can be reconstructed.
	www.verbix.com /languages/proto-indo-european.shtml (153 words)

	Encyclopedia: Aryan race
		In this interpretation, the Aryan Race is both the highest representative of mankind and the purest descendent of the Proto-Indo-European population.
		From this point the term "Aryan" came to mean something similar to "white European" — excluding the Jewish and Arab peoples, because their ancestral languages (Hebrew and Arabic) do not belong to the Indo-European family.
		The Aryan race was a term used in the nineteenth century by European racial theorists who believed strongly in the division of humanity into biologically distinct races with differing characteristics.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Aryan-race (528 words)

	Jared Diamond on the Indo-European conquests
		Thanks to the global expansion of Europeans since 1492 - especially of people from England, Spain, Portugal, France, and Russia - nearly half the world's present population of five billion now speaks an Indo-European language as its native tongue.
		The apparently European centre of gravity of Indo-European languages as of 1492 was actually an artifact of recent linguistic holocausts in Asia.
		The revolution is richly reflected in the PIE vocabulary, through words for 'yoke' and 'plough', 'milk' and 'butter', 'wool' and 'weave', and a host of words associated with wheeled vehicles ('wheel', 'axle', 'shaft', 'harness', 'hub', and 'lynch-pin').
	users.cyberone.com.au /myers/diamond.html (6031 words)

	IEHomeland20
		By this theory PIE culture was in existence by the fifth millenium BCE and soon after began to spread outward in a complex series of waves.
		The concept of a single PIE language has also been blurred by the discovery that any theoretical PIE language(s), along with several other language families, form a supra-family known as Nostratic, which also includes Hamito-Semitic, Dravidian (a language family of India), Kartvelian (the major language family of the southern Caucasus), Uralic, and Altaic.
		Meanwhile, the archeological record frequently is at odds with the old image of massive waves of folk migration, spearheaded by warrior hordes that subdued the indigenous population.
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/jmstitt/Eng480/IndoEuropean/IEHomeland/IEHome20.html (397 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		The term was introduced in 1956 by the American archaeologist Marija Gimbutas (1921–94), who applied it to a more extensive homeland for the Proto-Indo-Europeans and for which older dates (between 4500 and 2500 bc), were established by radiocarbon C-14 and subsequent calibration dating methods.
		Further studies led to specific conclusions about the sounds and grammar of the assumed parent language (called Proto-Indo-European), the reconstruction of that hypothetical language, and estimates about when it began to break up into separate languages.
		Based on new data provided by Central and Eastern European archaeologists, the dating and spread of this culture are under reconsideration.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..in018200.a (726 words)

	Nemos Ognios
		This theory states that Indo-European culture (and, by extension, PIE culture) was divided up into three groups, which Dumezil calls "functions." The first function is the magical-religious one.
		In the same way, PIE existed over a long period of time, and it is wrong to point to one exact period and say: this is PIE.
		Of course, not all of PIE is that recognizable; a PIE word may not have survived into Germanic or been borrowed into English.
	www.geocities.com /nemosognios/Articles/protoie.htm (2309 words)

	Indo-European Culture
		This is certainly not at variance with the majority opinion among Southeast European archaelogists who seek the earliest appearance of Indo-European speakers in the discontinuity that follows the Late Neolithic/Eneolithic cultures of the region.
		The Indo-European society was warlike, exogamic, patriarchal, patrilineal, and patrilocal, with a strong clanic organization and social hierarchy which gave prominence to the warrior class.
		"The Old European and Indo-European belief systems are diametrically opposed.
	www.humanevolution.net /a/indo-european.html (5410 words)

	Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: May 2003 Archives
		The non-Indo-European linguistic substrata of the autochthonous populations of ancient Europe facilitated the graduate differentiation of the Ancient European dialects and the rise of the separate Celtic, Italic, Illyrian, Germanic, Baltic, and Slavic linguistic groups.
		The speakers of the ancient European languages could have been a dark-eyed population which was assimilated by the indigenous population.
		We have analyzed its mutation frequency spectrum in 94 European, North African and SW Asian populations taken from the literature.
	dienekes.ifreepages.com /blog/archives/2003_05.html (9836 words)

	West-Europeans not the original Indo-Europeans - Page 3 - Stormfront White Nationalist Community
		Europeans arrived on the continent about 40,000 years ago.
		The old Europeans were Mediterranean types such as the Basques.
		The most direct descendants of the original Europeans are the Slavs.
	www.stormfront.org /forum/showthread.php?p=571512 (1078 words)

