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Topic: Proto-Norse

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22) The Proto-Germanic language; Grimm and Bopp. ‘Proto’ word is used for a presumably existing unknown language when its form is reconstructed on the basis of available material of a later date. Thus the word ‘ kuningaz ’ could be assumed by the linguists to be the logical term that would have been for ‘king’ in Proto-Germanic language. There is a logic how the languages and dialects change their word-sound and spellings according to human psychology, behavior, environment, migration, adaptation and social needs related to culture, trade and religion, and the ups and downs of their living patterns. www.encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org /articles/22_the_proto_germanic.htm

Definition of protoss proto - indicating the first or earliest or original; "`proto' is a combining form in a word like `protolanguage' that refers to the hypothetical ancestor of another language or group of languages" www.words-universe.com /definition/protoss

The Norse Gods And Goddesses from Pagan and Proud His sister's name, Old Norse Röskva, is related to the verb "to grow, to mature," and may hint at an original role as fertility goddess, fitting to both Thor's role as a god of fruitfulness and to the character of his wife Sif. In the Old Norse sources, he appears as the son of Balder, whose hall Glitnir, "Glistening," is pillared with gold and thatched with silver; he is also a settler of lawsuits and quarrels. The need for this function of his appears explicitly in the tale of how the giantess Skadi was reconciled to accepting weregild from the gods instead of insisting on revenge: one of her conditions is that they must make her laugh, and it is only Loki who can accomplish this. paganandproud.bravepages.com /norse.html

Algiz The sound became regular word-final r in Old Norse, and the existence of the algiz rune is the only indication that there was still a phonemic difference between the two in Proto-Norse times (roughly in the 8th century). Proto-Germanic z (continuing Proto-Indo-European final s) also soon became obsolete, and the rune is usually transcribed as Proto-Norse R. hallencyclopedia.com /Algiz

Proto-Germanic - Art History Online Reference and Guide Proto-Germanic, the proto-language believed by scholars to be the common ancestor of the Germanic languages, includes among its descendants Dutch, Yiddish, German, English, Afrikaans, Norwegian, Old Norse, Swedish, Icelandic and Danish. There are no extant documents in Proto-Germanic, which was unwritten, and virtually all our knowledge of this extinct language has been obtained by application of the comparative method. www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Proto-Germanic

"Runes: The First Aett" The Old Norse and Old Icelandic rune poems portray this rune as harmful to women, and it is also the rune with which Skirnir threatens Gerdhr when seeking her hand in marriage on behalf of the god Freyr. The final line of the poem refers specifically to the casting of rune lots, and how in order to cast runes one must first win the favor of the dryhten or "lord." In ancient times this would have been Wóden whose title in Old Norse was Dröttin, cognate to Old English dryhten. The thurses were known for their brute strength and often were in opposition to the Norse gods, though sometimes they were helpful. www.ealdriht.org /firstaett.html

Introduction — History of Norwegian up to 1349 Old Norse is often used as a common term for the language in Norway on Iceland from about 700 to 1350, but usually a line is drawn around 1050, which was when the written language started influencing the way language was used (Johnson 37). The Norse sagas, skaldic poems and the Eddas were written in Old Norse, and they reflect the language at the time they were from. This kind of assimilation was more common in Old Norse than in the other Germanic languages. linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/norwegian.html

Articles - Runic alphabet Norse literature is full of references to runes, it nowhere contains specific instructions on divination or magic. In Norse mythology, the invention of runes is attributed to Odin : The Havamal (stanzas 138, 139) describes how Odin receives the rune through his self- sacrifice. The Younger Fuþark, also called Scandinavian Fuþark, is a reduced form of the Elder Futhark, consisting of only 16 characters. oldion.com /articles/Runic_alphabet

Old Norse language - Enpsychlopedia The earliest inscriptions in Old Norse are runic, from the 8th century (although there are 200 inscriptions in Proto-Norse going as far back as the 2nd century), and runes continued to be used for a thousand years. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark, which only had 16 letters. Its modern descendants are the West Norse languages of Icelandic, Neo-Norwegian (nynorsk), Faroese and the extinct Norn language of the Orkney and the Shetland Islands as well as the East Scandinavian languages of Swedish, Danish and Norwegian (bokmål/riksmål). www.grohol.com /wiki/Old_Icelandic_language

