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Topic: Protocooperation

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	Protocooperation - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Protocooperation is where two species interact with each other beneficially; they have no need to interact with each other they interact purely for the gain that they receive from doing this.
		It is not at all necessary for protocooperation to occur; growth and survival is possible in the absence of the interaction.
		Protocooperation is a form of mutualism, but they do not depend on each other for survival.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Protocooperation (452 words)

	Protocooperation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Protocooperation is where two species interact with each other beneficially; they have no need to interact with each other they interact purely for the gain that they receive from doing this.
		It is not at all necessary for protocooperation to occur; growth and survival is possible in the absence of the interaction.
		Protocooperation is a form of mutualism, but they do not depend on each other for survival.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Protocooperation (461 words)

	Protocooperation - Info.com Web Search
		Protocooperation is where two species interact with each other beneficially; they have no need...
		The types of interactions were referred to as mutualism, protocooperation, commensalism, neutralism, competition, amensalism, parasitism, and predation.
		Protocooperation is where two species interact with each other beneficially; they have no need to interact with each other they.
	web.info.com /infocom.us/search/web/Protocooperation? (287 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Mutualism
		Strictly, the term may be confined to obligatory mutualism, in which neither species can survive under natural conditions without the other.
		Sometimes the term is used more generally to include protocooperation.
		protocooperation (facultative mutualism) An interaction between organisms of different species in which both organisms benefit, but neither is dependent on the relationship.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Mutualism (637 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Mutualism
		An example of protocooperation occurs between soil bacteria or fungi, and higher plants growing in the soil.
		A further example of protocooperation is the relationship between ants and aphids.
		Plants whose flowers are pollinated by insects and birds benefit from protocooperation.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/hub/A914366 (1258 words)

	Biological Control of Plant Pathogens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		While the terminology was developed for macroecology, examples of all of these types of interactions can be found in the natural world at both the macroscopic and microscopic level.
		Protocooperation is a form of mutualism, but the organisms involved do not depend exclusively on each other for survival.
		Many of the microbes isolated and classified as BCAs can be considered facultative mutualists involved in protocooperation, because survival rarely depends on any specific host and disease suppression will vary depending on the prevailing environmental conditions.
	www.apsnet.org /education/AdvancedPlantPath/Topics/biolcontrol/default.htm (9542 words)

	Untitled Document
		Interactions between two species may be positive, such as scavenging, commensalism, protocooperation, mutualism and plant animal interdepedence, or negative such as amensalism, competiton, parasitism and predation.
		Commensalism is the relationship of two species of which the smaller one is benefited and the larger one is unaffected.
		Protocooperation is an association of two species both of which are benefited but cannot be equally well without association.
	www.classteacher.com /student/arena/questionpapers/classeleven/biologyset5-2.html (1266 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Warder Clyde Allee (June 5, 1885 - March 18, 1955) was an American zoologist and ecologist who taught animal ecology at the University of Chicago.
		He is best known for his research on animal behavior, protocooperation, and for identifying the Allee effect.
		Allee was born in Bloomingdale, Indiana and died in Gainesville, Florida.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=W._C._Allee (191 words)

	Protocooperation Encyclopedia Article, History, Biography @ Local Color Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Protocooperation Encyclopedia Article, History, Biography @ Local Color Art
		Look for protocooperation on eBay - Search eBay for protocooperation.
		Find the Best Sites For protocooperation With Starware - Starware search is an excellent resource for quality sites on protocooperation and much more!
	www.karr.net /search/encyclopedia/Protocooperation (649 words)

	Microbial Ecology- Part I
		Intearction between two microbial populations can positively or negatively affect one or both populations; a neutral outcome is also possible.
		Synergism (protocooperation): Both populatiosn benefit but the association is not obligatory and both populations can survive on their own.
		It can be difficult to judge whether the relationship is mutualistic (mutualism is an obligatory association), synergistic (not obligatory) or a commensalistic one (one population can replace the other).
	trishul.sci.gu.edu.au /courses/bbs3728/topic_A1.html (1158 words)

	June 5 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		His research demonstrated that an unconscious drive existed among many species of animals for their fellow individuals, such that undercrowding was detrimental to some animals.
		Allee also noted what he called "protocooperation," an unconscious cooperation among animals.
		He believed this evolved in the higher animals to become both unconscious and conscious cooperation creating levels of community organization.
	www.todayinsci.com /6/6_05.htm (2344 words)

	AllRefer - Species: Range Ratany \| Krameria parvifolia > Botanical and ecological characteristics
		The root system is shallow, with 40 percent of the root mass in the top 4 inches (10 cm) of the soil, and spreads horizontally and radially [36].
		The roots form grafts with members of the same or different species forming protocooperation or a parasitic relationship.
		These relationships and the hypothesis that range ratany obtains atmospheric moisture through its foliage may explain how it can maintain active growth after soil moisture has dropped below 3 percent [35].
	reference.allrefer.com /wildlife-plants-animals/plants/shrub/krapar/botanical-ecological-characteristics.html (516 words)

