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Topic: Protonema

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	The life cycle of mosses
		The generation change discribed here is valid for all mosses, but the concrete shaping of gametophyte, sporophyte and protonema may be rather different in the several taxanomic divisions.
		The protonema may be rather different in different moss-species.
		The protonema develops cusps (B), from wich the gemetophytes (C) arise.
	www.ijon.de /moose/zyklus_en.html (958 words)

	ABA prevents the second cytokinin-mediated event during the induction of shoot buds in the moss Funaria hygrometrica -- ...
		The induction of shoot buds from the filamentous protonema of
		Dark-grown protonemata on filter papers were placed onto one of the two types of hormone-supplemented media; after various amounts of time, filters with the protonema were removed, washed with three 25-mL aliquots of liquid basal medium to reduce hormone carryover, and placed onto the other type of hormone-supplemented medium.
		Shaw, A. 1991 The genetic structure of sporophytic and gametophytic populations of the moss, Funaria hygrometrica.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/87/10/1540 (3729 words)

	Christine Case, Biology 230
		As the protonema divides, all the cell divisions are in one plane to form a 1-dimensional structure.
		When the cell di-visions begin to occur in two planes, the protonema is described as 2-dimen-sional.
		Note, this is not the same as (1) photosynthesis, the production of energy using light, or phototropism, the directional growth in response to directional light.
	www.smccd.net /accounts/case/biol230/fern.html (306 words)

	Bryophytes
		Cell specialization occurs within the protonema to form a horizontal system of reddish-brown, anchoring filaments, called caulonemal filaments and upright, green filaments, called chloronemal filaments.
		Each protonema, which superficially resembles a filamentous alga, can spread over several centimeters to form a fuzzy green film over its substrate.
		As the protonema grows, some cells of the caulonemal filaments specialize to form leafy buds that will ultimately form the adult gametophyte shoots.
	bryophytes.plant.siu.edu /bryophytes.html (1712 words)

	OediOedipodiaceae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Leaves small and remote toward stem base, larger and crowded in open rosettes distally; rounded-obtuse at the apex; margins plane or somewhat undulate, entire except for long, flexuose cilia at basal margins of distal leaves; costa single, broad at leaf base, ending 6--10 cells before the apex; alar cells absent.
		Oedipodium has been placed in the Splachnaceae because of the remarkably differentiated neck of the capsule that is somewhat similar to the expanded hypophysis of that family.
		In addition to the distinctive capsule neck, Oedipodiaceae is further characterized by the branched-thallose protonema bearing discoid brood bodies, and also by rosettes of erect-spreading leaves with stalked, discoid brood bodies often mingled with sex organs; leaves broadly rounded above a very narrow base, and leaf cells with tiny corner thickenings.
	www.mobot.org /plantscience/BFNA/v1/OediOedipodiaceae.htm (385 words)

	#template_BFNA_ProvPubl
		North American species of Pogonatum vary greatly in size and habit from tall, laxly tufted plants to protonema mosses with individual plants scattered and only a few millimeters high.
		pensilvanicum are protonema mosses, the gametophyte consisting of a persistent felted mat of protonema and leafy plants small and scattered.
		Plants small, scattered on a deep-green, persistent protonema, dull green to red-brown with age.
	www.mobot.org /plantscience/bfna/V1/PolyPogonatum.htm (1528 words)

	Protenema (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Wind blown spores (1) that land in favorable environments, germinate and grow into thread-like filaments.These filaments, called protonema, resemble filamentous green algae.
		Cells of the protonema stage of the gametophyte generation contain chlorophyll and are capable of photosynthesis.
		As the protonema grows, via cell division, bud-like growths appear along the filament.
	www.jburroughs.org /science/resources/moss/mossprotonema.html (71 words)

	Amazon.com: "protonema cells": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thus a decrease in moss protonema cells was noted after 96 days of flight on the oribital station "Salyut-6" (Sytnik et al., 1980) and a decrease in...
		An increase of cellulosopectolytic enzyme activity (endo-1,4--glucanase, exo-1,4-0-glucanase, polygalacturonase, and pectin esterase) was revealed in protonema cells grown under long-term clinostating (Nedukha, 1992)...
		Estimation of [Ca2+1, in individual protonema cells was made from the ratio of fluorescence intensities of indo-I at emission wavelengths 405 nm and 480 nm, using the...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/protonema-cells (562 words)

