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Topic: Proton conductor

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Direct current

Electrolyte

Corrosion

Drude model

Heat conduction

Electromagnetism

Galvanic series

	Lecture 12: Proton conduction, proton channels, proton wells
		Water is a good conductor of protons, because of the H-bonded networks between water molecules (see gramicidin tutorial for a nice view of water structure from a molecular dynamics simulation), that give water its liquid properties in the physiological range.
		In other protolytic reactions involving proton pumping, the sites at which protons are bound or released are often buried in the protein; the center at which vectorial work is done on the proton is relatively immobile, and this requires access pathways through the protein.
		Proton channels linked to proton "activating" devices are well characterized in two systems in which the prosthetic groups involved have a restricted mobility.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /crofts/bioph354/lect12.html (962 words)

	Proton conductor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A proton conductor is an electrolyte where movable hydrogen ions are the primary charge carriers.
		Proton conductors are usually composed of polymer or ceramic where the pore size is very small; so small that larger negative ions are locked into the solid matrix, and only very small ions (postive hydrogen ions, i.e.
		When in the form of thin membranes, proton conductors are an essential part of small, inexpensive fuel cells.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proton_conductor (115 words)

	Proton conductors in liquid form - US Patent 6120696 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A proton conductor according to claim 1, comprising a mixture of 3 moles of imidazole and one mole of imidazolium triflate.
		A proton conductor according to claim 1, comprising a mixture of 3 or 4 moles of 2-hexylimidazole and one mole of 2-hexylimidazolium.
		Proton conductors requiring the presence of water in order to function generally have a field of use limited in temperature due to the evaporation of the water and a field of redox stability limited to that of water.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6120696.html (4921 words)

	Membranes containing inorganic fillers and membrane and electrode assemblies and electrochemical cells employing same - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein said inorganic proton conductor is selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, tin and hydrogen mordenite, oxides and phosphates of zirconium, and mixtures thereof.
		Especially preferred inorganic proton conductors are titanium dioxide, tin and hydrogen mordenite, oxides and phosphates of zirconium and mixtures thereof.
		The amount of inorganic proton conductor used in ion exchange membranes of this invention is preferably in the range about 2 to about 30% by weight, more preferably about 5 to about 25% by weight, based on the total weight of the membrane.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/5919583.html (6273 words)

	Electrolyte - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electrolytic conductors are used in electronic devices where the chemical action at a metal/electrolyte interface yields useful effects.
		In batteries the effect is used to store energy as chemical fuel on the surface of metal plates, and the electrolyte also serves as a conductor which connects the plates electrically.
		In some fuel cells a solid electrolyte or proton conductor connects the plates electrically while keeping the hydrogen and oxygen fuel gases separated.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electrolyte (720 words)

	Electrolyte (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The lifetime of free electrons in electrolytes is in the range of nanoseconds, so unlike metallic conductors, the moving charges in electrolytes are not negatively charged electrons, instead the polarity of is both positive and negative.
		Electrolytic conductors are used in electronic devices where the chemical action at a metal/electrolyte interface gives useful effects.
		In some fuel cells a solid electrolyte or proton conductor connects the plates electrically while keeping the hydrogen and oxygen fuel gasses separated.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/electrolyte (550 words)

	TFCBooks -- Tesla Site Glossary
		The basic unit of charge, usually denoted by e, is that on the proton or the electron; that on the proton is designated as positive (+e) and that on the electron is designated as negative (-e).
		When equal numbers of protons and electrons are present, the atom is electrically neutral, and more generally, any physical system containing equal numbers of positive and negative charges is neutral.
		Electromagnetics governs current flow in the conductor up to the capacitor, then "current" becomes an electrodynamic event in the dielectric, and finally current again becomes an EM event in the conductor on the other side of the capacitor.
	www.tfcbooks.com /mainpage/glossary.htm (12766 words)

	Fuel cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The protons are conducted through the membrane to the cathode, but the electrons are forced to travel in an external circuit (supplying power) because the membrane is electronically insulating.
		On the cathode catalyst, oxygen molecules react with the electrons (which have travelled through the external circuit) and protons to form water.
		Not enough water and the polymer loses its ability to conduct protons across the cell; too much water in the fuel cell and the electrodes will flood, stopping the reaction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fuel_cell (2223 words)

	Fuel cell
		In this fuel cell, hydrogen is split at the membrane surface in protons, that travel through the membrane, and electrons, that travel through our external electric circuit, and provide electric power.
		The hydrogen ions travel through the water that is entrained in the membrane to the other side, where they are combined with oxygen to form water.
		Because the electrolyte is a proton conductor, PEFCs are often referred to as Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells (PEMFC).
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/f/fu/fuel_cell.html (1996 words)

