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	Protoctista
		The kingdom Protoctista is a diverse assemblage that can be described as "those eukaruyotic organisms which are neither true plants, animals, nor fungi.” They are united not on the basis of shared derived characters, but on the lack of characters expressed in members of the other kingdoms.
		Over the course of their taxonomic history, seaweeds have been placed in various kingdoms, and are currently included in either the Protista, Chromista, Plantae, or Protoctista.
		Seaweed taxonomy is in a state of flux and is far from resolved.
	www.solpugid.com /cabiota/Protoctista.htm (232 words)

	Protoctista - MSN Encarta
		Protoctista, kingdom of lower and mostly single-celled organisms with eukaryotic cells (cells with nuclei), formerly called Protista.
		The kingdom Protista was first proposed by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel because of the difficulty of separating some single-celled organisms into plants and animals.
		These include the plant-like green, red, and brown algae; the animal-like mesozoans, placozoans, and sponges; and the fungus-like slime moulds and chytrids.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761562072/Protoctista.html (524 words)

	ProtoTista, Protoctista & Symbiosis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		ProtoTista is named after the Protoctista: the kingdom of single-celled animal-, plant- and fungus-like eukaryotes.
		The name Protoctista is taken from the Greek 'protos' (very first) and 'ktistos' (to establish) because they were the first eukaryotes to evolve on Earth.
		Because of the view offered by SET, Margulis argues that Protoctista - and for that matter all eukaryotes - are perhaps better conceived as microbial communities than individuals, even though the symbionts have evolved to a point where they cannot live independently.
	www.prototista.org /E-Zine/ProtoTistaProtoctistaSymbiosis.htm (805 words)

	Natural Perspective: Protoctist Kingdom
		The Protoctista Kingdom is a catch-all for the multicellular organism which don't fit into the Animal, Plant, or Fungus Kingdom.
		Dr. Margulis counts 27 in the 1988 edition of Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Pyla of Life on Earth but alludes to the higher number in a paper she coauthored.
		With the exception of the larger Algae -- seaweeds and kelp -- Protoctista are pretty much all microscopic organisms.
	www.perspective.com /nature/protoctista-index.html (174 words)

	Protoctista of Great Bay Estuary
		Macroalgae, like the seaweeds familiar to anyone who has explored a shoreline, are multicellular members of Kingdom Protoctista.
		The slime mold responsible for nearly wiping out the estuary’s eelgrass population a couple of times in the past century, is also part of Kingdom Protoctista.
		The common feature of cells in this group is the cellular extensions called pseudopods, or false feet, which they use to move across substrates.
	www.armofthesea.info /flora_fauna/ff_kingdomspp/protoctista.htm (1887 words)

	Chapter 2 Part B Appendix - What are the necessary conditions for a minimal mind?
		Although protoctista are commonly lumped together with bacteria and viruses as "microbes", they are actually much more like plants, animals and fungi, at a cellular level.
		It now appears that most of the biological diversity within the eukaryotes lies among the protoctista, and many scientists believe that it is just as inappropriate to lump all protoctista into a single kingdom as it was to group all prokaryotes together in a single domain.
		Fungi and many protoctista are also heterotrophic, while plants develop from embryos that result from the sexual fusion of a sperm and an egg.
	www.angelfire.com /linux/vjtorley/chapter2finalbapp.html (18333 words)

	CLADISTIC ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE THE CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
		Ectocarpus, which is a primitive, filamentous brown algae selected to distinguish between pleisomorphic characters and those of importance to the cladistic analysis.
		The placement of the Chytridiomycota into Kingdom Fungi or Kingdom Protoctista is a debatable issue (Margulis and Schwartz, 1998; Holt, 2000; James et al., 2000; Kuhn, 2000; Maddison and Maddison, 2001).
		We examined twenty-three organisms (Table 1), chosen from the taxonomies of Holt (2000) and Margulis and Schwartz (1998), to determine the placement of Phylum Chytridiomycota into Kingdom Protoctista or Kingdom Fungi.
	comenius.susqu.edu /bi/202/Journal/vol10/number3/sunbeams-3.htm (2532 words)

