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Topic: Proto-Germanic language

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Origin of the German Language The Proto-Germanic language is a branch of the Indo-European language. The Proto-Germanic languages differ from the Indo-European languages in subtle phonological and grammatical changes, one of which is called the consonant shift, commonly referred to as Grimm's law. All Germanic languages are believed to have stemmed from a parent language which we call Proto-Germanic. f99.middlebury.edu /RU232A/STUDENTS/cbeyer/originsrev.html   (869 words)

Language Evolution The relationships among the Germanic languages are often obvious, and linguists have reconstructed what they call Proto-Germanic: Gothic is the oldest recorded version of the Germanic languages, and Old Church Slavic the oldest of the Slavic languages. Linguists have reconstructed other "Proto" languages for other language families. www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/langevol.html   (1568 words)

Proto-Slavic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia It is generally acknowledged that of the various languages which left their mark on the early lexical stock, Germanic occupies a pivotal position, and many early Germanic loanwords into Proto-Slavic are known. No Proto-Slavic writings have been found, so the language has been reconstructed from a comparison of all the attested Slavic languages and of other Indo-European languages. In the 5th or 6th century, Slavic tribes began to migrate in the wake of the Germanic migration period. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proto-Slavic   (1560 words)

Exploratorium Magazine: Language: page 2 There are, however, no written records of the languages ancestral to the Germanic or Slavic languages, so these two languages — which must have existed no less than Latin — are called Proto-Germanic and Proto-Slavic, respectively. Here similarities among certain languages in the word for "hand" allow us to readily identify not only the Romance family (Spanish, Italian, Rumanian), but also the Slavic family (Russian, Polish, Serbo-Croatian) and the Germanic family (English, Danish, German). A language family, such as the Romance family, is a group of languages that have all evolved from a single earlier language, in this case Latin. www.exploratorium.edu /exploring/language/language_article2.html   (284 words)

Exploratorium Magazine: Language: page3 In other words, a language that existed long before Latin, Proto-Germanic, or Proto-Slavic first differentiated into these three languages and then they, in turn, diversified into the modern languages of each family. In fact, similarities among language families such as Romance, Germanic, and Slavic have the same meaning as similarities among languages in any one family — they imply that these three families are branches of an even more ancient family. The Indo-European family has, in fact, thirteen branches; in addition to Romance, Germanic, and Slavic, there are also Baltic, Celtic, Iranian, Indic, Tocharian, Anatolian, and three single languages that are by themselves separate branches of the family: Armenian, Greek, and Albanian. www.exploratorium.edu /exploring/language/language_article3.html   (454 words)

r_richards.doc Primary diachronic interests are found in Russian, general Slavic, and Hungarian, with emphasis in protolanguage reconstruction and typologization, formation of literary languages, analysis of medieval texts, and Sprachbund phenomena. Publications: "The Pannonian Slavic Dialect of the Common Slavic Proto-Language: The View From Old Hungarian" UCLA Indo-European Studies, Volume 2, 2003. Teaching Assistant (Language Lab): First and Second Year German 1985-88, SDSU Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages Languages 1. web.gc.cuny.edu /linguistics/enter/rsm/r_richards.doc   (511 words)

22) The Proto-Germanic language; Grimm and Bopp. Grimm advanced his work mainly towards reconstructing Proto-Germanic language and then to its speculated source, the Proto-Indo-European language. ‘Proto’ word is used for a presumably existing unknown language when its form is reconstructed on the basis of available material of a later date. (on the system of conjugation of the Sanskrit language in comparison with Greek, Latin, Persian and Germanic),” he compared the verb morphology structure of these languages. encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org /articles/22_the_proto_germanic.htm   (983 words)

Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Indo-European The languages are traditionally separated into a Satem group in the east (Baltic, Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian) and a Centum group in the west (Greek, Italic, Celtic, Germanic), according to their different treatment of PIE velar sounds. The language group was briefly referred to as "Indo-Germanic", until it became apparent that the group included most of the other languages of Europe, as well. The Indo-European language family is attested in twelve branches, some of them extinct, with a historical distribution over most of Europe, Anatolia, Iran, India and parts of Central Asia (East Turkistan). www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Indo-European   (713 words)