	Method and apparatus for reducing reactant crossover in a liquid feed electrochemical fuel cell - Patent 5874182
		The ion-exchange membrane facilitates the migration of protons from the anode to the cathode.
		The protons formed at the anode electrocatalyst migrate through the ion-exchange membrane from the anode to the cathode, and at the cathode electrocatalyst layer, the oxidant reacts with the protons to form water.
		For example, proton conductive material may be impregnated into the at least one porous layer of the anode or may be applied in a mixture with the catalyst.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5874182.html (5081 words)

	proton conductors - ISIS99
		It can be implanted into any material showing proton conduction, where its diffusion rate can be measured and compared with the bulk conductivity for protons.
		Muon measurements have the advantage that they correspond to situations where the equilibrium proton concentration is very low and they report on the dynamics on a time scale which is intermediate between that of the two major proton probes, NMR and neutron scattering.
		Fitted values of (a) asymmetry, (b) static line-width and (c) hop rate for undoped and doped samples of Li Lithium oxide is a well known proton conductor and is used as a constituent of solid state electrolytes.
	www.isis.rl.ac.uk /ISIS99/highlights/protonConductors19.htm (749 words)

	The promise of protonics : Article : Nature
		and KH Unfortunately, most are poor proton conductors because the protons are too strongly bonded to their host oxygen ions, and they decompose or melt before the protons become mobilized.
		A quarter of a century ago, a few of the acidic salts, called solid acids, were known to be good proton conductors (see ref. 2 for a review).
		These high-temperature perovskite conductors lose protons at high temperatures, so the optimum temperature of proton conduction is a compromise between proton concentration and mobility.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v410/n6831/full/410877a0.html (1476 words)

	William Harrison's Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are considered to be a most attractive power source for new automotive, stationary, and smaller portable power applications.
		At the heart of PEMFCs is a polymeric film electrolyte that serves two essential functions: (1) as a barrier to prevent fuel-oxidizer interactions and (2) an efficient proton conductor from the anode to the cathode side.
		My research interests are the syntheses and characterization of high temperature, sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfones)s as proton exchange membranes for fuel cell applications and the influence of bisphenol structure on properties, such as water sorption, morphology, and thermal behavior.
	www.chem.vt.edu /chem-dept/mcgrath/harrison.htm (157 words)

	Proton translocation coupled to nitrite reduction in anaerobically grown Escherichia coli -- Sawada and Ishimoto 97 ...
		Proton translocation coupled to nitrite reduction in anaerobically grown Escherichia coli -- Sawada and Ishimoto 97 (1): 205 -- Journal of Biochemistry
		Proton translocation coupled to nitrite reduction in anaerobically grown Escherichia coli
		Proton translocation coupled to the reduction of nitrite was studied in
	jb.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/97/1/205 (165 words)

	CMP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The behaviour of one-dimensional proton conductor is investigated on the basis of orientational-tunnelling model.
		The previously proposed technique which permits the proton interactions to be taken into account in the zero-order Hamiltonian, and is based on Green's function's expansion in terms of irreducible Green's function parts, is generalized.
		The proton energy spectrum and chemical potential behaviour are investigated, and the results are compared with the ones previously obtained in the Hubbard-1 type approximation.
	www.icmp.lviv.ua /journal/zbirnyk.33/003/abstract.shtml (138 words)

	fuelcellworks Supplemantal News
		The Materials Laboratories of Sony Corp. (Tokyo) have improved the molecular structure of a proton conductor of a fullerene system being developed as a solid electrolytic membrane for fuel cells.
		Usually, a porous membrane carrying particles of a proton conductor of the fullerene system is used.
		However, Sony is considering the use of a structural substance produced by the materials of a fullerene system only, namely, a polymer of a proton conductor of the fullerene system.
	fuelcellsworks.com /Supppage48.html (151 words)

	hitproton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Most of the promising proton conductor electrolytes belong to the perovskite class of materials and various substitutional strategies will be utilised to control lattice size, inherent oxide vacancy content and degree of electronic conduction.
		The nature of the grain boundary problems encountered in protonic conductors will be investigated and membrane processing routes will be optimised to produce good quality membranes for development studies.
		Possible electrodes for fuel cell and electrochemical reactors based on ceramic protonic conductors will be investigated and electrocatalytic properties studied.
	ch-www.st-and.ac.uk /~jtsi/hitproton.html (417 words)

