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Proto-Semitic Language and Culture. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000 The emphatic consonants are characteristic of Semitic; in Proto-Semitic they were probably glottalized, that is, produced with a simultaneous closing of the glottis in the throat; this is how they are still pronounced in the Ethiopian Semitic languages. B.C.       In spite of the fact that the Semitic languages have been known and studied by scholars for many hundreds of years, the comparative reconstruction of Proto-Semitic is in many ways still in its infancy. A distinctive characteristic of the Semitic languages is the formation of words by the combination of a “root” of consonants in a fixed order, usually three, and a “pattern” of vowels and, sometimes, affixes before and after the root. www.bartleby.com /61/10.html

Search Encyclopedia.com Semitic languages Semitic languages, subfamily of the Afroasiatic family of languages. www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Italian+language

Proto-Semitic Language Roots Project From this original Proto-Semitic language is derived all the Semitic languages including Hebrew, Arabic, Aramaic, Phonecian, Akkadian, Moabite, Amorite and others. The purpose of this project is to document the existence and use of the Parent/Child Root System of the Proto-Semitic Language. Proto-Semitic refers to the ancient Semitic language used by Shem, the son of Noah, and his descendents. www.ancient-hebrew.org /10_home.html

Proto-semitic alphabet Proto-semitic meaning a form of language that is the ancestor of the Semitic written language. en.mcfly.org /Proto-semitic_alphabet

Indo-European and Semitic languages – part one In the perfect form of the Semitic verb, which is often marking the Past Tense and which uses endings rather than prefixes, transitive and some intransitive verbs had the vowel -a- at each consonant of the root (it is still so in Arabic which is relatively little changed). It is interesting that in the Semitic languages we can find not only almost all counterparts of the IE ablaut, but also the function of particular alternations seems to be similar in some cases. The unquestionable genetic relation of the Semitic languages with Egyptian and other languages which are called Hamitic is the main reason for rejecting the thesis of close Semitic-Indo-European genetic relation. grzegorj.w.interia.pl /lingwen/iesem1.html

Proto-semitic alphabet Sergei Starostin's Etymological Databases Currently comprise North Caucasian, Sino-Tibetan, Yenisseian, Altaic, Chukchee-Kamchatkan, Dravidian, and (partly) Semitic (proto-) languages. Fordsmender's Dictionary of Proto-Germanic Roots Reconstructed phonology of Proto Germanic, and a glossary of about 1000 Proto-Germanic roots, in English word order. It uses material from the Wiktionary page "Proto". www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Proto-semitic_alphabet.html

Proto-Semitic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Egyptian branch most closely related to Semitic, suggest an original immigration of the Proto-Semites to the Arabic peninsula from the Horn of Africa, but assumptions about such early times are necessarily speculative. Proto-Semitic is the hypothetical proto-language of the Semitic languages. The earliest attestations of a Semitic language are in Akkadian, dating to ca. www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proto-Semitic

Pakistan Link - Letter & Opinion The Semitic languages, of which Arabic has always been the largest in its number of speakers and geographical distribution, are members of a family once named Hamito-Semitic, for two of the three sons of Noah, Ham and Shem. After all, the study of Arabic in the west has its origins in part in the discipline of comparative Semitics, whose founding purpose was to enable scholars and translators to clarify obscurities in the original Christian and Jewish scriptures by means of reference to related languages. The first to appear, in the book of Genesis, in the well-known rhythmic phrase, whose translation in the English Bible preserves a great deal of the majesty of the source language, is the very generalized Semitic word for the divinity in its local form: “Elohim”. www.pakistanlink.com /Letters/2002/Jan/25/05.html

Parent, Child and Adopted Roots The Proto-Semitic language was originally written with pictographs (picture writings) such as the letter/pictograph " Of the twenty-two letters of the Semitic alphabet, four originally doubled as a consonant and a vowel and are called "weak" consonants. These roots are not part of the original parent/child root system of the Semitic language but were evolved out of it over time or were introduced from a non-Semitic language. www.ancient-hebrew.org /10_roots.html

Looking Over vs. Overlooking: Native American Languages: Let's Void the Void - FARMS JBMS Proto-Semitic and South Semitic w corresponds to Hebrew y, and Ugaritic and East Semitic lack either initial w or y, all of which suggests Hebrew. It is worth noting that the above items help point to Northwest Semitic (as opposed to other branches of Semitic or Semitic generally) and sometimes, specifically Hebrew, as having the closest affinity to UA. Because not all spoken vocabulary would have found its way into the ancient text(s), certain items in other Semitic languages found to correspond to UA are worth noting, since those items could well have been in the spoken Hebrew language regardless their lack in an ancient text. farms.byu.edu /display.php?table=jbms&id=112

AncientScripts.com: The Alphabet However, instead of being written in some kind of linear West Semitic, Proto-Sinaitic-derived form, the clay tablet that recorded this abecedary was written in some kind of cuneiform. Whether the Ugaritic influenced the letter ordering of later West Semitic scripts, or vice-versa, is still a question to be answered. The Egyptian hieroglyphic symbols these Semitic speakers saw made an impression on them, and encouraged the adoption of a limited number of hieroglyphics to write down sounds in their language. www.ancientscripts.com /alphabet.html

