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	Protoavis
		''Protoavis texensis'' is een fossiel geslacht dat volgens zijn ontdekker, Sankar Chatterjee, de oudst bekende vogel is. De meeste andere paleontologen zijn het hier echter niet mee eens.
		Omdat ''Protoavis'' volgens zijn beschrijving erg geavanceerd is, zou er een verborgen ontwikkelingslijn tot in het vroege Trias moeten lopen, hoewel er zelfs geen onomstreden voetsporen van dinosauriërs uit die periode bekend zijn.
		Een handvol paleontologen is het met Chatterjees interpretatie eens, maar de overgrote meerderheid denkt dat ''Protoavis'' helemaal geen vogel of directe vogelvoorouder is. Sommigen zien er een vroege theropode dinosauriër in, anderen denken dat het helemaal niet één dier is, maar een samengeraapt geheel van botten van dieren van verschillende soorten, een zogenaamde "chimaera".
	z.nu.nl /wikipedia/tabid/54/lookup/Protoavis/default.aspx (564 words)

	Protoavis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Protoavis is een fossiel dat volgens zijn ontdekker, Sankar Chatterjee, de oudst bekende vogel is. Veel andere paleontologen zijn het hier echter niet mee eens.
		Protoavis heeft nauwelijks de tijd gehad om van de dinosaurussen af te stammen, daar het ongeveer tegelijk met de eerste dinosaurussen leefde.
		Sommige paleontologen zijn het met Chatterjees interpretatie eens, maar de meeste denken dat Protoavis helemaal geen vogel of directe vogelvoorouder is. Sommigen zien er een vroege theropode dinosaurus in, anderen denken dat het helemaal niet een dier is, maar een samengeraapt geheel van botten van dieren van verschillende soorten.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/nl/wikipedia/p/pr/protoavis.html (195 words)

	protoavis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Protoavis is claimed to have been a 35 cm tall bird that lived in what is now Texas, USA, between 225 and 210 million years ago.
		Protoavis has been reconstructed as a carnivorous bird that had teeth on the tip of its jaws and eyes located at the front of the skull, suggesting a nocturnal or crepuscular lifestyle.
		Protoavis" target="_blank">[1] has neither been widely accepted nor seriously considered as a Triassic bird Witmer (2001, 2002), who has examined the material and is one of the few workers to have seriously considered Chatterjeeâs proposal, argued that the avian status of P.
	www.microsoft360.com /wiki/?title=Protoavis (944 words)

	The Protoavis controversy - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Chatterjee claims that the humerus of Protoavis is “remarkably avian” (1997, 53), but as in all matters with the fossils referred to this taxon, accurate identification of the elaborate trochanters, ridges, etc., attributed to the humerus by Chatterjee is impossible at this time.
		Interestingly, the expanded distal condyles, which appear to be present in the humerus of Protoavis and enlarged deltopectoral crest, are congruent with the morphology of ceratosaur humeri, as is the apparent presence of a distal brachial depression (Gauthier and Rowe 1990).
		The tibia of Protoavis allegedly possesses both a lateral and cranial cnemial crest, though the validity of this claim is subject to question due to the preservation quality of the material.
	wiki.cotch.net /wiki.phtml?title=The_Protoavis_controversy (4265 words)

	Dinosaur pictures dinosaur fossil dinosaur extinction theories dinosaur skeletons dinosaur anatomy history of dinosaurs ...
		Protoavis texensis (The "first bird from Texas") is (controversially) regarded as an died out species that could be the earliest fossil of a bird, pushing back avian origins into the Late Triassic.
		Protoavis is claimed to have been a foot-tall bird that lived in what is now Texas, USA, around 225 million years ago.
		Protoavis has been reconstructed as carnivorous bird that had teeth on the tip of its jaws and eyes situated at the front of the skull; suggestive of that it may have hunted at twilight or in the dark.
	www.rareresource.com /protoavis.htm (294 words)

	The Rise of Birds
		The recognition of Protoavis as a primitive bird requires a thorough knowledge of comparative anatomy of the skeleton because feather impressions were not found with the specimens.
		The recognition of Protoavis as the first bird marks a critical departure from earlier thinking on the origin of birds and the evolution of flight.
		Protoavis approaches the predicted structure and size of the ancestral bird envisioned by Marsh.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/c/chatterjee-birds.html (2476 words)

	Re: protoavis skeleton
		Measurements (in mm) of vertebrae of Protoavis texensis." Fig.
		6: Anterior cervical vertebrae of Protoavis texensis and Aquila chrysaetos.
		Measurements (in mm) of the elements of shoulder girdles of Protoavis texensis." Fig.
	dml.cmnh.org /2001Jul/msg00011.html (765 words)

	Protoavis
		Protoavis specimens have been located in the Upper Triassic Dockum
		raptors however, Protoavis lacks sharp talons and a compact hooked beak.
		Life restoration of Protoavis; the presence of feathers is inferred from quill knobs.
	www.bsu.edu /web/00cyfisher/Protoavis.htm (144 words)