	Botanical and ecological characteristics
		The root system is shallow, with 40 percent of the root mass in the top 4 inches (10 cm) of the soil, and spreads horizontally and radially [ 36 ].
		The roots form grafts with members of the same or different species forming protocooperation or a parasitic relationship.
		These relationships and the hypothesis that range ratany obtains atmospheric moisture through its foliage may explain how it can maintain active growth after soil moisture has dropped below 3 percent [ 35 ].
	www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/shrub/krapar/botanical_and_ecological_characteristics.html (419 words)

	[No title]
		Ecological succession is a development sequence in which plant communities, or seres, succeed one another as they progress to a stable climax, the most complex community of organisms possible in an area.
		Human activity on Earth is rapidly decreasing biodiversity by contributing to extinctions through dispersing competing organisms, hunting, fire, habitat alteration, and fragmentation.
		KEY TERMS habitat ecological niche community xerophytes ecological succession climax pioneer species bioclimatic frontiers commensalism protocooperation mutualism competition predation parasitism herbivory allelopathy symbiosisevolution speciation extinction dispersal endemic species cosmopolitan species disjunction biodiversitySTUDY QUESTIONS Differentiate between habitat, ecological niche, and community.
	www.wiley.com /college/strahler/0471238007/studyguide/s_ch23.doc (766 words)

	ORBSEARCH.COM \| encyclopedia of knowledge
		If you are looking for the term " Protocooperation " then please try a google search:
		If its not on this site then it might be listed in a general google search and you should be able to find the information you need by using the keyword Protocooperation there.
		Content is provided as is from wikipedia.org without guarantee of accuracy.
	www.orbsearch.com /cantfindit.php?title=Protocooperation (70 words)

	[No title]
		The floral arrangement of some orchid species is specialized to attract certain insect pollinators which in turn become specialized to extract pollen and nectar from the orchid.
		Coevolution can result in protocooperation (which is nonobligatory) evolving into an obligatory mutualistic association.
		In summary, evolutionary ecologists study how ecological factors can act as agents of natural selection to modify characteristics and relationships within and between species over long periods of time.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/biology/whealy/notes_text/bs.text (1163 words)

	BIO 110 - Keywords - Final Exam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Coastal waters are productive due to runoff from adjacent land.
		Community interactions include competition, protocooperation, herbivory, mutualism, parasitism.
		Community structure refers to limited membership: the species found in an area is a subset of the species that could occur there.
	www.csupomona.edu /~djmoriarty/www/b110keywordsF.htm (306 words)

	BIL 161 Symbiosis Project: A Sample to Guide You
		It remains to be seen whether some of the more subtle forms of symbiosis (e.g., parasitism, commensalism, protocooperation, mutualism, competition) are really operating in your system.
		If environmental conditions in the symbionts' natural habitat were exactly the same as those in the environmental chamber, this might be so.
		Although further studies are necessary to confirm this, it is not likely that A. lepidomyces could survive alone in the habitat in which it is found in association with C. viridis.
	www.bio.miami.edu /dana/161/symbiosisproject.html (1968 words)

	q10.01
		Rhizobium is a type of bacteria that infects plant roots and makes nodules - especially in legumes.
		Is the legume and Rhizobium relationship an example of parasitism, commensalism, mutualism or protocooperation?
		Name one example of Cyanobacteria (give the genus name minimum).
	www.biol.andrews.edu /fb/fall/q10.01.htm (649 words)

	IngentaConnect Bird-mammal associations in forest openings of northern Congo (Br...
		Les oiseaux residents et migrateurs et plusieurs especes de mammiferes utilisent les eclaircies naturelles des forets pour profiter des opportunites de se nourrir qui sont souvent rares voire absentes dans la foret dense d'Afrique equatoriale.
		Certaines especes d'oiseaux manifestent des relations de protocooperation et de commensalite avec ces mammiferes.
		Dans une grand clairiere marecageuse, cinq especes d'oiseaux exploitaient les mouvements des grands mammiferes terrestres qui faisaient lever des proies, deaux especes d'oiseaux utilisaient deux especes de mammiferes aquatiques pour decouvrir des proies et une autre espece d'oiseau se nourrissait directement des ectoparasites des mammiferes.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/afje/1998/00000036/00000002/art00128 (466 words)

	symbio.htm
		of non-obligate mutualism or protocooperation in that it leads Honey Badgers
		Protocooperation combined with herbivory - some sea slugs eat kelp.
		The slug extracts the chloroplasts from the kelp, the rest of which is digested.
	www.gpc.edu /~jaliff/symbio.htm (4303 words)

	3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In both of these competitive relations, the energy expenditure of one individual inhibits the needs satisfaction of another, so that either benefits are reduced or energy costs increased.
		There are three forms of cooperation: commensualism, where one partner receives benefits and the other is unaffected; protocooperation, where both partners receive benefits but the relationship is not obligatory for either; and mutualism, where both partners receive benefits and the relationship is obligatory for both.
		In all of these cooperative relations, the energy expenditure of one individual facilitates the need satisfaction of another, so that benefits are increased or energy costs reduced.
	www.csulb.edu /~eruyle/humanweb/03anthmarx2003.htm (13322 words)

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