	What is moss?
		Protonema - Protonema of some moss can always be found at any season.
		Such mats show the developing protonema and young leafy plants.
		Very young mats of moss will also show good protonema, but are not likely to show young buds.
	www.publicbookshelf.com /public_html/Methods_in_Plant_Histology/whatismo_fc.html (1098 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		he haploid spores divide by the mitosis cell division and produce filamentous protonema as seen in the left photomicrograph.
		Buds develop on the protonema that grow into the leafy gametophytes.
		This is a type asexual reproduction where one spores produces numerous gametophytes.
	homepage.smc.edu /hodson_kent/plant_growth/Life_Cycle/moss_spore.htm (42 words)

	[No title]
		Moss protonema is a green multicellular filament consisting of two cell types, chloronema and caulonema.
		In the laboratory, the protonema grows from protoplasts, which are used for transformation.
		Moss protonema is a fully differentiated tissue and can be cultivated in liquid medium.
	news.dow.com /prodbus/2003/20031119b.htm (278 words)

	Amazon.com: "fern protonema": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The cell diameter is kept constant at the acropetal growth of fern protonema.
		Disruption of the PPB in fern protonema using light treatments or centrifugation also showed a close relationship between orientation of the PPB and the phragmoplast (Mineyuki et...
		168 the red-light mediated phototropic response of the fern protonema (Kadota and Wada, 1999, Kawai et al., 2003).
	www.amazon.com /phrase/fern-protonema (564 words)

	mossyounggame (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The leaf like structure is the young gametophyte.
		The filamentous or root like structures seen here are the protonema of the moss.
		The protonema will give rise to the gametophyte.
	www.aug.edu /biology/1102mosspage1.htm (40 words)

	Protonema – Music at Last.fm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Protonema isn’t yet available to play on Last.fm radio.
		Music Journals on Last.fm You can be the first person to write a journal about Protonema.
		Protonema might not be making music anymore, but if they are, you can help keep other users informed by adding new events when they're announced.
	www.last.fm /music/Protonema (197 words)

	[No title]
		Major division of mosses in 2 groups follows form of protonema.
		- (1)Sphagnum (peat mosses) and its relatives have thalloid protonema,
		Second phase of moss gametophyte arises when protonema forms a bud to initiate the "leafy" phase.
	www.d.umn.edu /biology/courses/bio3601/outlinefeb29.htm (1271 words)

	Spore dispersal in Bryophytes
		The spores once released are dispersed by air currents and, once they settle somewhere moist, germinate.
		The spore first produces a filamentous stage called a protonema.
		Late (left) and earliest stages (right) of a moss protonema.
	scitec.uwichill.edu.bb /bcs/bl14apl/bryo2.htm (693 words)

	Phenylurea cytokinins assayed for induction of shoot buds in the moss Funaria hygrometrica -- Christianson and ...
		Dark-grown protonema were transferred to medium supplemented with various concentrations of benzyladenine and DPU at zero (solid line), 1 µmol/L (dotted line), or 2 µmol/L (dashed line).
		Statistical analysis finds no significant effect of DPU on the concentration-dependent increase in bud number from BA treatment.
		by protonema exposed to increasing concentrations of cytokinin,
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/86/11/1645 (2530 words)

	Lyrics - protonema All songs, words of songs FREE, At lyrics and songs - : Lyrics And Songs
		Info: protonema Lyrics (found 21 protonema song Lyrics in 1 Albums).
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	www.lyricsandsongs.com /lyrics/PROTONEMA.html (194 words)

	SUBCLASS POLYTRICHIDAE (the hair-cap mosses)
		- protonema may coat soil and then disappear after gametophores are produced, some persist for many years (Pogonatum)
		- there are some species with very reduced gametophore perigonium and perichaetium often protonema is perennial (
		Atrichum leaves in the soil with protonema sticking out
	www.botany.ubc.ca /bryophyte/03lect7.htm (1449 words)

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