Filibuster - Uncyclopedia Thus, the Germanic languages (which include German, Dutch, English, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Yiddish, and the extinct Gothic) can be compared to reconstruct Proto-Germanic, a language that was probably contemporaneous with Latin and for which no records are preserved. One method to illustrate the relationship between such divergent yet related languages is to construct family trees, an idea pioneered by the 19th century historical linguist August Schleicher. One commonly cited opinion is that if a group of people were sent to a distant galaxy, after 10,000 years they would be speaking a language that would be no more similar to their native language than any other language selected at random. uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Filibuster   (11774 words)

Prussian, an Aboriginal A-language As for Germanic, a language usually lumped together simplistically with Celtic, Italic, and Greek as Western Centum Indo-European, there is no internal evidence whatever for long and short o separate from long and short § in its earliest stages. Slavic's special native cognate lexical ties with Albanian (which does not have this dative plural -m-) which suggest the southernmost position for Pre-Slavic, that is, the one farthest from Pre-Germanic, give that impression. Specialists believe that with respect to centum versus satem the centum languages with reflexes of k, g, gh as opposed to those of k*, g*, g*h* of the satem ones are more conservative and are, at the same time, geographically peripheral. www.lituanus.org /1989/89_4_04.htm   (3617 words)

Language Evolution The relationships among the Germanic languages are often obvious, and linguists have reconstructed what they call Proto-Germanic: Linguists have reconstructed other "Proto" languages for other language families. By examining the oldest examples of modern and classical languages such as Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit, linguists have been able to reconstruct an educated guess as to what the language of these ancient people was like. www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/langevol.html   (1512 words)

English language history from other languages The invaders all spoke a language that was Germanic (related to what emerged as Dutch, Frisian, German and the Scandinavian languages, and to Gothic), but we will probably never know how different their speech was from that of their continental neighbors. English is in the Germanic group of languages. Languages that have contributed words to English include Latin, Greek, French, German, Arabic, Hindi (from India), Italian, Malay, Dutch, Farsi (from Iran and Afganistan), Nahuatl (the Aztec language), Sanskrit (from ancient India), Portuguese, Spanish, Tupi (from South America) and Ewe (from Africa). www.wordinfo.info /word-infoEngHistory.html   (4513 words)

A Naming Language Proto- languages are elaborate hypothetical constructions and, as hypotheses, are fuzzy around the edges: nothing but the bones of an extinct dinosaur, while the exact color of its flesh can never be known. When does it end?" Tolkien again provides the best example; he created root words in a proto-language; he imagined that the elves would have reconstructed their ancestral language, much as Europeans reconstructed Indo-European. The languages analyzed were Armenian, Avestan, Common Germanic, Greek, Hittite, Latin, Lithuanian, Old Church Slavonic, Old Irish, Old Persian, Sanskrit, and Tocharian. www.langmaker.com /ml0102.htm   (5077 words)

Indo-European Proto-Dialects: an article by Cyril Babaev This theory supports the idea that all European languages are descendants of the "Proto-European" language, which in its turn used to be on of the two major dialects of Proto-Indo-European. With the increasing number of people - speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language - the area of the language was gradually and constantly widening, and as people were living in isolated tribes and had little contact with each other, dialectal differences appeared. Many linguists offered versions in favour of the so-called "European languages" theory, opposing such groups as Baltic, Slavic, Germanic, Celtic, Italic (i.e. indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article13.html   (2180 words)

Bulgarian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia All vowels are relatively lax, as in most other Slavic languages, and unlike the vowels, for example, in the Germanic languages. The first mention of the language as the "Bulgarian language" instead of the "Slavonic language" comes in the work of the Greek clergy of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid in the 11th century, for example in the Greek hagiography of Saint Clement of Ohrid by Theophylact of Ohrid (late 11th century). Bulgarian is the official language of the Republic of Bulgaria. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bulgarian_language   (2180 words)

