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Topic: Protoplast

Related Topics

Plant tissue culture

Plant improvement

Vacuole

Meristem

Ergastic substances

Plasmalemma

Vascular cambium

Apoplast

Kinetoplastid

Predator

Chelation

Penis size

	Protoplast - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Protoplasts are widely used for DNA transformation (for making genetically modified organisms), or for studying temporal gene expression.
		Protoplasts may be regenerated into whole plants using Micropropagation, a modern technique employing plant tissue culture methods.
		Protoplasts may also be used for plant breeding, using a technique called protoplast fusion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Protoplast (302 words)

	Microamperometric Measurements of Photosynthetic Activity in a Single Algal Protoplast -- Yasukawa et al. 76 (2): 1129 ...
		This phenomenon indicates that BQ is reduced to QH by a photosynthetic electron-transport chain in the protoplast.
		The concentration of BQ decreases rapidly in the vicinity of the surface of the protoplast whereas the concentration of QH increases.
		from a single algal protoplast in the presence of 1.00 mM BQ The amperometric response is, in general, affected by the shielding effect of the cell membrane (Schroeder et al.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/76/2/1129 (3326 words)

	Biotechnology in forest tree improvement with special references to developing countries
		In spite of continuing good progress in the field, the early expectations of protoplast fusion are yet to be realised, major limitations remain to be overcome, and most of the research is still empirical.
		Given the difficulties involved, however, and the fact that protoplast fusion research is empirical and likely to be long term anyway, genetic engineering may offer better hopes for the manipulation of such traits.
		Protoplast fusion has little apparent applicability to little known tropical hardwoods and non-industrial species, for which investigations of the possibilities for even traditional hybridization remain minimal.
	www.fao.org /docrep/006/t2114e/T2114E09.htm (830 words)

	Botany online: Protoplasts - Tissue Cultures - Models - Protoplasts
		Protoplasts are suitable for the study of the molecular architecture of plant cells
		The fusion with inactivated protoplasts of Physalis and Datura transferred a nitrate reductase activity to a mutant of Nicotiana tabacum with a deficient nitrate reductase.
		The thus generated protoplasts are dead, but they have kept their shape, and indirect immunofluorescence allows the depiction of the cell's structural elements' distribution.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e29/29c.htm (1493 words)

	Study on Protoplast Culture and Somatic Hybridization of Potato \| World Potato Congress
		Protoplasts from wall-degraded pollens were identified with 0.1% calcoflower white test and its viability was verified by fluorochromatic reaction with fluorescein diacetate (FDA) (Wang et al, 1999; Wang et al, 2000).
		Protoplast numbers were adjusted to a density of 1X106 /ml with protoplast culture medium before fusion and then mixed in a 1:1 ratio.
		Fusion method: two parent protoplasts were suspended in mannitol solution at or near the isotonic level of the protoplasts with a density of 1X106 /ml and then mixed in a 1:1 ratio.
	www.potatocongress.org /sub.cfm?source=313 (2489 words)

	SERVA Plant Cell Culture: Protoplast Preparation Recipes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The protoplast pellet is gently resuspended in 40 ml of Solution C and this suspension is divided among two 100 ml centrifuge tubes.
		The protoplasts should be examined with a light microscope to ensure that the preparation is free of cells and chloroplasts.
		The purified protoplasts can be concentrated by diluting with 10 ml of Solution B, centrifuging at 100 g for 3 minutes and then resuspending the pellet in a small amount of medium by gently shaking the tubes.
	www.serva.de /products/knowledge/081041.shtml (985 words)

	Biochemicals for research and pharmaceutical production - Associates of Cape Cod, Inc. and Seikagaku Corporation
		This study compares lithium cation and protoplast fusion transformations of yeast, in addition to a comparison of Zymolyase and Lyticase as the cell wall degrading enzyme for the protoplast transformation of yeast.
		To protoplast the remaining yeast, at 13 ml either Lyticase or Zymolyase to their respective tubes and incubate for the determined time to reach 70% protoplast efficiency.
		Protoplast transformation though relatively efficient, does require removal and regeneration of the yeast cell wall which can often be difficult.
	www.acciusa.com /bio/bio_compstudies.html?id=29 (1686 words)

	CGC16-31
		Density of protoplasts was determined with a hemocytometer, and viability of the protoplasts was examined after staining with 0.1% phenosafranin.
		Protoplast viability was highest at 20 mM Ca although the protoplast density was lower at 15 mM Ca Unless a high density is desired, 20 mM Ca is suitable for protoplast isolation (Table 3).
		However, protoplasts from dried seeds died in 2-3 days although the density and viability was not significantly different from protoplasts of fresh seeds.
	cuke.hort.ncsu.edu /cgc/cgc16/cgc16-31.html (995 words)

	Regeneration of fertile plants from protoplasts isolated directly from immature embryos of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
		Protoplast isolation and culture: Protoplast isolation was performed according to a standard procedure used for barley cell suspensions [9], after vacuum infiltration of scutellar tissues with cell wall digesting enzymes (1% Cellulase Onozuka RS [Yakult, Tokyo] and 0.05% Pectolyase Y 23 [Seishin, Tokyo]).
		Protoplasts were embedded (final density of 1.2-1.3 x 10^6 /ml) in Na-alginate according to a method described previously [6].
		Optimization of the composition of the protoplast culture medium (such as the nitrogen content, the carbohydrate composition and the 2.4-D level), embedding protoplasts in Na-alginate and the co-cultivation of the protoplasts with nurse cells led to high protoplast plating efficiencies (Table 1).
	wheat.pw.usda.gov /ggpages/bgn/25/v25p15.html (912 words)

