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Topic: Proto-Dravidian

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Dravidian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The origins of the Dravidian languages, as well as their subsequent development and the period of their differentiation, are unclear, and the situation is not helped by the lack of comparative linguistic research into the Dravidian languages. Dravidian languages are also characterized by a three-way distinction between dental, alveolar, and retroflex places of articulation as well as large numbers of liquids. The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 26 languages that are mainly spoken in southern India and Sri Lanka, as well as certain areas in Pakistan, Nepal, and eastern and central India. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dravidian_languages

Britannica Article on Dravidian Dravidian languages are spoken in India (mainly in its southern, eastern, and central parts), in Sri Lanka (Ceylon), and in diaspora communities in S.E. Asia, Pacific Islands, eastern Africa, and elsewhere. Apart from the survival of some islands of Dravidian speech, however, the process of replacement of the Dravidian languages by the Aryan tongues was entirely completed before the beginning of the Christian Era, after a period of bilingualism that must have lasted many centuries. There is indeed a possibility of Dravidian and Indo-Aryan drawing even closer together in the future; but it is highly doubtful that a new family of languages will develop in such a way that the bases of the contributing groups (i.e., Dravidian and Indo-Aryan) will be completely eliminated through the phenomena of borrowing. ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/sars238/shortencybrit.html

proto saharan religions The marriage of the Dravidian cult goddess Paravati, in Siva temples to insure effectively the fecundity and prosperity of the Dravidian people is analogous to the holy marriage of Dumuzi and Inanna, the Sumerian mother-goddess. The Dravidian equivalent to Anu, or bull worship was Anu-Rupa or Siva. Some Dravidians of South India were also members of the Mande Superclan, as illustrated in the Kannada, Telugu and Tulu, Dravidian tribes that use the terms Mande or Mandi to denote "people or persons". ipoaa.com /proto_saharan_religions.htm

IS INDUS VALLEY THE CRADLE OR CATACOMB OF THE DRAVIDIAN CIVILIZATION In their book “Proto-I doctored claims are made to establish the Dravidian or the otherwise content of that civilization. But by this time the Dravidian origin of the language and culture was forgotten, not merely due to the lapse of time, but also apparently as an outcome of cultural elimination. Instead the cradle of the Dravidian civilization is in Kumari kandam, otherwise called as Lemurian continent and Gondwana land. www.geocities.com /greenpolitics2001

ETRUSCAN, A DRAVIDIAN TONGUE? And this Dravidian influence on Sanskrit is in itself a remarkable discovery that may revolutionize the science of Linguistics by itself alone. If we can indeed prove that Etruscan was a Dravidian tongue, we will have proved their Indian origins either as an Indo-European nation that adopted the Dravidian tongues (just as they would later adopt the Latin one) or as a Dravidian nation that was eventually engulfed by the Indo-Europeans. In order to render the identification of the individual Dravidian roots and words we followed the genial numbering scheme devised by Burrows and Emeneau (BE) in their magistral work which indeed sets new, seminal trends in Linguistics. www.verbix.com /documents/etruscan-dravidian.htm

Dravidian India But once their race had been blended with the Dravidian, the mixed stock which resulted from the union, found itself possessed of the means of putting thoughts into visible concrete form. It is therefore contended that the bronze and iron age culture of Adichanallur is that of the early Dravidians. Our savant notes, "The fact that several Dravidian dialects, such as Brahui, Villi [Bhilli], and Santal, are found stranded in the midst of other tongues in Baluchistan, Rajaputana and Central India testifies to te once universal diffusion of the Dravidians in India." (Iyengar 1925, p.21) Little wonder that he named his work "Dravidian India". www.saxakali.com /southasia/dravidian_india.htm

Tamil Language & Literature - Mu Varadarajan Whatever be their numerical strength now, they are proof of the fact that the Dravidians in some age of the historical past were spread in the region between Baluchistan and Bengal and spoke the Proto-Dravidian idiom. Since the Dravidians lived throughout the Indian subcontinent at some historical past, certain syntactical affinities are noticeable even today between the South and a large number of North Indian languages. Since literary works in other Dravidian languages came to be written only after the eighth century A.D., the Tamil literature prior to this, extending over a period of twelve centuries, had grown like the first child in a joint family. www.tamilnation.org /books/Literature/varadarajan.htm