	ARMENIAN HIGHLAND
		THE MIGRATIONS OF THE PROTO INDO-EUROPEANS FROM ARMENIA
		The words described a landscape and climate that linguists originally placed in Europe between the Alps in the south and the Baltic and North seas in the north [see "The Indo-European Language," by Paul Thieme; Scientific American, October, 1958].
	www.armenianhighland.com /homeland/chronicle122.html (592 words)

	Refuting Arthur Kemp's March of the Titans
		The Cro-Magnoid European of Grimaldi and the Bushman-Hottentot look like the modern Black man. Aurignacian culture was brought into Western Europe from Africa were termed Neanthriopic.
		The word Iran itself means "the Land of Aryans" and Indians and Iranians consider their ethnicity and stock as being solely Aryan.
		Minoan Crete, the forerunner of Greek civilization, is the earliest known European high-culture.
	www.stewartsynopsis.com /refuting_the_march_of_the_titans.htm (886 words)

	THE BLACK GREEKS
		Gimbutas maintains that Europeans had their origin in the Pontic steppe country on the north coast of the Black Sea and began to expand into Europe as Kurgan nomads after 4000 BC In 1987, Dr. C.
		Moreover, it is clear that these blacks taught the Europeans civilization and government and that these symbols of government and civilization can not be claimed solely as the property of Europeans.
		These scholars have reviewed the writings of the classical authors, the anthropological, linguistic and historical evidence to reach the conclusion that the ancient Greeks were blacks and that the European Greeks learned the liberal arts and sciences from their "black ancestors" who first settled Greece and the Egyptians.
	clyde.winters.tripod.com /chapter6.html (4808 words)

	Proto-Indo-European reconstruction (from linguistics) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The term Indo-Hittite is used by scholars who believe that Hittite and the other Anatolian languages are not just one branch of Indo-European but rather a branch coordinate with all the rest put together; thus, Indo-Hittite has been used for a family...
		However, for more than a decade after the Civil War the status of the liberated slaves and the terms on which the defeated states would be restored to the Union—that is, the way in which the South and the Union would be reconstructed—remained a...
		European explorers made up several theories to explain why Native Americans are not mentioned in the Book of Genesis.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-35116 (904 words)

	TOQ-John V. Day-European Roots-Vol 2 No 3
		The racial origins of the Proto-Indo-Europeans are, like race and IQ or race and crime, a red-hot subject. Take the case of Professor Wolfram Nagel of Berlin University, who in 1987 argued in the journal of the German Oriental Society that Proto-Indo-Europeans must have been racially northern European.
		Incidentally, ideas about mass migrations being common during prehistoric times arose in the Victorian age, when Europeans really were migrating en masse to the Americas and the colonial empires.
		Bryan Sykes and others classify modern European mtDNA in nine major lineage groups. Sykes finds that eight of these nine groups arose in Europe as long ago as the Upper Palaeolithic, during the time of the Ice Ages.
	theoccidentalquarterly.com /vol2no3/jvd-europeans.html (2766 words)

	Kurgan Culture
		Unlike European breeds, these sheep grow enormous tails, rather like the humps of camels; fat and marrowlike substances are stored in their tails, just as with the humps of camels, and the sheep themselves are better able to endure arid country.
		The nut, PIE ar- and western PIE knw-, the latter probably associated with kosVlo- "hazelnut" whereas the former seemed to cover various nut trees including walnuts and chestnuts.
		Greek version: there are several generations of kings in heaven; Chaos and Earth first rule, and then Earth gives birth to Kronos (her youngest-born) who at his mother's behest, castrates his father with a stone sickle and usurps the throne.
	www.iras.ucalgary.ca /~volk/sylvia/Kurgans.htm (4821 words)

	Indo-European Origins in Southeast Europe
		Only in the periphery of the European continent, in the Iberian peninsula and in Northeast Europe were there strong nuclei of hunters which apparently adopted farming without being linguistically converted.
		He has expounded his theory on the origins of European peoples in several journal articles and, more recently in his book “Eurooppalaisten juuret” which will be translated to English in the near future.
		The extinction of many large species of animals meant that the economic success of inhabitants of regions Ba and U declined, and they were now reduced to hunting small-game.
	dienekes.angeltowns.net /articles/ieorigins (1736 words)

	solar
		Eventually scholars were able to reconstruct a hypothetical language (it was never written down) called proto-Indo-European (PIE).
		As with any living language, PIE was constantly changing, so as different groups migrated away they carried different forms of the language with them.
		By the seventeenth century, similarities among several European languages had been noted.
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/jmstitt/Eng480/solar.html (772 words)

