Proto-Indo-Iranian

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Topic: Proto-Indo-Iranian

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In the News (Fri 11 Dec 09)

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	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Aryans
		Indo-Iranian arya- descends from PIE ar-yo-, a yo-adjective to a root ar "to assemble skillfully", present in Greek harma "chariot", Latin ars "art" etc.
		This latter suggestion is now widely regarded as untenable, and while ar-yo- is certainly a well-formed PIE adjective, there is no evidence that it was used as an ethnic self-designation outside the Indo-Iranian* branch.
		The Aryan race was a term used in the nineteenth century by European racial theorists who believed strongly in the division of humanity into biologically distinct races with differing characteristics.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Aryans (1455 words)

	(23) The deliberate speculation of the term Proto-Indo-European language; and Sanskrit morphology.
		But still, these 18th and 19th century linguists created a term ‘Proto-Indo-European’ for the original parent language which was assumed to be spoken about 5,000 years ago by the nomads who assumingly roamed around near the southeast European plains.
		They further assumed that from the speech of those earlier nomads came the languages of the world like Greek, Latin, Slavic, Russian, Germanic and Indo-Iranian etc., whereas the Sanskrit language came from the Indo-Iranian group.
		(This will be elaborated in articles 32, 33) Now we should know that apart from the Sanskrit language there is no such thing as Proto-Indo-European language as it is self-evident from the findings of Sanskrit apbhransh words in all the existing Asian and European languages.
	encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org /articles/23_the_speculation_of.htm (809 words)

	Abstracts of Papers
		The Ancient Proto-Iranian culture is very similar to Proto Indo-Aryan culture and this should be because both are derived from the same common Indo-Iranian stock.
		Mobilize Dravidian-speakers against speakers of IE languages, especially in the course of the Dravidian separatist movement which was at its strongest in the 1950s, and in the sabotage of the implementation of the constitutional provision that Hindi replace English as official by 1965;
		However, seldom is it recognized these same ideas and interpretations significantly reflect eighteenth and nineteenth century European perceptions of history, language and ethnicity.
	www.hindunet.org /hindu_history/ancient/indus/abstracts.html (11259 words)

	The Aryan-American’s chagrined embarrassment: The sentimental fallacy and criminal inconsistencies of the extreme Right Wing
		The Aryan (Indo-Iranian) proto-language evolved into the family of Indo-Iranian languages and European languages, of which the oldest known members are Sanskrit and Avestan (and the fragmentary Mitanni language).
		They were content with their sway over the Mediterranean and Asia, and viewed the North European as hopeless, just as North Europeans today view the third world and the contested Middle East as hopeless.
		North Europeans in fact have possessed an ancestral obsession with the East.
	www.etalkinghead.com /archives/the-aryanamericans-chagrined-embarrassment-the-sentimental-fallacy-and-criminal-inconsistencies-of-the-extreme-right-wing-2005-04-21.html (1225 words)

	Aryan Details, Meaning Aryan Article and Explanation Guide
		One of the meanings of this term in modern English refers to a hypothetical single group of people who spoke the parent language of the Indo-European languages (the people known as Proto-Indo-Europeans).
		It has at times been believed that these people formed an ethnic group; Aryan as used by Max Müller and others in the 19th century is thus synonymous to Proto-Indo-European (see also Indo-European studies).
		At any rate, modern India is divided into two main language families, one Indo-European, its speakers possibly linguistic descendants of invading Aryans, and the other Dravidian, its speakers possibly linguistic descendants of the Harappans.
	www.e-paranoids.com /a/ar/aryan.html (1225 words)

	INDO-HITTITE LANGUAGES
		Indo-Hittite - a language family in which Proto-Anatolian and Proto-Indo-European are considered coordinate.
		IRANIAN - Old Persian, Avestan - Middle Persian, Pahlavi, Sogdian, Scythian - Persian, Tujik, Kurdish, Baluchi, Pashto, Ossetic
		9) My commentary on the article "The Early History of Indo-European Languages" by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and V. IVANOV in Scientific American.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Parthenon/1064/hittite.htm (1225 words)