CenAsia Given the presence of numerous Dravidians in the part of Asia, and the documented presence of Indus Valley colonies in this part of Central Asia suggest that the Anau tablet was probably written in the Indus Valley/Harappan writing in an aspect of the Dravidian language closely related to Tamil. Winters,Clyde Ahmad, "The Dravidian and Manding Substratum in Tokharian",- Central Asiatic Journal 32, nos1-2,(1988)pages 131-141. Winters,Clyde Ahmad,"Tamil,Sumerian and Manding and the Genetic Model",International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, 18,(1989) no.l. www.geocities.com /ekwesi.geo/CenAsia.htm

ejvs0801.txt For Rajaram, the Harappans are Aryan and the language is Sanskrit; For Mathivanan, the Harappans are Dravidian and the language is Tamil. The Iron Age which originated in South India was Dravidian and, in its last phase, coincided with the Sangam Age, characterised by literary activity, the use of currency and foreign trading contacts. The 'hasty generalisations and presumptuous inferences' in the textbooks of the comparative philologists of the 18th and 19th centuries have led to the elaborate division of the civilised humanity into Aryan, Dravidian and Semitic races and established an 'incongruous relation between language and race'. users.primushost.com /~india/ejvs/ejvs0801/ejvs0801.txt

INDOLOGY: Deshpande: Michigan-Lausanne Seminar abstracts Thus these suffixes of Dravidian origin are in a continuous distribution with the Dravidian paLLi, as well as with similar suffixes in the state of Gujarat (discussed in Sankalia's doctoral thesis, which is based on early inscriptions in Gujarat). The differing assignments of cultural identity to Kali and differing understandings of her "Aryanness" and "Dravidianness" by indigenous experts are discussed, and Asko Parpola's theory of first and second wave Aryans is evaluated in light of this Kerala material. In the course of the nineteenth century, the growing tension between an emergent "race science" and the Sanskritists was compromised in the racial theory of Indian civilization, that is, the notion that Indian civilization was formed by conquest and the intermingling of white, Aryan, Sanskrit-speaking civilized invaders and dark savages native to India. www.ucl.ac.uk /%7Eucgadkw/members/mich-laus.html

Dravidian Languages and Telugu Proto-Dravidian gave rise to totally 21 Dravidian languages. They can be broadly classified into three groups: Northern group, Central group, and Southern group of Dravidian languages. There is a possibility that the words 'telingam' and telugu come from the same source. www.teluguworld.org /Telugu/dravidian_class.html

DISCOVERY OF DRAVIDIAN AS THE COMMON SOURCE OF INDO-EUROPEAN Without fully and correctly understanding what is already there in Dravidian, it would be a farfetched and unwise idea to attempt to deal with Proto-Dravidian. In fact, the use of the word "thought" itself warrants grave reservation as to DED’s claim about having dealt with Proto-Dravidian. It is with this great antiquity of Dravidian words in constant view that this ancient and illustrius language merits and deserves all the margin of understanding when we approach her in her genetic relationship with her offspring: Indo-European. www.datanumeric.com /dravidian/page019.html

Who is a Tamil - C.Sivaratnam The blood, beliefs and culture of the proto-Australoid and proto-Dravidian were incorporated into the general Dravidian stock. Proto Australoids: Although with an aged civilisation, they possessed special high qualities of their owns good enough to be admired. Of all the Dravidian languages it is Tamil that has exerted the greatest influence on Sinhalese (Concise History of Ceylon, 1961, 40). www.tamilnation.org /heritage/sivaratnam.htm

Vel Worship in Sri Lanka In the ancient Dravidian concept of the supernatural, a great deal of religious importance was attached to certain objects, which they considered eminently sacred. The Dravidian notion of the sacred should be understood, both in its positive and negative manifestations as ananku It should also be understood in the symbolism of being here and now -- inke and hippo. The worship was addressed to the outside spirit, which had taken up its residence temporarily or otherwise in the object. kataragama.org /research/krishnapillai.htm