Language Families and Their Branches Sometimes a protolanguage can be identified with a historically known language. And Sanskrit was the protolanguage of many of the languages of the Indian subcontinent, such as Bengali, Hindi, Marathi, and Urdu. The common ancestor of a family (or branch) is known as its protolanguage (the prefix proto- means 'early' in Sanskrit). www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/november/languageFamilies.htm   (688 words)

Balto-Slavic languages Szemerényi in his 1957 re-examination of Meillet's results concludes that the Balts and Slavs did, in fact, share a "period of common language and life", and were probably separated due to the incursion of Germanic tribes along the Vistula and the Dnepr roughly at the beginning of the Common Era. The Balto-Slavic language group is a hypothetical language group consisting of the Baltic and Slavic language subgroups of the Indo-European family. Baltic and Slavic languages were not written down until 15th and 9th centuries A.D.; thus, the historical record tracing the development of the languages is limited. www.worldhistory.com /wiki/B/Balto-Slavic-languages.htm   (564 words)

The Study of Celtic Languages Once the Indo-European nature of the Celtic languages (and especially their close connection with the Italic branch) had been discovered by Bopp and Zeuss in the early 19th century, scholarly study began at German universities and elsewhere on the continent, and in the British Isles (Oxford and Cambridge). The Celtic languages that survived into the modern period, Welsh, Irish, Breton, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, and Cornish (the last two only recently extinct), are spoken as primary languages by about a million people, although easily twice that number might be counted as fluent speakers. This great period of Celtic expansion comes to an end in the first two centuries A.D. under the combined pressure of Roman and Germanic expansionism and is in many respects well recorded in Roman historical sources such as Caesar's Gallic Wars. ls.berkeley.edu /dept/celtic/celtic_lang_study.html   (549 words)

22) The Proto-Germanic language; Grimm and Bopp. Grimm advanced his work mainly towards reconstructing Proto-Germanic language and then to its speculated source, the Proto-Indo-European language. ‘Proto’ word is used for a presumably existing unknown language when its form is reconstructed on the basis of available material of a later date. There is a logic how the languages and dialects change their word-sound and spellings according to human psychology, behavior, environment, migration, adaptation and social needs related to culture, trade and religion, and the ups and downs of their living patterns. encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org /articles/22_the_proto_germanic.htm   (983 words)

Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000       A curious byproduct of the age of colonialism and mercantilism was the introduction of Sanskrit in the 18th century to European intellectuals and scholars long familiar with Latin and Greek and with the European languages of culture — Romance, Germanic, and Slavic. Language is a social fact; languages are not spoken in a vacuum but by human beings living in a society. The main outlines of the reconstructed language were already seen by the end of the 1870s, but it was only during the course of the 20th century that certain of these features received general acceptance. www.bartleby.com /61/8.html   (9441 words)

Indo-European Proto-Dialects. - www.ezboard.com This theory supports the idea that all European languages are descendants of the "Proto-European" language, which in its turn used to be on of the two major dialects of Proto-Indo-European. Many linguists offered versions in favour of the so-called "European languages" theory, opposing such groups as Baltic, Slavic, Germanic, Celtic, Italic (i.e. The method of studying which groups and separate languages were more closely connected with each other is easy: comparative linguistics allows to study the similarities in phonetics and morphology, which make languages more alike each other or vice versa far from each other in development. p083.ezboard.com /fbalkansfrm53.showMessage?topicID=50.topic   (9441 words)

All Empires History Forum: The case for Veneti It's interesting that some "kentum" influences on Slavic languages and pre-Germanic as well, lingustic researchers trace to possible neighbourhood of these groups to Veneti that would happened somewhere in the north-east shores of the Baltic Sea. Unfortunatly, this little tribe, that apparently lived in parts of Istria, modern Slovenia and the part of Italian peninsula that took their name (Venice) of course, seems to be dragged into the recent developments of ethno-centric theories and of newly founded ethnogenesis myths constructed by people (where else?) in the Balkans. This person, who is endorsed by the official Slovenian government nevertheless, by generous funding and by getting the highest national academic award of Slovenia, along with a group of Slovenes historians and archeologists and a handfull of non-Slovenians (all of them interconnected) are propagating a few rather funny theories: www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=2076&PN=1   (2236 words)

protocelt.htm Perhaps one of the meanings of the term "Celtic" can be defined as referring to a genetic group or member of a group which historically spoke one of the Celtic languages as its first language or mother tongue. Since there is no explanation for either tonal or non-tonal languages generating or not generating languages with initial consonantal mutation, saying that the phenomenon of initial consonantal mutation can be accepted only when attested in writing might not be not appropriate. The Celtic speaking people of France chose Church Latin instead of Germanic. members.aol.com /IrishWord/protocelt.htm   (5037 words)