	NEW BOOKS
		Part two is on the origins of the southern Indo-Iranian cultures and cultural processes in northern Eurasia in the late Bronze Age.
		It deals with the problems of the archaeological cultures in Bactria, Margiana, Iran and India, the origins of the southern Indo-Iranian tribes, and the migrations of the Tocharians, the Scythians, and other ancient Europeans (the Balts, Slavs, Germans, Celts, and the Italic-speakers).
		Individual chapters discuss the various alphabets that have been used to write Slavonic languages, in particular, Roman, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, the relationship to one another through their common ancestor, Proto Slavonic, and the extent to which various Slavonic languages have survived in emigration." —From the publisher’s circular]
	www.indo-european.org /page1d.html (1225 words)

	Indo-European - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The languages are traditionally separated into a Satem group in the east (Baltic, Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian) and a Centum group in the west (Greek, Italic, Celtic, Germanic), according to their different treatment of PIE velar sounds.
		India has the largest single Indo-European speaking population on the planet where 75% of the non-Dravidian population (some 700 million people) speak many different Indo-European languages and dialects, which are descendents of a language called Proto-Indo-Aryan by linguists.
		In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, great progress was made due to the discovery of more language material belonging to the Indo-European family, and by advances in comparative linguistics, by scholars such as Ferdinand de Saussure.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indo-European (801 words)

	Kurgan Culture
		The perkunas goat: in an Iranian (?) ritual, the perkunas goat was led before a sacrificial horse; goats were the messengers to the gods, and the perkunas goat's role was to go before the horse, to announce the horse's arrival.
		Unlike European breeds, these sheep grow enormous tails, rather like the humps of camels; fat and marrowlike substances are stored in their tails, just as with the humps of camels, and the sheep themselves are better able to endure arid country.
		The nut, PIE ar- and western PIE knw-, the latter probably associated with kosVlo- "hazelnut" whereas the former seemed to cover various nut trees including walnuts and chestnuts.
	www.iras.ucalgary.ca /~volk/sylvia/Kurgans.htm (4821 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Indo-European
		The languages are traditionally separated into a Satem group in the east (Baltic, Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian) and a Centum group in the west (Greek, Italic, Celtic, Germanic), according to their different treatment of PIE velar sounds.
		The Indo-European language family is attested in twelve branches, some of them extinct, with a historical distribution over most of Europe, Anatolia, Iran, India and parts of Central Asia (East Turkistan).
		The language group was briefly referred to as "Indo-Germanic", until it became apparent that the group included most of the other languages of Europe, as well.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Indo-European (713 words)

	Aryan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Aryan (Proto-Indo-Iranian) language evolved into the family of Indo-Iranian languages, of which the oldest known members are Avestan, Vedic, and another Indo-Aryan language known only from loanwords found in the Mitanni language, the latter which was itself a dialect of Hurrian.
		By the first half of the 2nd millennium BC Aryans had arrived on the Iranian plateau and the Indian subcontinent(even though modern research in India seems to contradict the Aryan Invasion Theory).
		Aryan is an English word derived from the Indian Vedic Sanskrit and Iranian Avestan terms ari-, arya-, ārya-, and/or the extended form aryāna-.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aryan (713 words)

	Structural Variability of Indo-European Morphology
		The Early Proto-Indo-European language moving from the ergative stage to the nominative structure, there was in fact the only opposition between nominative and accusative, cases of the subject and the direct object.
		As we can see, numerous historical languages documentally state the period of simplification of the flectiveness, while the period of the formation of the new inflections is hard to confirm today by the linguistic data other than the material of the Indo-Iranian dialects.
		Practically all the history of development of Indo-European tongues is the history of their losing the inflections and the grammatical categories of the noun and the verb, the simplification of morphology.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/sinus.html (713 words)

	Indo-European Languages
		It is thought that a "Proto-Indo-European" language was spoken up until about 3000 BCE across Europe and parts of Southeast Asia, when local languages started to evolve from it creating the modern Indo-European family.
		Much of the genetic theory of language derives from studies of the Indo-European family which began in the 16th century but culminated in 19th century when comparisons were made between European languages and Sanscrit.
		The Iranian languages are spoken in an area centered on modern Afghanistan and Iran.
	www.scnt01426.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /Articles/Language/Indo-European.htm (394 words)

