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Topic: Proto-Greek language

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Proto-Semitic Language and Culture. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000 B.C.       In spite of the fact that the Semitic languages have been known and studied by scholars for many hundreds of years, the comparative reconstruction of Proto-Semitic is in many ways still in its infancy. A distinctive characteristic of the Semitic languages is the formation of words by the combination of a “root” of consonants in a fixed order, usually three, and a “pattern” of vowels and, sometimes, affixes before and after the root. Since English is an Indo-European language and therefore not genetically related to the Semitic family, all words of Semitic origin in English are loanwords. www.bartleby.com /61/10.html   (3655 words)

Proto-Greek_language LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER The Proto-Greek language is the common ancestor of the Greek dialects, including the Mycenean language, the classical Greek dialects Attic-Ionic, Aeolic, Doric and North-Western Greek, and ultimately the Koine and Modern Greek. Close similarities of Ancient Greek and Vedic Sanskrit suggest that either both Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian were still quite similar to late Proto-Indo-European, which would place the latter somewhere in the 4th millennium BC, or a post-PIE Graeco-Aryan proto-language. Greek is a Centum language, which would place a Graeco-Aryan protolanguage before Satemization, making it identical to late PIE. language.school-explorer.com /info/Proto-Greek_language   (838 words)

A new theory about the Trojan era As for the Trojans, we don’t have evidence of their written language (thus far), but we do know that most of their allies were proto-Slavic speaking peoples related to them (Trojans) whose customs are surprisingly very similar to those of the modern Balkan Slavs. To which language group they belong I can’t say with certainty, but their language nonetheless created a large part of the classical Greek vocabulary. The ancient Greek language (Attic) was less than 50% Indo-European and only 20% of Greek names and toponyms (aside the numerous Slavic ones) were Indo-European. www.maknews.com /html/articles/spevak/trojan_era.htm   (1572 words)

Language Evolution By examining the oldest examples of modern and classical languages such as Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit, linguists have been able to reconstruct an educated guess as to what the language of these ancient people was like. Notice that the examples include Sanskrit (ancestor of the languages of northern India), Greek, Old Irish, and Lithuanian! The relationships among the Germanic languages are often obvious, and linguists have reconstructed what they call Proto-Germanic: www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/langevol.html   (1568 words)

Bulgarian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The first mention of the language as the "Bulgarian language" instead of the "Slavonic language" comes in the work of the Greek clergy of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid in the 11th century, for example in the Greek hagiography of Saint Clement of Ohrid by Theophylact of Ohrid (late 11th century). Bulgarian is the official language of the Republic of Bulgaria. The Bolgar language, a member of the Turkic or the Iranian language family ( Pamir languages), is otherwise unrelated to Bulgarian. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bulgarian_language   (1568 words)

WWW Virtual Library: Sinhala, 6000 years ago The Germanic languages have also turned the PIE initial *d to t (as is evident in Gothic tvai 'two' where Sanskrit has dvau and Greek and Latin duo) and the PIE initial *p into f(as is seen in the Gothic fotus 'foot' where Sanskrit has padas, Greek podos and Latin pedis). This Proto- Indo-European language was evidently spoken in Southern Russia around 4500 - 3500 B.C. before its speakers dispersed to the outlying areas of Europe and Asia, taking with them their language, which with time became broken up into dialects, and ultimately distinct languages. The German Linguist August Schleicher was the first scholar to attempt the reconstruction of this Proto-Indo-European language in his epoch-making work, Compendium der Vergleichenden Grammatik der Indogermanischen published in 1861. www.lankalibrary.com /books/sinhala3.htm   (1250 words)

Proto-Indo-European PIE seems to have been a highly-inflecting language, with eight noun cases, three genders, three numbers (singular, plural and dual), and several tenses, moods and voices (the exact number is disputed). This claim is largely based on the simplicity of the Hittite grammatical system compared with that of Sanskrit and Greek, which may represent an earlier system elaborated on in the ancestor of the Indo-European branch. Some theories have also linked Italic and Celtic closely as Italo-Celtic, or Germanic and Balto-Slavic together, or Greek and Armenian; however, the similarities between these groups may well be due to contact rather than common ancestry after the break-up of PIE, or to dialect variations within PIE before its break-up. www.chiark.greenend.org.uk /~marisal/ie/pie.html   (493 words)