Reginheim Germanic society was build on a system which was similar to that of the Celtic clans, though the Germanic equivalent of the clan was called "Sibbe" (plural:"Sibben"), in Old Norse the sibbe was called "Sifja", in Old Saxon:"Sibbia", in Anglo-Saxon:"Sib", and in Proto-Germanic:"sebjo". The warriors of a king were called "hirð" in Old Norse (Proto-Germanic: herþaz (hearth) or herþra (inner circle, the initiated)), which means something like "those belonging to the hearth" (i.e. A powerful Ostrogothic sibbe were the Amalen of which many nobles and kings originated, including king Theodorik the Great, in Middle High German sagas the Goths were even called "Amelungen" after this Sibbe. www.geocities.com /reginheim/government.html

Proto-Norse - Art History Online Reference and Guide Proto-Norse, Proto-Nordic, Ancient Nordic or Proto-North Germanic was an Indo-European language spoken in Scandinavia that is thought to have evolved from Proto-Germanic between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century, and was spoken until ca 800, when it evolved into the Old Norse language. The inscription found on the Golden horns of Gallehus is the most famous example and comes from the 4th century. Umlauts appeared which means that a vowel was influenced by the succeeding vowel or half-vowel, e.g. www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Proto-Norse

GR Burgess's Old Norse Page You should study Old Norse because it is your best source of information in understanding how early Germanic people thought, what their world was like, and what was important to them, and it is your best source for understanding the early history of all Germanic languages, including German, English, and the Scandinavian languages. There is now a site which looks like a great way to learn Old Norse through the internet, it is Old Norse for Beginners by Haukur Þorgeirsson and Óskar Guðlaugsson. To Germanic peoples, Old Norse literature is a treasure, a gift from ancestors long gone, and learning Old Norse is a chance to see the world through the eyes of early Germanic people. odin.bio.miami.edu /norse

Proto-Germanic Inflexions - Cassowaries Rant Note that Peter Petersson's page on the Old Norse Language has some information on Proto-Germanic, but as it's not his primary concern, it's poorly formatted. Old Norse appears to have made a bunch more categories from this one, so I don't know what it did. Note that though Proto-Germanic may have had an instrumental case, it is not shown in Gothic and so I only have it for one declension (masc. cassowary.free.fr /pgmcinfl.php

Proto-Norse (PrN) PrN had developed a marked distinction into West Norse, spoken in Norway, Iceland, and the other Norwegian colonies, and East Norse, spoken in Sweden, Denmark and their colonies, by c.1000 AD. The first element, owlthu- (for wolthu-) corresponds to Old English wuldor "glory", Old Norse Ullr (a god-name); the second element, thewaR, corresponds to OE the:ow "slave": the whole forms a personal name. Some notable grammatical innovations developed during the Common Norse period as well: www.chiark.greenend.org.uk /~marisal/ie/ngmc.html

Articles - Suiones The Proto-Old Norse form would then have been * SweoniR which also would have resulted in the historically attested forms. The Norse sagas are our foremost source for knowledge and especially Snorri Sturluson who is probably the one who has contributed the most (see for instance the Heimskringla). The name became part of a compound, which in Old West Norse was Svíþjóð, (The Suione People), in Old East Norse Sweþiuð and in Old English Sweoðeod. www.free-biz.org /articles/Suiones

Ongenþeow biography .ms Moreover, according to Schück, the name Tunni which has no meaning in Old Norse should in Proto-Old Norse have been * Tunþa and derived from * TunþuR. Ongenþeow would in Proto-Old Norse have been * Anganaþewar, whereas Egil would have been * AgilaR. As will be shown below, it can be argued that they are based on the same person and the same events, but it should be noted that not every scholar is open to the historicity of the characters in Beowulf and in the Norse sagas. egil.biography.ms

Verbix -- Germanic. Conjugate verbs in 50+ languages For example, a comparison of Runic -gastiz, Gothic gasts, Old Norse gestr, Old English giest, Old Frisian iest, and Old Saxon and Old High German gast 'guest' leads to the reconstruction of Proto-Germanic *astiz. Similarly, a comparison of Runic horna, Gothic haurn, and Old Norse, Old English, Old Frisian, Old Saxon, and Old High German horn 'horn' leads scholars to reconstruct the Proto-Germanic form *hornan. Much of its structure, however, can be deduced by the comparative method of reconstruction (a reconstructed language is called a protolanguage; reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk). www.verbix.com /languages/germanic.asp