	The Problem of Indo-European Homeland: an article by Cyril Babaev
		The "European theory" according to which the Indo-Europeans always lived somewhere in the center of Europe (Southern Germany, the Alps, Eastern France), could not stand the critics.
		Although we do not have any historical signs of this language, no documents, inscriptions or mentionings in ancient literature, we can be quite sure that there was some language common for all Indo-Europeans.
		The problem of the historical homeland is much more difficult, and leads the list of problems discussed by all European historians, linguists, archaeologists in the latest two hundred years.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article14.html (1851 words)

	Refuting Racial Myths -- Correcting the misinformation at racial_myths
		The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective.
		Subsequent research has shown that Europeans largely descend from Paleolithic hunter-gatherers, and scientists have determined that Europeans mostly weathered the last ice age in refuges in Iberia and the Ukraine.
		Cavalli-Sforza was working under the misconception that genetic variation in Europe must all be attributed to events from the Neolithic onward, since he believed Europeans were mostly descended from Neolithic farmers.
	www.white-history.com /refuting_rm/pcs.html (2663 words)

	The Paleolithic Indo-Europeans
		But there's a lot more to the story, because Hittite is not the only member of the Indo-European family which appears to have reached Anatolia at a very early date.
		The people whose bodies were preserved by the dry desert sands were clearly European in origin, as shown by their physical appearance, by their DNA, and even by the textiles they wore.
		One other oddity is those fabrics of uniquely European weave that were produced by the prehistoric inhabitants of Urumchi.
	www.enter.net /~torve/trogholm/wonder/indoeuropean/indoeuropean4.html (3475 words)

	Encyclopedia: List of English words of Persian origin
		Other words of Persian origin found their way into European languagesâ” and eventually reached English at second-handâ” through the Moorish-Christian cultural interface in the Iberian peninsula during the Middle Ages thus being transmitted through Arabic or, much later, through Hindi during the British Raj.
		Khaki, in British or European parlance, is a type of green tinged brown fabric, or the colour of such fabric.
		The word Dervish, especially in European languages, refers to members of Sufi Muslim ascetic religious fraternities, known for their extreme poverty and austerity, similar to mendicant friars.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/List-of-English-words-of-Persian-origin (5593 words)

	The Indo
		Scott Littleton has even suggested that this tripartite division of society extended unconsciously to the framers of the American Constitution, who, in dividing the totality of their state into three branches, were as much the heirs of their Proto-Indo-European ancestors as Zarathustra or the brahmans of ancient India.
		Whether or not one is confident that such an ideological inheritance exists, the most secure legacy of the Indo-Europeans is surely to be found in the language spoken by over two billion people in the world.
		Even with that overlay of Judeo-Christian ideology which characterizes European culture, the Indo-European ideological structure still surfaces, as we see in the medieval tendency to equate the three sons of Noah -- Japhet, Shem and Ham -- with the three estates of society: nobles (warriors), clerks (priests) and serfs (cultivators).
	pchome.grm.hia.no /~fsaljoug/indo.htm (737 words)

	Web Lecture 4.2
		P.I.E. had a system of altering the internal structure of the root to convey grammatical information, such as tense.
		The unpredictable allomorphy we still see in some morphemes, such as ablaut and nasal insertion, are the relics of this former system.
		This is approximately the time that linguists belief the original P.I.E. language separated into different branches in different geographical areas.
	www.uoregon.edu /~l150web/weblec4.2.html (865 words)

	Proto-Vedic Continuity Theory: Bharatiya Languages
		If we group the language families by their linguistic origins, there should be a cluster of the Indo- European language families, Baltic and Slavic being most closely related, a separate branch for the Finnic and Ugric speakers, and separate coordinate branches for the Turkic, Semitic, and Basque language families.
		The Europeans invented the notion of an Aryan race to counter the Jewish mystic tradition known as the Kabbalah or (Quabbalah) which scholars believe is in turn a rehash of older Babylonian, Persian, Indian Greek and Celtic stories.
		There was no blinking the fact, in the nineteenth century, that most of the world was dominated by Europeans or people of European descent.
	protovedic.blogspot.com /2005/10/proto-vedic-continuity-the_113081510012209579.html (9849 words)

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