Semitic - Network Live Proto-Semitic peoples, ancestors of the Semites in the Middle East, are thought to have been originally from the Arabian Peninsula. The concept of a "Semitic" people is derived from Biblical accounts of the origins of the cultures known to the ancient Hebrews. A truly comprehensive account of "Semitic" religions would equally include the polytheistic religions (such as the religions of Tammuz or Adad) that flourished in the Middle East before the Abrahamic religions. semitic.networklive.org

3.4. EXCHANGES WITH OTHER LANGUAGE FAMILIES Semitic, like IE, has grammatically functional vowel changes, grammatical gender, declension, conjugational categories including participles and medial and passive modes, and a range of phonemes which in Proto-Semitic was almost entirely in common with PIE, even more so if we assume PIE laryngeals to match Semitic aleph, he and ‘ayn. Contact with Akkadian (the Semitic language of Mesopotamia in the third millennium BC) and even Proto-Semitic is attested by a good handful of words, esp. some terms for utensils and animals. Semitic (and by implication also the Chadic, Kushitic and Hamitic branches of the Afro-Asiatic family, assumed to be the result of a pre-4th-millennium migration of early agriculturists from West Asia into North Africa) is suspected to spring from a common ancestor with IE, even by scholars skeptical of Nostratic adventures. www.bharatvani.org /books/ait/ch34.htm

Sembase Although it is known that in historical times there were Semitic incursions into the Nile Delta, it is not clear that population movements could account for structural Semitic influences in Egyptian before 3,000 B.C.E. If these verbal forms are native to Egyptian, this is further evidence that they already existed in Proto-Semitic, or even earlier. Note too that doubling the second radical, which is universal in Semitic and common in Egyptian, is part and parcel with the use of triliteral roots (i.e., it is the second of three that is doubled). Unfortunately, the first alphabet used for Semitic languages was that developed for Sumerian, which is not a Semitic language, and does not have the same wealth of consonants. www.sembase.org

5-1405msg1.txt hand, " unusual " changes change proto - semitic glottalic consonants pharyngealized consonants are much likely represent shared innovation, given typological rarity pharyngealized consonants. nonetheless, least inchoately ( perhaps is inchoateness jeffers objects), * * notion syntactic reconstruction is surely behind claims proto - indo - european was sov proto - semitic was svo,. thus, case semitic languages, changes * p / f / * g / jh / ( junk), treated shared innovation, lead subgroups are inconsistent those deduced means. squash.ils.unc.edu /~efrom/data/lingspam/lingspam.stopped/real/5-1405msg1.txt

A - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia When the Ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no use for the glottal stop that the letter had denoted in Phoenician and other Semitic languages, so they used the sign for the vowel /a/, and changed its name to alpha. Greek alphabet of later times it generally resembles the modern capital letter, although many local varieties can be distinguished by the shortening of one leg, or by the angle at which the cross line is set. Etruscan alphabet to write Latin, and the resulting letter was preserved in the modern Latin alphabet used to write many languages, including English. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/A

v1998.n265 the Greek and OHG words), and the *-/t/ therefore is not directly connected with Semitic *-/d./ at all. oi.uchicago.edu /OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/1998/v1998.n265

TheTower of Babel One of the dictionary’s goal is to reconstruct the Semitic languages’ mother tongue, Proto-Semitic, spoken before the fourth millennium of C. by a highly advanced West Asian population whose descendants created such key ancient cultures as Babylonian, Assyrian, Ugaritic, Biblical and Rabbinical Jewish, Phoenician-Punic, early Christian Aramaic, Pre-Islamic and early Islamic Arabic. This word--*kary--is the same in Semitic, Berber and Chadic, implying the common—Proto-Afrasian--origin of this term. The Dictionary serves as a base for reconstructing the ethnogenesis, migrations and sociocultural history of ancient Semitic peoples, and their linguistic and cultural ties with the surrounding peoples: Sumerians, Egyptians, early Indo-Europeans, Elamites and Hurrians, among others. www.jum.ru /finproj/protol.htm

AncientScripts.com: Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions dating to 1900 BCE written in what appears to be Proto-Sinaitic were found in Upper Egypt, and nearby Egyptian texts speak of the presence of Semitic-speaking people living in Egypt. No matter where and when the adoption of Egpytian signs onto a Semitic language occurred, the process of adoption is quite interesting. Egyptian hieroglyphs already have phonetic signs (in addition to logograms), but the Sinaitic people did not adopt these phonetic signs. www.ancientscripts.com /protosinaitic.html

interact, by Sean Meade It should be noted that Proto-Semitic is part of a huge language group, Afro-Asiatic. Semitic language and peoples probably came out of Africa. seanmeade.blogspot.com /2003/04/more-on-proto-semitic-it-should-be.html