Proto-Indo-European language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The system is clearly represented in Ancient Greek and Vedic Sanskrit, two of the most completely attested of the early daughter languages of Proto-Indo-European. The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages. Various proposals, with varying levels of skepticism, also exist that join some subset of the putative Eurasiatic language families and/or some of the Caucasian language families, such as Uralo-Siberian, Ural-Altaic (once widely accepted but now largely discredited), Proto-Pontic, etc. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language   (2756 words)

Ancient Greek - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Throughout history the Greek language is presented in a number of dialects that did not apply on fixed geographical borders, and even if it did, those borders would be constantly altered because of the frequent migrations of the Hellenic peoples. The Greek language had started shaping in local forms even before the settling of the Greek-speaking tribes into Greece, yet the actual dialectic variation took place afterwards. Ancient Greek refers to the stage in the history of the Greek language corresponding to Classical Antiquity, which normally applies to two periods of Greek history: Archaic and Classical Greece. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ancient_Greek   (1810 words)

22) The Proto-Germanic language; Grimm and Bopp. ‘Proto’ word is used for a presumably existing unknown language when its form is reconstructed on the basis of available material of a later date. Grimm advanced his work mainly towards reconstructing Proto-Germanic language and then to its speculated source, the Proto-Indo-European language. (on the system of conjugation of the Sanskrit language in comparison with Greek, Latin, Persian and Germanic),” he compared the verb morphology structure of these languages. encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org /articles/22_the_proto_germanic.htm   (983 words)

Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000 Language is a social fact; languages are not spoken in a vacuum but by human beings living in a society. The main outlines of the reconstructed language were already seen by the end of the 1870s, but it was only during the course of the 20th century that certain of these features received general acceptance. The transmission of language by conquest, assimilation, migration, or any other ethnic movement is a complex and enigmatic process that this discussion does not propose to examine—beyond the general proposition that in the case of Indo-European no genetic conclusions can or should be drawn. www.bartleby.com /61/8.html   (9441 words)

A Naming Language Proto- languages are elaborate hypothetical constructions and, as hypotheses, are fuzzy around the edges: nothing but the bones of an extinct dinosaur, while the exact color of its flesh can never be known. When does it end?" Tolkien again provides the best example; he created root words in a proto-language; he imagined that the elves would have reconstructed their ancestral language, much as Europeans reconstructed Indo-European. The languages analyzed were Armenian, Avestan, Common Germanic, Greek, Hittite, Latin, Lithuanian, Old Church Slavonic, Old Irish, Old Persian, Sanskrit, and Tocharian. www.langmaker.com /ml0102.htm   (5077 words)

Old Church Slavonic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia It played a great role in the history of Slavic languages and evolved into Church Slavonic, which is still used as a liturgical language by some Orthodox and Greek Catholic Churches of the Slavic peoples. Church Slavonic maintained a prestige status, particularly in Russia, for many centuries — among Slavs in the East it had a status analogous to that of the Latin language in western Europe, but had the advantage of being substantially less divergent from the vernacular tongues of average parishioners. Later use of the language in a number of medieval Slavic states entailed the adjustment of Old Church Slavonic to the local vernacular, although a number of Southern Slavic, Moravian or Bulgarian features were also preserved. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic   (5077 words)

macmodlan It belongs to the groups of South Slavonic languages, alongside Serbo-Croat and Slovene, and is also one of the Balkan languages (forming the Balkan Sprachbund), together with Romanian, Albanian, Modern Greek and, partially, Serbian. Middle Bulgarian was a transitional stage during which the language underwent crucial changes leading to its emergence as a 'Balkan' language with analytic characteristics; owing to the strong tradition of the liturgical literature, however the actual changes found in the vernaculars were hardly reflected in the manuscripts. Both the Old Bulgarian literary language of the ninth century and the Modern Bulgarian literary language of the nineteenth century were initiated in the western or 'Macedonian' territories. www.ucc.ie /staff/jprodr/macedonia/macmodlan.html   (5077 words)