	Transitional fossils - Page 4 - 4Forums.com
		Whereas Sankar Chatterjee’s Protoavis texensis might stump Vindex and remain “dubious” in his mind, it is not at all dubious in the minds of hundreds of scientists who now recognize that Protoavis has usurped Archaeopteryx as the earliest bird, predating the latter by 75 million years.
		Protoavis is dated as the earliest bird at roughly 225 million years overthrowing your accusation that to do so is a “specious claim.” Thus far in your discussion, the specious claims have been yours.
		The "Protoavis" quadrate (the two preserved quadrates are in fact astonishingly different from each other) when compared to drepanosaur material, exhibits similarities in the form of the bone and the condyle of the proximal articular surface.
	www.4forums.com /political/showthread.php?t=887&page=4 (8762 words)

	Protoavis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In which case it'll come as no surprise to learn that Protoavis is another trip into the spacey and sequency territory from that era so beloved by many.
		The music on this album actually dates back to 2001 since the first of the three tracks was recorded at the Hampshire Jam of that year.
		Protoavis is chock full (it clocks in at over seventy four minutes) of nostalgia inducing sounds but also has its own identity.
	www.windandwire.com /nov04/protoavis.htm (339 words)

	REVIEWS
		Protoavis was discovered by Chatterjee and his stu- dents in 1983 while excavating vertebrate fossils from the Post Quarry of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of sediments in West Texas.
		The cranial skeleton of Protoavis was described in 1991, and the detailed pa- per on the postcranial skeleton will appear later this year.
		The important contribution in The Rise of Birds is Chatterjee's pre- sentation of the skeletal features of Protoavis and a discussion of his interpretation of its position in the evolution of birds.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v115n03/p0806-p0820.html (21481 words)

	Oldest bird and longest dinosaur - Protoavis and Seismosaurus fossil discoveries Science News - Find Articles
		Protoavis, like Archaeopteryx, has distinctly dinosaurian features, such as clawed fingers, a tail and teeth, as well as avian characteristics, such as a wishbone.
		Ostrom calls the Protoavis fossils "anextraordinarily improbable discovery" because the fragil bones of birds are rarely preserved this well.
		Chatterjee suspects the birds were drowned in a flash flood and were not crushed or deformed because they were entombed by a blanket of mud.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_v130/ai_4610578 (629 words)

	Protoavis - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
		Protoavis ("Primer ave") es un supuesto género de dinosaurios similares a aves que vivieron en el Triásico superior.
		Se ha afirmado que Protoavis constituye el primer fósil conocido de un ave, pues su origen se remonta a unos 225 a 210 millones de años atrás, mucho antes que Archaeopteryx, a pesar de lo cual presenta características morfológicas mucho más avanzadas que las de su pariente más reciente.
		Protoavis fue descripto como un proave de unos 30 cm de largo, que vivió en lo que hoy es Texas, Estados Unidos.
	es.wikipedia.org /wiki/Protoavis (417 words)

	Rise of Birds, The American Zoologist - Find Articles
		Chapters 35 consider the diversity of birds in the Mesozoic, with emphasis on Protoavis, a Triassic creature(s) that Chatterjee regards as avian.
		Furthermore, several workers have expressed the belief that Protoavis is a composite "taxon," that is, a collection of bones from different types of organisms.
		Such an analysis is hard to perform with a single bone, and it is practically useless unless it can be demonstrated that the collection of bones belongs to a single species or to a monophyletic taxon.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3746/is_199809/ai_n8814220 (815 words)

	Origin of Birds
		A key fossil in the debate may be Protoavis Chatterjee 1991 (date doesn't seem correct; cf.
		Protoavis is known from a handful of bony fragments collected from 200 million-year-old rocks in Texas.
		Protoavis does have some bird-like features, but nothing that an early theropod dinosaur shouldn’t have.
	www.peripatus.gen.nz /Paleontology/OriBir.html (3676 words)

	So Called Bird Evolution
		Another possible source of controversy is that the fossil has only been examined by ornithologists,(Bird experts) however the fact the they found it to be a bird is a plus.
		Some have claimed that the bones of Protoavis are actually from more than one animal, how even if that were true some if not all of the bones would still most likely be from birds, other wise it is unlikely that ornithologists would have concluded that Protoavis was a bird.
		So in any case Protoavis is a strong argument against dinosaur to bird evolution.
	genesismission.4t.com /transition/reptiles-birds.htm (987 words)

