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Topic: Proto-Celtic

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Celt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Celtic language family is a branch of the larger Indo-European family, which leads some scholars to a hypothesis that the original speakers of the Celtic proto-language may have arisen in the Pontic-Caspian steppes (see Kurgan). A century later the defeat of the combined Samnite, Celtic and Etruscan alliance by the Romans in the Third Samnite War sounded the end of the Celtic domination in Europe, but it was not until 192 BC that the Roman armies conquered the last remaining independent Celtic kingdoms in Italy. Elsewhere, the Celtic populations were assimilated by others, leaving behind them only a legend and a number of place names such as the Spanish province of Galicia (i.e., Gaul), Bohemia, after the Boii tribe which once lived there, or the Kingdom of Belgium, after the Belgae, a Celtic tribe of Northern Gaul and south-eastern England. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Celt

Proto-Celtic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Insular Celtic verb, on the other hand, shows a peculiar feature unknown in any other attested Indo-European language: verbs have different conjugational forms depending on whether they appear in absolute initial position in the sentence (Insular Celtic having Verb Subject Object or VSO word order) or whether they are preceded by a preverbal particle. However the old view that the Celtic languaes first split into P- and Q-Celtic sub-families which then further divided is now seen as untenable, as it does not do justice to the evidence of the ancient Continental Celtic languages or to the large number of shared innovations among the Insular Celtic languages. While Continental Celtic presents much substantiation for phonology, and some for morphology, recorded material is too scanty to allow a secure reconstruction of syntax. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proto-Celtic_language

Encyclopedia: Samhain But note that the name of the month is of Proto-Celtic age, c.f. The same word was used for the first month of the ancient Celtic calendar, and in particular the first three nights of this month, the festival marking the beginning of the winter season. The Celtic calendar divided the year into two halves, the "dark" half, beginning with the month Samonios (the October/November lunation), and the "light half", beginning with the Giamonios (the April/May lunation). www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Samhain

CELTIC HISTORY; BRIEFLY... Celtic man on the continental mainland wore trousers with a tunic, but in Britain and Ireland the men wore a thigh-high tunic and a cloak, the ever-present dagger or sword, and leather or fur footgear tied around the legs. Celtic religion taught the reincarnation of all individual souls, and the appearance of divine beings on Earth. Celtic technicians of the La Tene period were technically superior to their Greek and Roman counterparts. www.joellessacredgrove.com /Celtic/history.html

Transformations of Celtic Mythology in Arthurian Legend Discounting proto-Celtic Bronze Age societies (which nonetheless were probably the direct forerunners of the Celts), the first identifiably Celtic society arose c. In typical Celtic fashion, his object is to raid this supernatural realm and steal "The cauldron of the Head of Annwn," a powerful magical device and potent symbol in Celtic religion. Celtic society was an elaborate and clearly defined system, with several different branches and roles within it. www.uidaho.edu /student_orgs/arthurian_legend/celtic/celtic.html

ovate He calles the entire learning class "druides" and the entire free class "equitum"--while if we look at other writers and at early Irish sources, there was a large number of divisions and classes in Celtic society. For example, Caesar, in his De Bello Gallico, mentions three classes in Celtic society: druids, knights, and commoners. This lack of distinction has colored how druidism and the role of the ovate is seen. www.maryjones.us /jce/ovate.html

Brythonic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family. The Celtic Roots of English edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola and Heli Pitkänen, by Joensuu University. Such nomenclature usually implies an acceptance of the P-Celtic hypothesis rather than the Insular Celtic hypothesis (for a discussion, see Celtic languages). www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brythonic

Bad Celtic Page The Celts are identified as the group of people who speak the Celtic languages which is a branch of Proto-Indo-European. Celtic is of interest to Indo-Europeanists because it is the western-most branch of Indo-European in Europe, so some archaic Indo-European linguistic (and perhaps cultural) features are preserved. Celtic languages which have not survived include Manx (last native speaker died in the 1970's), Cornish (last speaker from the early 19th century), Gaulish (speakers assimilated into Roman Empire), Galatian (Central Turkey, speakers assimilated into Roman Empre) and Celitiberian or Hispano Celtic (central Spain, speakers assimilated into Roman Empire). www.personal.psu.edu /staff/e/j/ejp10/lingland/faqcelt.html

The Paleolithic Indo-Europeans, 3 It seems quite possible that Lusitanian was a survivor of the proto-Celtic spoken in the late Ice Age. Celtic and Germanic, which are thought to be more closely related to one another, would have been separated both by the Pyrenees glaciers and by the Basques of northeastern Spain, but the split is likely to have been both later and more partial. The original Celtic homeland has to have been located in the west of the Iberian peninsula, the source of those seafarers who settled Ireland at the tail end of the Ice Age. www.enter.net /~torve/trogholm/wonder/indoeuropean/indoeuropean3.html