Indo-European and the Comparative Method If a proto-/p/ becomes /f/ in a daughter language, it does so in regular fashion (that's the heuristic you have to use). The way we decide what segment must have been there in the proto- language involves things we know independently about how sounds behave, based partly on how sounds alternate synchronically in languages (i.e. Kathleen Hubbard's answer to the question "How do we know what we know about Proto-Indo-European and other languages that died out before they were written down? www.utexas.edu /depts/classics/documents/PIE.html   (767 words)

e-Keltoi: Volume 6, The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula - Luis Berrocal-Rangel, The Celts of the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula Among the languages recognized in the Peninsula as belonging to this group, the best candidate is Lusitanian, a pre- or proto-Celtic language that seems to be conditioned by two foreign elements: a strong Celtiberian component along with some Trans-Pyrenean influences and a very ancient substratum related to Goidelic Celtic, Oscan, Latin and Illyrian. The Hispano-Celts must be regarded as an example of the heterogeneous nature of the Protohistoric Celts as peoples sharing common languages and beliefs and specific stylistic perceptions, but not as a unique ethnic group, nation or state defined in terms of Mediterranean and other contemporary social concepts. That only allows us to affirm that pre-Roman peoples were considered Celtic according to the ethnic concepts of their Greek or Latin contemporaries. www.uwm.edu /Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_9/berrocal_6_9.html   (3475 words)

Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Indo-European The languages are traditionally separated into a Satem group in the east (Baltic, Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian) and a Centum group in the west (Greek, Italic, Celtic, Germanic), according to their different treatment of PIE velar sounds. The Indo-European language family is attested in twelve branches, some of them extinct, with a historical distribution over most of Europe, Anatolia, Iran, India and parts of Central Asia (East Turkistan). The language group was briefly referred to as "Indo-Germanic", until it became apparent that the group included most of the other languages of Europe, as well. www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Indo-European   (713 words)

Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000       A curious byproduct of the age of colonialism and mercantilism was the introduction of Sanskrit in the 18th century to European intellectuals and scholars long familiar with Latin and Greek and with the European languages of culture — Romance, Germanic, and Slavic. Language is a social fact; languages are not spoken in a vacuum but by human beings living in a society. The main outlines of the reconstructed language were already seen by the end of the 1870s, but it was only during the course of the 20th century that certain of these features received general acceptance. www.bartleby.com /61/8.html   (9441 words)

Thesis Proposal Thus, the intermediate variants of Greek identified by Mirambel in the '30s, mikti ('mixed'--the language of the press) and kathomilumeni ('spoken'--the language of the bourgoisie), are merely points on the diglossic continuum. Investigated the available resources on Greek during the Dark Ages (650-1100), including the Byzantine chronographers and the works of Constantine Porphyrogenitus (as summarised in Bakker (1974)), the Proto-Bulgarian inscriptions, and the documents in Trinchera (1865); Gignac, F.T. A Grammar of the Greek papyri of the Roman and Byzantine Periods. www.tlg.uci.edu /~opoudjis/Work/phdprop4.html   (5013 words)

Deriving Proto-World Languages that really are related have diverged much more in 6000 years than some of R&G's words seem to have diverged in at least 10,000. There's three Indo-European languages in the list, three Afro-Asiatic ones, three Finno-Ugric, two Dravidian, three Almosan, three Macro-Carib, four Penutian, three Hokan, and two Andean (well, Quechua and Aymara may not be related, but the two words cited certainly are). Very probably not-- which is a pity, because getting back to Proto-World sounds like a lot of fun, and now it seems like the only alternative is to wait for aliens to come by who had a tape recorder running one or two hundred thousand years ago. www.zompist.com /proto.html   (1299 words)

Cyrillo-Methodian Research Center In Moscow are the biggest collections of Slavonic and Greek medieval manuscripts in Russia (over 100,000 manuscripts from the 7th-8th to the 18th c.). Many of the contain unknown and unresearched so far Cyrillo-Methodian texts (works of Slavonic Enlighteners Cyril and Methodius and of their disciples and followers Clement of Ohrid, Ioan Exarch, Constanine of Preslav, the Monk Hrabur and others) which will be consistently traced and researched by the team working on the project. The purpose of the project is to carry out a comprehensive research on the Cyrillo-Methodian motif and of the motif of the conversion to Christianity of the Bulgarians from the viewpoint of medieval European historiography. kmnc.bas.bg /projects.html   (1299 words)