History of Iran: India's Parthian Colony Had they been Andhras, they would no doubt have propagated the proto-Telugu Dravidian dialect. That the Pallavas were not Dravidians is evidenced from the fact that their migration can be clearly traced via copper-plate grants as being from the Telugu to the Tamil country. In fact, the foundations of Dravidian architecture were laid by the earlier kings of this series. www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/india_parthian_colony2.php

In the corpus of inscribed objects of the Sarasvati Sindhu Civilization But, in fact, in Dravidian it is a matter of the utmost certainty that retroflexes in contrast with dentals are Proto-Dravidian in origin, not the result of conditioning circumstances... It is noteworthy that this influence was spent by the end of the pre-Christian era, a precious indication for the linguistic history of North India: Dravidian speech must have practically ceased to exist in the Ganges valley by this period... It also of course means much bilingualism and gradual abandonment of Dravidian speech in favor of IndoAryan over a long period and a great area-a process for which we have only the most meagre of evidence in detail. www.hindunet.org /saraswati/nahali/nahali.htm

Tamil Unseats Sanskrit ( Telingana Nadu Journal ) Dravidian leaders have always seen the monopoly of Sanskrit in temples as a continuation of the Brahminical hegemony. That Tamil be accepted as the language of temples has long been the demand of the leaders of the Dravidian movement. "So the Dravidian movement's anti-God stance and its call for democratisation of temples by using Tamil are not necessarily conflicting points of view," he said. www.dalitstan.org /journal/dalitism/dal000/tam_tmp.html

AncientScripts.com: Indus Script Another possible indication of Dravidian in the Indus texts is from structural analysis of the texts which suggests that the language underneath is possibly agglutinative, from the fact that sign groups often have the same initial signs but different final signs. The Dravidian family of languages is spoken in Southern Indian, but Brahui is spoken in modern Pakistan. The Dravidian model isn't just an unapplicable theory...But first we have to know what kind of writing system is the Indus script. www.ancientscripts.com /indus.html

Mahadevan 15: Text Only Version Hence Parpola concludes that Brahui represents the remnants of the Dravidian language spoken in the area by the descendants of the Harappan population. The analysis is sound; but his model of decipherment based on the Dravidian hypothesis (published in 1992 shortly before his death) has not been taken seriously because of his lack of familiarity with the Dravidian languages and linguistic techniques. he survival of Brahui, a Dravidian language, spoken even today by large numbers of people in Baluchistan and the adjoining areas in Afghanistan and Iran, is an important factor in the identification of the Indus Civilization as Dravidian. www.harappa.com /script/maha15.html

Indus Script and Telugu However since the middle of the nineteenth century, perhaps because of the lack of a better word, Dravidian is increasingly being used to denote the commonality in South Indian roots and culture. But it is certain that dozens of languages of south India belong to the Dravidian family. A more recent classification, a list of over 70 languages in the Dravidian family and some relevant statistics can be found at the ETHNOLOGUE site. www.engr.mun.ca /~adluri/telugu/language/script/script1a.html

Aryan Invasion Theroy and Politics: The Case of David Duke It over-confidently assumes that the structure of the language (agglutinative in the case of Dravidian, as opposed to flexive in the case of Indo-European) can be deduced from the series of signs available on the Indus seals. Without going into further details, our impression with each one of the Dravidian readings is that in spite of the computer techniques used, a great deal of inspired guessing has gone into them. The thesis of a linguistic kinship between Elamite and Dravidian has become fairly popular, possibly because few scholars are both competent and willing to test it. koenraadelst.bharatvani.org /articles/aid/vedicharrapans.html

IndiaStar article: "Is the Aryan/Dravidian Binary Valid?" by Subhash Kak The definition of Aryan and Dravidian are extrapolated from the culture of the speakers of the North and the South Indian languages. Recently I participated in a symposium to address the issue of the identity, invasions, or immigration of the ``Aryans'' and, their relationship to that of the ``Dravidians'' and it was clear that this problem really lies outside the purview of academic debate. They could have been bilinguals who knew `Dravidian' and `Vedic'; maybe their first language was really Dravidian even though they had Sanskrit names as has been true in South India for much of historical times; or they were purely Sanskrit speaking. www.indiastar.com /kak6.html