The Irish and German languages: linguistic and cultural Connections Celtic migration westwards first moved from Bohemia and southern Germany to Gaul and from thence to Spain. It may derive from the Celtic gair (near) to mean neighbours or gaé (spear) to meaning spear-carrier or sharp-witted. Tacitus’ description of Celtic physical traits is similar to some descriptions of the Germans: nobody can now confirm whether he knew the difference between them. www.gaeltacht.info /gael_deutsch.html

Digital Medievalist: Scéla This year's Harvard Celtic Colloquium is October 10 through 12, with the Vernam Hull lecture on October 9th from Professor Marged Haycock of the Department of Welsh, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. I do think a case can be made for Celtic poets engaging in and writing about shamanic behaviors, and I've written about some of the standard scholarly sources regarding Taliesin here. Opinionated musing on things digital and medieval, particularly those that are Celtic, involve digital manuscripts, digital text, or otherwise strike my fancy. www.digitalmedievalist.com /news/archive/2003_09_01_archive.html

Lugh - God of Light The Celtic believed that if her memory was not honored that Lugh would storm down (apparently he also manifested as a weather God) and destroy the crops before they could be taken in from the fields, thereby dooming the community to starvation through the winter months. The symbolism of the Celtic festival Lughnasadh heralds summer's end and reminds us of the rich symbolism to which we are heir. Lughnasadh or Lammas is named for the Celtic god Lugh, but the festival also pays homage to the earlier gods Baal and Crom Dubh. www.ravenquest.net /WyldeWoods/Lugh.html

Historical time line of the Celts The Celtic army consisted of the Treveri, Senones, Carnutes, Nervii, Aduatuci and Eburones. The Celtic peoples had spent 400 years mixing and marrying with the Romans and all the other peoples that came in smaller numbers from the Empire. Raiding Celtic tribes under the leadership of Brennus ravage Rome and occupy the city for three months. www.gallica.co.uk /celts/timeline.htm

e-Keltoi: Volume 6, The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula - Almagro-Gorbea and Lorrio, War and Society in the Celtiberian World Considering that in Greek, Roman or Celtic culture peace can be regarded as the temporary suspension of a habitual state of war (Harmand 1981: 23), war in protohistoric societies would have been a very important social phenomenon. The Celtiberians also belonged to this substrate; they were the principal Celtic group in Hispania, although their early adoption of iron and the gentiliate clan system set them apart and gave them the necessary impetus to "Celtiberianise" the other related tribes. There would also have been warrior assemblies, similar to the Roman curia, the Celtic *corios, like the comitia curiata presided over by the magisterpopuli or the rex in Rome, to decide on peace and war, and who would be the dux or person to hold command, as evidenced by the comitium of Termes. www.uwm.edu /Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_2/gorbea_lorrio_6_2.html

Euskal Herria Journal Basque Language and Culture Celtic languages were spoken in the main part of Western Europe in pre-Roman times, but the vocabulary of Continental Celtic (Celtiberian, Gaulish) is very imperfectly known. Celtic *esok- is another stem which lacks a plausible Indo-European interpretation and analysis. The Celtic word is documented in Latin sources as esox, esocis „a fish of the Rhine“. www.ehj-navarre.org /blessons/mowstr.html

proto_european The Aryan ancestors of the Celts are depicted by the colour blue in the map above, and contribute roughly 20% to the genetic makeup of Proto-Celtic nations. Northern Scotland was the only part of Britain and Ireland to escape Celtic influence 2,000 years ago, and as a result Proto-European culture survived there in a homogenous state (in the form of Pictish culture), until the Gaels arrived there sometime before 300AD. Therefore the Gaels and Britons are inaccurately described by the word "Celtic", with the phrase "Proto-Celtic" being a better description of these hybrid cultures. www.geocities.com /proto_european

Danu Based on the evidence of place-names, such as the river Danube (Latin: Danuvius), she may have been worshipped throughout the Celtic world. Indeed, the presence of a goddess named Danu in Indian Mythology, associated with water and mother of a race of demons called the Danavas, may indicate a very ancient Indo-European origin for this figure. etf.zapto.org /en/Danu.htm

SULIS FACTS AND INFORMATION There are dedications to “Minerva” in Britain and in Celtic Europe. Lyonesse)This apparent semantic connotation has led Dr. John Koch at the University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies to suggest that this mythic personality may well personify “beneficial water-flow,” of which the thermal springs at Bath and perhaps other sites may well have been deemed a manifestation. In the town of Bath in England she was equated with a female deity called Sulis, the cult of whom had its focus on the natural thermal wellsprings to be found there. www.factagent.com /?req=sulis

Gasta.ie - Irish search engine and web directory. The International Celtic Congress - Annual conference devoted to the promotion of the knowledge, use, and appreciation of the six Celtic languages and of the cultures of their speakers. Celtic Studies Starter Kit - A collection of annotated bibliographies, annotated links, and FAQs about ancient and modern Celtic languages and cultures, with an emphasis on medieval Celtic languages and literatures. Celtic Language Resources - A bibliography and collection of classified links to Celtic language resources on the Internet. www.gasta.ie /directory.asp?ID=Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Indo-European/Celtic