Prussian, an Aboriginal A-language As for Germanic, a language usually lumped together simplistically with Celtic, Italic, and Greek as Western Centum Indo-European, there is no internal evidence whatever for long and short o separate from long and short § in its earliest stages. Specialists believe that with respect to centum versus satem the centum languages with reflexes of k, g, gh as opposed to those of k*, g*, g*h* of the satem ones are more conservative and are, at the same time, geographically peripheral. Slavic's special native cognate lexical ties with Albanian (which does not have this dative plural -m-) which suggest the southernmost position for Pre-Slavic, that is, the one farthest from Pre-Germanic, give that impression. www.lituanus.org /1989/89_4_04.htm   (3617 words)

lang.htm Old Prussian is also considered to be a close relative of the Proto-Slavic language, though in many ways similar to Sanskrit, Gothic, and Ancient Greek. Prussians were originally a West Baltic tribe, of similar culture and language to that of Lithuanians or Latvians. One of them is the Prussian language - long thought to be extinct, is now being reconstructed. www.alphalink.com.au /~wolf/prussia/lang.htm   (181 words)

Language Evolution By examining the oldest examples of modern and classical languages such as Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit, linguists have been able to reconstruct an educated guess as to what the language of these ancient people was like. The relationships among the Germanic languages are often obvious, and linguists have reconstructed what they call Proto-Germanic: Linguists have reconstructed other "Proto" languages for other language families. www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/langevol.html   (1512 words)

Exploratorium Magazine: Language: page3 The Indo-European family has, in fact, thirteen branches; in addition to Romance, Germanic, and Slavic, there are also Baltic, Celtic, Iranian, Indic, Tocharian, Anatolian, and three single languages that are by themselves separate branches of the family: Armenian, Greek, and Albanian. In other words, a language that existed long before Latin, Proto-Germanic, or Proto-Slavic first differentiated into these three languages and then they, in turn, diversified into the modern languages of each family. In fact, similarities among language families such as Romance, Germanic, and Slavic have the same meaning as similarities among languages in any one family — they imply that these three families are branches of an even more ancient family. www.exploratorium.edu /exploring/language/language_article3.html   (454 words)

94-07-27.dig This Southern dialect WAS intelligible to the Slavic people's of the Eastern and Western Slavic regions as well(Kyrill and Methody and their followers spread the word north as far as Moravia), so it was not yet a distinct language. It just happens that the Bulgarian literary language was more or less codified from its various dialects and written down, while the various dialects of the Macedonian language were not. It WAS in a Slavic language, not one that could yet be properly called Macedonian, though. www.b-info.com /places/Macedonia/republic/news/94-07/94-07-27.dig   (3361 words)

English language history from other languages Languages that have contributed words to English include Latin, Greek, French, German, Arabic, Hindi (from India), Italian, Malay, Dutch, Farsi (from Iran and Afganistan), Nahuatl (the Aztec language), Sanskrit (from ancient India), Portuguese, Spanish, Tupi (from South America) and Ewe (from Africa). The invaders all spoke a language that was Germanic (related to what emerged as Dutch, Frisian, German and the Scandinavian languages, and to Gothic), but we will probably never know how different their speech was from that of their continental neighbors. The written and spoken language of London continued to evolve and gradually began to have a greater influence in the country at large. www.wordinfo.info /word-infoEngHistory.html   (4513 words)

(23) The deliberate speculation of the term Proto-Indo-European language; and Sanskrit morphology. The perfect form of the Vedic Sanskrit language had already existed thousands of years earlier even before the infancy of the earliest prime languages of the world like Greek, Hebrew and Latin etc. (23) The deliberate speculation of the term Proto-Indo-European language; and Sanskrit morphology. When a language is spoken by unqualified people the pronunciation of the word changes to some extent; and when these words travel by word of mouth to another region of the land, with the gap of some generations, it permanently changes its form and shape to some extent. encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org /articles/23_the_speculation_of.htm   (809 words)

Proto-Indo-European The Indo-European language family was discovered by Sir William Jones, who noted resemblances among Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Germanic, and Celtic languages. This hypothetical, but strongly evidenced language, is called Proto-Indo-European. The actual language was a normal language with tens of thousands of vocabulary items and a full grammar, but all that can be reconstructed of it is a few thousand words and some basic grammatical properties. www.ruf.rice.edu /~kemmer/Words04/history/pie.html   (493 words)

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