3.4. EXCHANGES WITH OTHER LANGUAGE FAMILIES This would fit in with David McAlpin’s Elamo-Dravidian theory, which puts Proto-Elamo-Dravidian on the coast of Iran, spreading westwards to Mesopotamia (Elam) and eastwards to Sindh and along the Indian coast southwards. Among the highest estimates is the 5% to 9% of Dravidian loans in Vedic Sanskrit proposed by F.B.J. Kuiper: Aryans in the Rigveda, Rodopi, Amsterdam 1991. As for the alleged Dravidian substratum influence on Indo-Aryan phonetics, viz. www.bharatvani.org /books/ait/ch34.htm

LETTERS Henry Heras, the Dravidian from Spain as he proudly called himself, who first declared that the language of the Indus Valley seal inscriptions was proto-Dravidian. Stanley Wolpert paraphrases this scholarly consensus in a more telling manner in his An Introduction to India (University of California Press, 1991): "We assume from various shreds of evidence that they were proto-Dravidian, possibly using a langu age that was a grandfather of modern Tamil." Among those who have tried to decipher the Indus script as proto-Dravidian are Walter A. Fairservis (no more with us now), Asko Parpola, Y.V. Knorozov and Iravatham Mahadevan. www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/fline/fl1801/18011050.htm

Sounds of Dravidian (from Dravidian languages) --  Encyclopædia Britannica More results on "Sounds of Dravidian (from Dravidian languages)" when you join. More from Britannica on "Sounds of Dravidian (from Dravidian languages)"... Characteristics of the Dravidian languages > Sounds of Dravidian www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=74970

C I I L Further, he gives evidences of proto-Dravidian phonemes from vowels and consonants with the example of splits and mergers of proto-Dravidian *t and a general profile of major sound changes in Dravidian with reference with sound changes without a typological goal and sound changes, which presumably have a typological goal. Krishnamurti while presenting the Dravidian evidence to support his hypothesis, mentions the sub-groups of Dravidian families, namely South Dravidian I, South Dravidian II, Central Dravidian and North Dravidian with examples. Krishnamurti exerted that the elimination of the alveolar in all its occurrences has led to the emergence of a five-point stop system in most of the Dravidian languages which has then produced a common Indo-Aryan Dravidian type in phonology with borrowed aspirated stops in Dravidian in all the five articulatory positions. www.ciil.org /announcement/MBE_programme/session8/krishnamurthi.htm

OUP: Comparative Dravidian Linguistics: Krishnamurti It will include a new and substantial introduction to the field, and will conclude with a survey of Dravidian language studies over the last thousand years and a critical account of work since 1950. To any student of Dravidian linguistics, this volume is indispensable. This book will make available the author's most important published articles on Dravidian over the last forty years. www.oup.co.uk /isbn/0-19-824122-4

The Tower of Babel As for Central Dravidian languages, r_ is seen in Konda and in Maria Gondi, where it is a "voiced guttural fricative" (Zvelebil 1970, p. The fact that South Dravidian knows no distinction between *d_ and *r_, even if it is true (of which I am not yet certain), can by no means nullify the importance of these correspondences between Central Dravidian languages. Another piece of important evidence is the reflexation of this phoneme in certain Central Dravidian languages (primarily of the Kolami-Gadba subgroup), where they are usually reflected as either dental or retroflex stops (DED, pp. starling.rinet.ru /Texts/alveol.htm

7: Fishes and Stars: evidence for astral divinities This phonetic shape can also be reconstructed for the mother language, Proto- Dravidian. n early form of Dravidian, then, emerges as the historically most likely language to have been spoken by the Indus people. The uniformity of the sign sequences in Indus inscriptions coming from all parts of the large area occupied by the Indus civilisation precludes the possibility that widely different languages were used, at least as far as the literate elite is concerned. www.harappa.com /script/parpola7.html

varnam - India - Cradle for all non-African people The proto-Dravidian languages had also, through the ocean route, reached northeast Asia, explaining the connections between the Dravidian family and the Korean and the Japanese. It appears that the Dravidian languages are more ancient, and the Aryan languages evolved in India over thousands of years before migrations took them to central Asia and westward to Europe. Perhaps this new understanding will encourage Indian politicians to get away from the polemics of who the original inhabitants of India are, since that should not matter one way or the other in the governance of the country. www.varnam.org /blog/archives/2005/03/india_cradle_fo.html

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