	AN EXAMINATION OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHLOROPHYTA
		In the nineteenth century, the algae were grouped as a class along with Fungi under one of the divisions, Thallophyta, of the plant kingdom based on photosynthetic capabilities (Bold and Wynne, 1978).
		Kingdom Protoctista was used to include a variety of organisms that were neither clearly animal-like nor plant-like, which included the algae, fungi, and sponges (Cardillo and Kuruvilla, 1999).
		Their classification of Kingdom Protoctista is heavily based on the presence of undulipodia with kinetosomes always embedded in their kinetids.
	comenius.susqu.edu /bi/202/Journal/vol10/number4/PUBLISHED/Sunbeams-PLANTS.htm (2602 words)

	Fungi
		In this chapter you will learn about distinctions between Kingdoms Protoctista and Fungi are discussed.
		Funguslike protists, whose derivations are unclear, are assigned to independent subkingdoms of Kingdom Protoctista.
		Sexual reproduction in lichens is similar to that of the sac fungi except ascomata produce spores continuously for many years.
	academic.kellogg.edu /herbrandsonc/bio111/fungi.htm (452 words)

	Re: Explain why scientists think that sponges are closely related to protist.
		This new group, which includes the algae, is called the kingdom Protoctista.
		All organisms not belonging to these four Kingdom are to be placed in the kingdom Protoctista.
		Although most phylogeneticists agree that "protoctista" should be further divided into three or more actual kingdoms.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/jul2001/994345785.Ev.r.html (361 words)

	A Strongylocentrotus drobrachiensis by any other name would smell as sweet - a humorous but challenging look at the ...
		Browse in the Handbook of Protoctista and you'll encounter beasties that are stranger than anything in science fiction.
		In the Handbook of Protoctista, there are listed 79 classes under 35 phyla, although the two classes in the last phylum are of rather uncertain status due to a paucity of information.
		When one considers that there may be hundreds, even thousands, of criteria involved in the classification of an organism, then one begins to appreciate the difficulty of the task.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artjun99/rhname.html (2505 words)

	Kingdoms Of Life
		All the kingdoms of eukaryotes, including Protista (Protoctista), Fungi, Plantae and Animalia, are placed in the domain Eukarya.
		According to Lynn Margulis, K.V. Schwartz and M. Dolan (1994), the cells of all Protoctista originally formed by bacterial symbioses (symbiogenesis).
		Some members of the Kingdom Fungi (in the fungal classes Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes) are associated with algal cells of the Kingdom Protista (in the algal division Chlorophtya) and/or prokaryotic cyanobacteria of the Kingdom Monera.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /trfeb98.htm (3694 words)

	Fungi of Australia home page
		Given the wide array of fungal forms and lifestyles, it is not surprising that the different groups of fungi have quite different evolutionary histories.
		In fact the organisms called fungi occur across three Kingdoms: Protoctista, Chromista and Eumycota.
		In this section classification and its hierarchical structure is discussed.
	www.deh.gov.au /biodiversity/abrs/publications/fungi/index.html (171 words)

	Amazon.com: Protoctista (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Protoctista Glossary by Heather I. McKhann, Lynn Margulis, and Lorraine Olendzenski (Hardcover - May 12, 1993)
		Handbook of Protoctista: The Structure, Cultivation, Habitats and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic, Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive O (The Jones and Bartlett series in life sciences) by John O. Corliss, Lynn Margulis, and Michael Melkonian (Hardcover - Jan 1990)
		for multicellular organisms; Protista (or Protoctista) for single-celled organisms with complex...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Protoctista&index=blended&page=1 (900 words)

	Microscopy, Monera, and Protista (Site not responding. Last check: )
		All of the characteristics that this group shares are primitive traits, a perilous thing to base any classification on, because convergent evolution may be responsible for these superficial similarities.
		So the concept of the Kingdom Protoctista has been justly criticized as a “taxonomic grab bag” for a whole bunch of primitive organisms only distantly related to one another.
		But in the Kingdom Protoctista, we see the beginnings of specialization among groups of cells, specialization which entails the death of certain cells so that other cells can survive.
	www.tulane.edu /~bfleury/diversity/labguide/monprot.html (3604 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Recently, Margulis et al (1989) have suggested the use of the name Protoctista for those organisms which Whittaker recognized as Protista.
		The name "Protoctista" was invented by Hogg, in 1861, and means "organisms neither plant nor animal".
		Cilioprotists comprise a phylum in the Kingdom Protista (Protoctista).
	www.uri.edu /cels/bmmg/m414lec02.html (350 words)

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