	Inferring Prehistory from Language Genealogy
		In the Balkano-Danubian hypothesis, the languages of the southern European farmers (possibly including Etruscan) have become extinct and the language of farmers in the Balkans and Danube basin was proto-Indo-European.
		The only pre-Indo-European language to survive in Europe is Basque, supposed to descend from mesolithic (Solutrean) people.
		The expansion of the I-E language family involved cultural transfers or migrations along the Black Sea to the east of the Mountains and, to a lesser extent, across the Plains to the north of the Mountains.
	freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com /~jamesdow/Tech/lmclade.htm (394 words)

	February - The Indo-European language family: languages with no relatives (Albanian, Armenian, Greek), and the Indo-Iranian branch
		The parent language, Proto- Indo-European is thought to have been spoken before 3,000 B.C. It then split into different branches that, in turn, split into different languages in the subsequent millennia..….
		- Indo-Iranian languages constitute the easternmost branch of the Indo-European language family...
		It is thought to have derived from languages spoken in southeastern Europe two thousand years ago.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/february (394 words)

	Mitanni, Hurrians, Subareans
		This together with the discovery of Indo-Iranian, Proto-Indic, or Mitannian Aryan names in Akkadian and Hurrian texts (Thieme, P. 1960, The 'Aryan Gods' of the Mitanni Treaties, Journal of the American Oriental Society 80: 301-317); Crossland, R.A., 1971, Immigrants from the North.
		Vedic society as evidenced from Rigveda is part urban, but substantially pastoral, maritime, with the knowledge of the use of metals and organized in a ra_s.t.ra composed of assemblies.
		There is no archaeological or linguistic evidence to assume a dichotomy between the Vedic society and the Harappan cultural style.
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/contacts/mitanni.htm (6500 words)

	Cappuccino Persian Online Magazine Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Migrations
		These changes, along with their complex belief system, lead some to believe that the proto-Indo-Iranian society was not as simplistic and nomadic based as currently assumed.
		The traditional story would tell us that the superior military power of Indo-Aryans, especially their use of horses, left no chance for the local Dravidians, who were conquered, massacred, and absorbed into the Aryan society as "untouchables" or driven to the south of the Indian peninsula.
		They were nomadic and had domesticated horses, probably as early as their time in the Steppes, and they had a complex pantheon of gods and natural forces.
	www.cappuccinomag.com /iranologyenglish/001201.shtml (1382 words)

	Numbers, numerals and count in Indo-European: an article by Cyril Babaev
		The stem oi- evidently meant "single", "the only", but could rarely exist just as it was, it usually added a suffix: thus, oi-k-os existed in Indo-Iranian (Sanskrit eka, Kurdish yak), oi-n-os was developed in most European languages (like Greek en, Latin unus), and some languages had the form derived from oi-w-os (for instance, Avestan aeva).
		This was the matter of a dialect which existed within the Proto-Indo-European language community, but the stem was the same.
		Many features of the language were connected with the religion or mythology, with the understanding of the world which existed at the time.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article12.html (2216 words)

	Forums - Dera Bugti Carnage is Part of the Army Strategy to Crush Smaller Provinces
		So white Europeans lost they changed the term to "Proto-Indo-Iranians" the changed European to Iranian because they came from a place called old Iran or Aryana (the land of Aryans) half of Afghanistan and Iran.
		Indians dont take pride in calling themselves of European orgin, they are not an offshoot of Arabs as well.
		The theory that Aryans came from Persia too is wrong for there is no similarity between northen Indian-subcontenet and Persia and the first Persian who came to India were from Turkey and not from Iran.
	www.satribune.com /thread.jsp?forum=3&thread=2412 (3059 words)

	Indo-European Proto-Dialects: an article by Cyril Babaev
		This theory supports the idea that all European languages are descendants of the "Proto-European" language, which in its turn used to be on of the two major dialects of Proto-Indo-European.
		Such communities (or language alliances?) as Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic and Illyro-Venetic, are well known even according to historical documents.
		But sooner it became clear that we cannot judge about the Proto-IE dialects on the basis of the modern geographical distribution of the groups, neither basing on the ancient geography.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article13.html (2180 words)