	January 21, 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		But the cell performance of these silica-containing membranes is still inferior to the bare Nafion operated at 80 °C. Although hydrophilic, silica particles are not proton conductors.
		Clearly, a material that is not only hydrophilic but also a good proton conductor is preferred.
		Zeolites are a class of crystalline aluminosilicates with uniform pores and cavities.
	eisg.sdsu.edu /Fullsums/00-31.htm (382 words)

	Andrew M. Herring, Research Interests
		In the hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell the dividing membrane must conduct protons whilst being an electrical conductor and an efficient barrier to the reactant gases on either side of the membrane.
		It is desirable to run these cells at higher temperatures and lower humidity’s so as to improve the kinetics of the electrode processes and so reduce the amount of precious metal catalyst, allow the use of higher carbon monoxide levels in the reformed hydrogen and co-generate or dissipate heat.
		On going structure activity studies of the proton conducting properties of the heteropoly acids are leading to a new understanding of high temperature and drier proton conduction mechanisms.
	www.mines.edu /fs_home/aherring/research.html (1113 words)

	Electrochemistry Dictionary
		It has three essential parts: two electrical conductors, which are usually metal plates, separated and insulated by the third part called the "dielectric." The plates are charged with equal amounts of positive and negative electrical charges, respectively.
		In metallic conductors the charge carriers are electrons, while ions carry the charges in electrolyte solutions.
		The movement of electrical charges in a conductor; carried by electrons in an electronic conductor (electronic current) or by ions in an ionic conductor (ionic current).
	electrochem.cwru.edu /ed/dict.htm (11210 words)

	Fuel Cell Works Supplemental News Page
		It has been demonstrated that by combining such a proton conductor with nanoparticles of suitable oxide (for example, silica) and a stable binder [for example, poly(tetrafluoroethylene)], one can fabricate a polymeric electrolyte membrane inexpensively.
		The activation energy for proton transport, obtained from the slope of the plot, lies in the range of 0.15 to 0.20 eV - a low range indicative of facile transport of protons.
		The general objective in formulating such a two- component system is to increase the number of sites available for proton hopping and provide for additional relaxation and reorganization mechanisms in order to reduce the heights of barrier to the transport of protons.
	www.fuelcellsworks.com /Supppage3223.html (681 words)

	Multiple Roads to the Hydrogen Car
		To produce hydrogen, ORNL is developing both microporous and proton separation membranes supported on porous metallic tubes.
		The microporous membrane is derived from the declassified inorganic membrane developed to enrich uranium in its fissionable isotope at the old Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant.
		A team led by Armstrong has developed a new proton conductor, a ceramic oxide, that enables hydrogen to diffuse rapidly through it at temperatures less than 700°C, where most conventional proton-conducting oxides operate.
	www.ornl.gov /info/ornlreview/v38_1_05/article06.shtml (662 words)

	"Electricity" Misconceptions Spread By K-6 Textbooks
		Both protons and eletrons posses exactly the same amount of 'electricity.' If either the protons OR the electrons flow, that flow is an electric current.
		A second source of misunderstandings: during high frequency AC, the electric current on the surface of a conductor is higher at the surface than it is within the bulk of the metal.
		These three are teh most common conductors, and they owe their conductivity to the presence of movable charged particles which occur naturally.
	www.amasci.com /miscon/eleca.html (12197 words)

	Multiple roads to the hydrogen car
		To produce hydrogen, ORNL is developing both microporous and proton separation membranes supported on porous metallic tubes.
		The microporous membrane is derived from the declassified inorganic membrane developed to enrich uranium in its fissionable isotope at the old Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant.
		A team led by Armstrong has developed a new proton conductor, a ceramic oxide, that enables hydrogen to diffuse rapidly through it at temperatures less than 700°C, where most conventional proton-conducting oxides operate.
	www.eurekalert.org /features/doe/2005-03/drnl-mrt030405.php (614 words)

	Fuel cell patent invention
		In addition, the fuel cell has an anode channel to which hydrogen having permeated the hydrogen separating membrane, a cathode channel supplied with an oxygen-containing gas such as oxygen or air, and a proton conductor (electrolyte) arranged between these channels.
		[0004] In addition, in the fuel cell system, electric power is generated while the hydrogen supplied to the anode channel is established in a hydrogen proton state by permeating the proton conductor and this hydrogen proton and oxygen are reacted with each other and water is generated in the cathode channel.
		Therefore, a coolant for cooling the fuel cell is supplied to the fuel cell in order to maintain a temperature of the fuel cell in a predetermined range, and a coolant channel for that purpose is provided.
	www.freshpatents.com /Fuel-cell-dt20061116ptan20060257704.php (1615 words)

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