Kenmare - The Irish Language - The Celtic language family is made up of the Continental Celtic languages (consisting of Celtiberian, Gaulish, and Galatian), and the Insular Celtic languages of the so-called British Isles. Irish has its roots in the original language of the Celtic peoples who emerged in south central Europe sometime around the 5th C. Theirs is known to archeologists as the La Tene culture. Irish is an Indo-European language, a member of the Celtic language group. www.kenmare.com /history/irishlan.html

Articles - Indo-European languages Celtic languages — Gaulish inscriptions date as early as the 6th century BC; Old Irish texts from the 6th century AD. Northern Europe enters the Pre-Roman Iron Age, the formative phase of Proto Germanic. Thus, geographically, the "eastern" languages are Satem (Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, but not including Tocharian and Anatolian), and the "western" languages are Centum (Germanic, Italic, Celtic). www.gaple.com /articles/Indo-European_languages?mySession=534ecf000caa2d5c1b574daad96142af

CELTIC DRUIDISM As a result, of the 374 Celtic deities which have been found, over 300 occur only once in the archeological record; they are believed to be local deities. The closest analogy are the Celtic Virtues of honor, loyalty, hospitality, honesty, justice and courage. The Christian Church adsorbed much of Celtic religion: many Pagan Gods and Goddesses became Christian saints; sacred springs and wells were preserved and associated with saints; many Pagan temple sites became the location of cathedrals. www.religioustolerance.org /druid.htm

Massa and Naza The first part of this compound, diuer-, is a Celtic word meaning "water" (Proto-Celtic *dubros) and is a later explanatory addition. www.eskunabarra.org /Angus_J_Huck/massa_and_naza.htm

Éire Go Bragh From this point on, as the proto-Celtic became the Celtic, with the successive waves of Urnfield, Hallstatt, and La Tène cultures, this occupation-based caste system become more solidified and organized, until it became the class-based social structure we find in the Fenechas (the laws of the Gael, the Celtic people of Ireland and Scotland). The last defining marker of the transition of proto-Celtic to Celtic was the advent of iron use. At the peak of the celtic culture their tribes were spread across europe from the british isles all the way to turkey. www.irishgaelictranslator.com /translation/sutra66632.html

"Megalthic" from Brittany perhaps ? It is interesting to speculate that a Basque male line of hunters-fishers from the south-west combined with an Indo-European female line of farners to form this hybrid culture and this could have settled the lands we call "Celtic" today. Perhaps over-population from the agricultural revolution combined with a sea-going fishing culture spurred this spread. www.talkaboutculture.com /group/soc.culture.cornish/messages/9408.html

DRUUIDICA PRINNION (Druidical Astrology) by Michel-Gerald Boutet [32] The etymology of the name hints at a pun on a Celtic name with a Romanised rendering of a Greek/Aramaic name Bartholomaeus for "son of Ptolemy", that is, from Aramaic Bar for "son" and Greek Ptolemaios. The dolphin, which is also present in Greek myths and in Celtic myths as the porpoise or merman. Peter Berresford Ellis had also noticed thanks to his vast understanding of details found in the various Celtic corpuses that Celtic cosmology paralleled Vedic cosmology. cura.free.fr /xv/14boutet.html

Citation Record Lehmann, Winfred P. Early Celtic among the Indo-European Dialects. www.utexas.edu /cola/depts/lrc/ietype/citation/C0063.html

MaximumEdge.com Gifts - Celtic Print Cotton Sheet Vault of Valhalla - Viking, Celtic and Anglo-Saxon jewelry designed by Vincent Zahnle using period sources and handcast in pewter, brass, white bronze and silver. Celtic FC by Ananova - Breaking news, match reports, live results and email updates. The Harp: Ireland's Musical Heartstrings - AllAboutIrish looks at the historical role of the Celtic harp in Irish culture, its decline in the 17th and 18th centuries and revival in the modern era. www.maximumedge.com /gifts/F-32463.html

RealMagick Article: Origins of the Celts by Michael Wangbickler Whereas the Urnfield people may justifiably be considered to have been proto-Celtic, their descendants in Central Europe, the people of the Hallstatt culture, were certainly fully Celtic. As the name suggests, the people of the Urnfield culture cremated their dead and placed the remains in urns which were buried in flat cemeteries without any covering mound. This was to end, however, toward the close of the second millennium B.C.E., when there is evidence of wide-spread disruption which affected the "higher civilizations" to the south-east and curbed trade. www.realmagick.com /articles/32/1032.html

wa?A2=ind0501b&L=conlang&F=&S=&P=17447 Even if one assumes that there is such a thing as "Proto-Insular Celtic", which probably isn't at all anyway, one could not reconstruct any initial mutations for it (except perhaps some kind of subphonemic fortis/lenis thing). This also means that there is no "Q-Celtic" node in the Celtic language family tree other than the root, Proto-Celtic. After all, it just filled up a gap in the Celtic stop inventory that was left behind by the deletion of PIE /p/, and could have happened more than once. listserv.brown.edu /archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0501b&L=conlang&F=&S=&P=17447

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