	PROTO INDO-EUROPEAN
		Oddly, the "Epoch" of Proto Indo-European in Southern Russia was comparatively short, and characterized by dissolution of tribal groups dispersing and eventually migrating to distant lands.
		That complexity was nonetheless accomplished later, in both humble and renown languages, all derived from Proto Indo-European.
		the IE "-ois" may occur in the instrumental case in one language and in the locative case in other ones, or "-ō" / (apophonically) "-ē " occurs as "-āt" in the Indo-Iranian ablative and as "-it" in the Hittite instrumental.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Ithaca/6623/pie.htm (674 words)

	1Up Science > Links Directory >Social Sciences:Language and Linguistics:Natural Languages:Indo-European:Indo-Iranian:Iranian
		Sogdian is a Western branch member of the Indo-Iranian subgroup of the Indo-European language family formerly spoken in ancient Sogdiana along the upper Zeravshan river.
		Sogdian's grammar preserved a number of features from ancient inflected Proto-Indo-European language including the specific trait of losing or preserving the ending depending on the length of stem vowels.
		An Iranian language spoken in Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and - to a lesser extent, in neighboring Central Asian countries.
	www.1upscience.com /links/desc-3369.html (674 words)

	Indo-European Proto-Dialects: an article by Cyril Babaev
		This theory supports the idea that all European languages are descendants of the "Proto-European" language, which in its turn used to be on of the two major dialects of Proto-Indo-European.
		With the increasing number of people - speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language - the area of the language was gradually and constantly widening, and as people were living in isolated tribes and had little contact with each other, dialectal differences appeared.
		That is how the terms of "communities" emerged in comparative linguistics: Balto-Slavic, Illyro-Venetic, Indo-Iranian communities denoted the closer links between their members that between them and other neighbouring groups.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article13.html (2180 words)

	Iranian languages
		Indo-Iranian languages originated around modern Afghanistan, and split into the Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Dardic, and Nuristani language groups as the speakers of proto-Indo-Iranian moved west, east, and south.
		The Iranian language group is part of the larger Indo-Iranian language subfamily, and accounts for some of the oldest recorded Indo-European languages.
		Iranian languages are a part of the Indo European language family.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/i/ir/iranian_languages.html (163 words)

	Iranian languages Details, Meaning Iranian languages Article and Explanation Guide
		Indo-Iranian languages originated around modern Afghanistan, and split into the Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Dardic, and Nuristani language groups as the speakers of proto-Indo-Iranian moved west, east, and south.
		The Iranian language group is part of the larger Indo-Iranian language subfamily, and accounts for some of the oldest recorded Indo-European languages.
		Iranian languages are a part of the Indo European language family.
	www.e-paranoids.com /i/ir/iranian_languages.html (163 words)

	Iranian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indo-Iranian languages originated around modern Afghanistan, and split into the Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Dardic, and Nuristani language groups as the speakers of proto-Indo-Iranian moved west, east, and south.
		Iranian languages are a part of the Indo European language family.
		Indo-Iranian language subfamily, and accounts for some of the oldest recorded Indo-European languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iranian_languages (163 words)

	Iranian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indo-Iranian languages originated around modern Afghanistan, and split into the Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Dardic, and Nuristani language groups as the speakers of Proto-Indo-Iranian moved west, east, and south.
		The Iranian languages are a part of the Indo European language family.
		Indo-Iranian language subfamily and accounts for some of the oldest-recorded Indo-European languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iranian_languages (163 words)

	Aryan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Aryan (Proto-Indo-Iranian) language evolved into the family of Indo-Iranian languages, of which the oldest-known members are Avestan, Vedic, and another Indo-Aryan language, known only from loan-words found in the Mitanni language, the latter which was itself a dialect of Hurrian.
		Aryan is an English word derived from the Indo-Aryan Vedic Sanskrit and Iranian Avestan terms ari-, arya-, ārya-, and/or the extended form aryāna-.
		Indeed, the term Iran – in full Iran Shahr – is the modern outcome of an ancient Aryānām Xšaθra- meaning "realm of the Aryans." The Aryan, or Indo-Iranian group of languages is divided into three branches: Indo-Aryan, Nuristani, and Iranian.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aryans (1391 words)

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Topic: Proto-Indo-Iranian

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In the News (Fri 11 Dec 09)