	YouDebate.com Forum > Archaeopteryx
		This is, of course, errant nonsense, mainly because no one is claiming that Archae is the transitional species between dinosaurs and birds, merely that Archae represents a grade of organisation which the proposed lineage went through to get from dinosaurs to birds.
		So even if there were birds in the Triassic, that fact would not diminish Archae's importance as an indicator that "yes, birds could have evolved from dinosaurs." " As to Protoavis, it's a contraversial fossil, and it's only one fossil in very bad shape.
		From here: [url=http://wiki.cotch.net/wiki.phtml?title=The_Protoavis_controversy]Protoavis[/url] "In the course of a succinct if sometimes oversimplified review of the “Protoavis” controversy, data refuting the claims made by Chatterjee on the behalf of his Triassic “bird” have been advanced in an effort to demonstrate how unlikely a controversy this matter should be.
	www.youdebate.com /cgi-bin/scarecrow/edit.cgi?forum=3&topic=3807&id=3849 (404 words)

	rediff.com US Special: The Fossil Fanatic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Among his most discussed accomplishments is the discovery of a 225-million-year-old avian fossil, Protoavis texensism, in west Texas 18 years ago.
		In his lectures and in his book, The Rise of Birds, 225 Million Years of Evolution, he contends that Protoavis, a pheasant-sized creature, may be the long-lost ancestor of all birds.
		Chatterjee rejects the arboreal theory that dinosaurs began to fly from the ground up, pointing out, "So many feathered dinosaurs existed until a very unusual volcanic eruptions brought forth toxic gases which buried creatures in ash pits." The paleontologist remembers his fascination with fossils from his India days...
	www.rediff.com /news/2001/feb/22usspec.htm (1119 words)

	Chatterjee, Sankar. (The Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409) Skull of Protoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		(The Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409) Skull of Protoavis and Early Evolution of Birds.
		Protoavis is the ancestor of the Ornithurae to which all modern birds belong.
		The architectures of the brain and inner ear of Protoavis indicate neurosensory specializations associated with flight.
	www.skepticfiles.org /evolut/chatbird.htm (132 words)

	Amazon.com: The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution: Books: Sankar Chatterjee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		But Protoavis is only the starting point for this sweeping, detailed, and beautifully illustrated history of bird evolution.
		Chatterjee examines the many recent discoveries of bird fossils all over the world and comes to some fascinating and often surprising conclusions: the evolutionary link between birds and dinosaurs, for instance, or their near-extinction (along with the dinosaurs) when large meteors fell to earth almost 65 million years ago.
		The Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary birds are all treated, a superb argument for the evolution of flight from tree-dwelling dromaeosaurs is made, an important contribution to the understanding of the End-Cretaceous extinction is presented and the too-often neglected subject of heterochrony is discussed, too.
	www.amazon.com /Rise-Birds-Million-Years-Evolution/dp/0801856159 (2272 words)

	Talk:The Protoavis controversy - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Atanassov (2001, 2002) showed that an ischium, 3 tibias, 2 fibulas, 4 tarsals, and 4 metatarsals referred to Protoavis actually come from a new pterosauromorph from the Late Triassic of Texas that is yet to be described by him.
		Evidence that the "avian" characters of Protoavis are of definitive validity
		According to http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_199807/ai_n8785955, Sankar Chatterjee's assertion that Protoavis bears avian characters was based on the comparison of the Protoavis material with a newly discovered dinosaur, Alwalkeria, which revealed that Protoavis bears a number of characters not seen in any known dinosaur.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Talk:The_Protoavis_controversy (357 words)

	Papers and articles that discuss the topics of Creation vs. Evolution
		If Protoavis is more birdlike, then it would be even less of what one would want as transition form.
		Controversy over Protoavis has been bubbling for the last six years, and last year it surfaced in full color on the cover of the August 17, 1991 issue of Science News (a very worthwhile magazine).
		Concerning Protoavis, Archaeopteryx, Sinornis, and others like them, they are a group of similarly structured birds, but in the final analysis, which will take years, it may be decided that they really don’t represent an evolutionary sequence just as the "horse" series doesn’t.
	www.train2equip.com /paperArchaeopteryx.asp (3345 words)

	Fossil Record of the Aves
		However, phororhachids and diatryimds were not closely related to the ratites, but were closer to living cranes, rails, and coots.
		Chatterjee claims that Protoavis is a true bird that is actually closer to modern birds than Archaeopteryx.
		Other paleontologists accept Protoavis as a single organism but put its birdlike features down to convergent evolution: Protoavis might be an early dinosaur or other diapsid that had evolved some birdlike features but was not on the lineage leading directly to modern birds.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/birds/birdfr.html (808 words)

	Amazon.com: Reviews for The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution: Books: Sankar Chatterjee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		If you are looking for a comprehensive analysis of the potential avian status of Protoavis texensis, I suggest Chatterjee's actual journal papers (esp. Chatterjee 1991) as this book presents only a diluted version of the arguments in question.
		This book is becoming a little dated as there has been some new evidence in the fossil record coming out of China that has been remarkable and isn't covered in the book as the publishing date preceeds that finding of this new fossil evidence.
		Protoavis has been looked upon by scientists in the past and conclusions to where it fit in in the fossil record are just now coming to light and makes for interesting reading.
	amazon.com /.../dp/customer-reviews/0801856159 (1580 words)

	RE: Carpometacarpus
		The material for Protoavis was collected from a geologic formation called the Dockum Formation that dates to the Late Triassic, some 220 million years ago.
		The strata in which Protoavis was deposited was most likely a river delta and the jumble of bones found there were probably laid down by a flash flood.
		The strata in which Protoavis was deposited was most likely a river delta and the jumble of bones found there were probably laid down by a flash flood...etc.
	ibelieve.com /fb.aspx?m=1707584 (7690 words)

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