A History of the Arabic Language In fact, many linguists consider Arabic the most ëSemiticí of any modern Semitic languages in terms of how completely they preserve features of Proto-Semitic (Mukhopadhyaya 3-4). Going further into the relationship between Arabic and the other Semitic languages, Modern Arabic is considered to be part of the Arabo-Canaanite sub-branch the central group of the Western Semitic languages (323). Thus, to review, while Arabic is not the oldest of the Semitic languages, its roots are clearly founded in a Semitic predecessor. linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/arabic.html

FORWARD : Arts & Letters The fact that there were connections between Semitic and ancient Egyptian had long been recognized, and starting with the 1960s, scholars of certain non-Semitic African languages began to point out an increasing number of resemblances between them and the Semitic group as well. Given the fact that the African branch of the Afro-Asiatic family is far larger and more variegated than the Asian or Semitic branch, it is impossible to conceive of Afro-Asiatic as having started in the Middle East and spreading from there to Africa. As a group they dominate much of the northern third of the African continent, stretching from Senegal on the Atlantic to Eritrea on the Red Sea and from the Sahara to the Mediterranean, and together with Semitic they are commonly grouped today in one super-family known formerly as Hamito-Semitic and today as Afro-Asiatic. www.forward.com /issues/2001/01.03.23/arts5.html

origin9.doc To quote from the “CANE” entry: “The Indo-European root kanna (a reed) is admitted to be "of Semitic origin." Babylo-Assyrian qanu (pipe) is cited rather than QaNeH (reed, tube, stem, the "stalk" of Genesis 41:5, the “shaft" of Exodus 25:31, and the "branch" of Exodus 25:32. While post-Biblical, the word’s antiquity as Edenic is verified by Semitic terms like Akkadian agappu (wing). Afro-Asiatic involves Semitic tongues like Arabic, Ancient Egyptian and Hebrew. www.edenics.homestead.com /files/origin9.doc

FORWARD : Arts & Letters There have been many attempts to reconstruct Proto-Semitic, to use the linguist's term for the earliest Semitic language — all of them conjectural, just as are all attempts to reconstruct the ancestors of other language families, such as Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Uralic, Proto-Tibeto-Burman and so forth. On the other hand, unlike Indo-European, dozens of living representatives of which still exist, most known Semitic languages are now extinct. Has there been any attempt at a reconstruction of the original Semitic language from which such words come?" www.forward.com /issues/2001/01.02.09/arts4.html

v1997.n107 I am prepared to drop the topic, being an outsider to the field anyway, although I would STILL like to hear the answer to the question about how there can be a family tree of Semitic without Proto-Semitic on top (and ditto regarding Turkic), the former being legitimate ANE languages I guess. So, since this is the crucial issue, instead of telling you that the top node in the Semitic tree has to be Proto-Semitic, I thought I should cast that as a question: what do you see as occupying that position? So, >since this is the crucial issue, instead of telling you that >the top node in the Semitic tree has to be Proto-Semitic, I >thought I should cast that as a question: what do you see >as occupying that position? oi.uchicago.edu /OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/1997/v1997.n107

Proto-Semitic Language and Culture. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000 The Appendix of Semitic Roots (Appendix II) that follows this essay is designed to allow the reader to trace English words derived from Semitic languages back to their fundamental components in Proto-Semitic, the parent language of all ancient and modern Semitic languages. Central Semitic is further subdivided into the South Arabian inscriptional languages; classical, medieval, and modern forms of Arabic; and the Northwest Semitic languages, which include Hebrew and Aramaic. This Appendix of Semitic Roots, while by no means the first comparative Semitic glossary, is the first such work to attempt systematically to give reconstructed forms and meanings for such a wide variety of roots and words. www.bartleby.com /61/10.html

ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE BIBLE In Western Semitic languages such as Hebrew, the name Abram (or Abi-ram) means 'the (divine) Father is high', but the name Abraham does not mean, as the Bible asserts, 'father of a multitude of nations', which would be redered as Ab-hamon, not Abraham. The name itself is from a Semitic root that means "to travel by foot", identifying the Shasu people as pastoral nomads who migrated with the seasons from one pasturage to another in the western parts of the Near East. The Semitic root from which it derives is probably kana, which means "low" both in the sense of lowlands and in the sense of "humble, dispicable, or subjected". cc.usu.edu /~fath6/patriarchs.htm

history_of_hebrew by David Steinberg In general, it can be said that each Semitic language preserved some Proto-Semitic features whereas while diverging from Proto-Semitic in other features. Although no records of Proto-Semitic exist, through the comparative study of the various languages it is possible to deduce, in outline, Proto-Semitic’s phonology, much of its vocabulary and its grammar including some of its probable syntax. As I said before, the Semitic languages are closely related. www.adath-shalom.ca /history_of_hebrew.htm

Facts and History Northern Arabic is the closest living Semitic language to proto-Semitic. Arabic (like other Semitic languages) has it's roots in proto-Semitic, a language probably spoken in Arabia first. Arabic is a Semitic language (sometimes called Afro-Asiatic). egyptmad.com /kimo_the_maniac/History.htm

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