Mythology and History: Chapter 6 In Old Norse the Norns’ three names are given as Urth, Verthandi, and Skuld: “Become, Becoming, and Shall Be,” Past, Present, and Future, which appear to be a late invention, however, inspired perhaps (twelfth century A.D.?) by the model of the Greek three Graces. These are transformations into witches of the Norns of old Germanic myth, who (as described in the Old Norse “Wise Woman’s Prophecy,” Völuspó) dwell by Urth’s well, from which they water the roots of the World Ash. For there seems to have been originally but one Norn: called Urth in Old Norse, in Old High German Wurd, and in Anglo-Saxon Wyrd. www.gravity.org /mythology/myth_iframe2_5.html

"Runes: The Third Aett" The rune Tír actually has two names, the one used in the "Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem" means "glory,' but the name used in Old Norse was Tyr, the name of the Norse god, the Anglo Saxon equivalent of this name being Tiw. Much of the water symbolism in Norse Mythology was tied to the concept of Wyrd (see Bauschtaz), and the rune Lagu is perhaps no different. The Norse god Tyr was the god of troth or faith kept between warriors of the same war band. neoweanglia.ealdriht.org /thirdaett.html

Articles - Proto-Norse Proto-Norse had the same six stops as had Old Norse. As in P-N rhe stress accent lay on the first syllable words as P-N * katilōz became ON katlar (cauldron), P-N horna was changed into Old Norse horn and P-N ʒ astiz resulted in ON gestr (guest). Umlauts appeared which means that a vowel was influenced by the succeeding vowel or half-vowel, e.g. www.kamero.net /articles/Proto-Norse?mySession=b71e7a826daedf8623af6b7b30ae9131

Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic is the proto-language of the Germanic languages, which includes Dutch, Yiddish, German, English, Afrikaans, Norwegian, Old Norse, Swedish, Icelandic and Danish. www.eurofreehost.com /pr/Proto-Germanic.html

The Footprints of Dragons The Norse people wrote of Lindwurm, guardian of the treasure of Rheingold, who was killed by the hero Siegfried. Indeed, the World Book Encyclopedia (1973) says "every country had them in its mythology." In Norse mythology, a Great Ash Tree, Yggdrasil, which was thought to support the whole universe, had three immense roots. Dragons are found in the early literature of the English, Irish, Danish, Norse, Scandinavians, Germans, Greeks, Romans, Egyptians and Babylonians. www.rae.org /dragons.html

The website of Clann na Fhaoil-Choin - Society The Albanach of the northern and western isles, as well as those of the north central Highlands regions, had early and fairly continuous contact with various proto-Norse and Norse peoples, and so some influence from this quarter is to be expected as well. In a more finite sense, we fill in these broad societal models predominantly with evidences from the Iron Age and Medieval insular societies of Alba and Eire. The study of Indo-European and Celtic migrations shows that almost without fail, they adopted societal and cultural aspects of lands where they eventually settled. www.fhaoil-choin.org /society.htm

Runic alphabet biography .ms Although Norse literature is full of references to runes, it nowhere contains specific instruction on divination or magic. If one drew fehu from a bag of runes, for example, it might be interpreted as meaning that one was destined to encounter not a herd of cattle, but rather money (mobile wealth). There are varieties of the Younger futhork script, especially the Edward-script which should presumably be grouped into Dalecarlian rune-script; see Image of Edward-script. runic.biography.ms

Tyr Tyr ( Old Norse : Týr) is the god of warfare and battle in Norse mythology, portrayed as a one-handed man. He was a son of either Odin or Hymir. He also seems to have been called Saxnot ( Anglo-Saxon Seaxneat), the 'war-god' and son of Wotan / Odin, who was the ancestor of the Saxons. www.centipedia.com /index.php?title=Tyr

BURZUM.ORG - Russian Burzum and Varg Vikernes Website Óðal is Norse and derives from Proto-Norse oþila that translates as allodial possession. This term derives from Norse Helvíti, that translates as "visit to Hel". The High Seat was placed in the north-eastern corner in the main building on the farm, because the dead were buried north of the farm and because the Sun rose in the east. burzum.org /eng/library/article48.shtml

Eadgils - Enpsychlopedia The A-S form would have been * Ædgils, but Eadgils (Proto-Norse * Auða-gīslaR, Old West Norse Auðgísl, Old East Norse Øðgisl) was the only corresponding name used by the Anglo-Saxons. The Norse forms are based an older ( Proto-Norse) * AþagīslaR. In the Norse sagas and Gesta Danorum appears a Swedish 6th century king having a closely similar name Adils, or Athisl. www.grohol.com /wiki/Eadgils

Station Information - Vile and Ve Vile and Ve Vile and Ve form an important part of proto- Norse mythology. www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/v/vi/vile_and_ve.html

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