Book Review: In Search of Ancient Ireland Suggestions that a Celtic proto-language might have arrived even earlier, with bronze-age technology, are not taken seriously because the Celtic languages are believed to have only separated from the Germanic languages in the second half of the second millenium BC. When we enter historic times, it is well established that Celtic was the language of Ireland, and that Celtic mythology spoke of an earlier people who had inhabited Ireland before the arrival of the Celts. Much more realistic is the view of Donnchadh O Caorrain that the transference of language could only have taken place by the settlement of Britain -- and from thence, Ireland, from the continent, where the epicenter of the Celtic languages, both Brythonic (British) and Goidelic (Gaelic), can be demonstrated linguistically to have originated. www.vanguardnewsnetwork.com /2004b/41704jamiesonireland.htm   (1164 words)

Proto-Indo-European The Indo-European language family was discovered by Sir William Jones, who noted resemblances among Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Germanic, and Celtic languages. This hypothetical, but strongly evidenced language, is called Proto-Indo-European. The actual language was a normal language with tens of thousands of vocabulary items and a full grammar, but all that can be reconstructed of it is a few thousand words and some basic grammatical properties. www.ruf.rice.edu /~kemmer/Words04/history/pie.html   (493 words)

Proto-Germanic PrGmc refers to the putative ancestor of the Germanic language family, or to our reconstruction of it. It seems to have been spoken in north-west Europe in the later part of the first millennium BC, and is a descendant of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). Development of PIE voiceless stops to voiceless fricatives, thus PIE *treies "three" > Goth threis, Old Frisian thre:, ON thri:r : Lat tre:s, OIr tri:, Old Church Slavonic trije (also frequent change of *kw > f, perhaps indicating an earlier change of *kw > *p, as in some parts of Celtic and Italic, e.g. www.chiark.greenend.org.uk /~marisal/ie/germanic.html   (493 words)

Frank H. Hankins - The racial basis of civilization, chapter 7 England became Germanic not only in race and language but in political genius as well. He feels certain that the Aryan languages and the Nordic species began in the same place and he is somewhat impressed by the argument that the original center of Aryan speech may have been somewhere in eastern Europe. Ural-Altaic language, “but the physical type of all these tribes is distinctly Nordic.“ Except along the western and south-western coasts, the great bulk of the Finns are brachycephalic, “though otherwise thoroughly Nordic in type. www.hschamberlain.net /hankins/racialbasis07.html   (13701 words)

Indo-European Proto-Dialects: an article by Cyril Babaev This theory supports the idea that all European languages are descendants of the "Proto-European" language, which in its turn used to be on of the two major dialects of Proto-Indo-European. Many linguists offered versions in favour of the so-called "European languages" theory, opposing such groups as Baltic, Slavic, Germanic, Celtic, Italic (i.e. The method of studying which groups and separate languages were more closely connected with each other is easy: comparative linguistics allows to study the similarities in phonetics and morphology, which make languages more alike each other or vice versa far from each other in development. indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article13.html   (2180 words)

Lecture No. 22 --The Proto-Indo-European Language The phonology of the Germanic languages developed according to several laws, the central of which is "Grimm's Law", named after Jakob, one of the brothers Grimm of fairy tale fame. Then dialects developed in the new languages as the tribes prospered and expanded until a tree of related languages and dialects developed and all the languages spoken throughout the IE area. We may reestablish the IE language by comparing the languages spoken today which devolved from it and establishing the historical rules by which each dialect developed into independent languages (The Comparative Method). www.departments.bucknell.edu /linguistics/lectures/05lect22.html   (637 words)

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