	Nicotiana benthamiana Protoplast Extraction
		When using pipets or pipetmen to handle protoplasts, it is imperative that they be wide bore or have the tips cut off, otherwise shearing of protoplasts will result.
		Mix protoplast solution thoroughly (gentle!) and pour through cheesecloth (sterilized) or other filter (#80 stainless steel mesh). It is imperative that filter is prewet with wash solution and the collection tube contains some wash solution in the bottom.
		Aliquot protoplasts into suitable reservoir for transfection, such as 15ml sterile falcon tubes. I suggest not using eppendorf tubes as upon PEG transfection the protoplasts tend to want to clump together and the narrow eppendorf tubes are not well suited to suspension of protoplast solution.
	www.plantpath.wisc.edu /goodman/PNAS_2001/Protoplast_Extraction_v2.htm (752 words)

	Protoplast Regeneration of African Violets
		The scheme presented in Figure 4 summarizes the process from protoplast isolation to growth of the plants in the greenhouse.
		Protoplasts of the cultivar 'Blanca' produced callus, but the callus died before shoots were formed.
		Protoplasts are useful in genetic manipulations because they do not have cell walls.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /tisscult/proto/wink/wink.html (999 words)

	Banana Improvement
		Protoplast fusion has the added benefit that it creates the possibility of generating asymmetric fusions [18], whereby selected cytoplasmic organelles, chromosomes or chromosome fragments from an irradiated protoplast donor could be combined with the genome of an acceptor protoplast.
		Protoplasts are purified from debris by sieving (100 mm and subsequently or directly through 56/32/25 mm sieves), which is preferred to flotation [34, 40, 42].
		Protoplasts are cultured in a solid medium as in section 3.6.4, or in calcium alginate beads according to Schilde-Rentschler et al.
	www.fao.org /docrep/007/ae216e/ae216e0c.htm (5969 words)

	Protoplast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Treatment with the enzymes drieslase and glucanex cause the enzymatic breakdown of the cell walls and release of the protoplast.
		Finally the protoplast are mixed with agarose to form plugs for pulse field gel electrophoresis (CHEF).
		Treatment with NDS buffer releases the intact chromosomes and electrophoresis is used to seperate the chromosomes by size.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~jsteimel/Protoplast.htm (107 words)

	Parasexual analysis in Trichoderma reesei using protoplast fusion
		Protoplast fusion techniques were used to induce parasexuality in Trichoderma reesei and the products of fusion and segregation analyzed in order to get genetic data regarding the three cellulase markers, exoglucanase (exo), endoglucanase (endo) and beta-glucosidase (beta- glu) and their location with respect to other auxotrophic markers.
		Protoplast fusion was performed using polyethylene glycol (PEG) according to the procedures of Bos et al.
		The results of our studies indicate that the protoplast manipulation technique is a powerful tool for the location of markers and the identification of linkage groups in industrially important fungi like Trichoderma which lack inherent sexual processes.
	www.fgsc.net /fgn41/bawa.html (692 words)

	Distribution of membrane-bound calcium and activated calmodulin in cultured protoplasts of sunflower (Helianthus annuus ...
		The protoplasts thus released were pelleted by centrifugation at 80 g for 5 min and washed thrice in the isolation medium (IM).
		Protoplast yield from the hypocotyl segments of 7-day-old, dark-grown seedlings of Helianthus annuus L. as a function of time of incubation in the enzyme mixture.
		Plating efficiency of the protoplasts has been found to be affected by the density of the protoplast populations as well as the prevailing nutritional conditions.
	www.ias.ac.in /currsci/jun25/articles22.htm (2794 words)

	You are What You Eat \| Plant Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The protoplast is the internal component of the cell that houses the organelles.
		The protoplast is surrounded by a cell membrane, called the plasmalemma, which is adjacent to the primary cell wall.
		The cytoplasm is that part of the protoplast that is not contained within the nucleus of the cell, whereas the nucleoplasm is that part of the protoplast that is contained within the nucleus.
	www.eng.auburn.edu /users/wfgale/usda_course/section0_2.htm (1964 words)

	Jung et al, FGN 47:65-66
		We obtain most efficient protoplasting if conidia are inoculated in growth medium and incubated to the point at which conidia are swollen, but germ tubes have not yet extended.
		Protoplasting efficiency varies among strains, but in a typical experiment, after 2.5 hr of protoplasting, 57% of swollen conidia were converted to protoplasts, 25% were killed and 18% were unprotoplasted
		The protoplasts collect at the interface and can be harvested with a pipet, mixed with 0.6 M KCl, sedimented and carried through transformation procedures.
	www.fgsc.net /fgn47/47Jung.htm (841 words)

	Hexapedia - Cell wall (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When a cell wall is removed using cell wall degrading enzymes, the plasma membrane surrounded cell is called a protoplast.
		Plant cell walls Plant cell walls have a number of functions, they provide rigidity to the cell for structural and mechanical support, maintaining cell shape, the direction of cell growth and ultimately the architecture of the plant.
		Cells interact though plasmodesma(ta) which are cytoplasmic channels lined with plasma membrane that connect the protoplasts of adjacent cells across the cell wall.
	www.hexafind.com.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia/cell_wall (690 words)

	Brazilian Journal of Microbiology - Protoplast formation and regeneration from Streptomyces clavuligerus NRRL 3585 and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Protoplasts of the wild type Streptomyces clavuligerus NRRL 3585 (ATCC 27064) were formed from spores cultures obtained in the lag, exponential and stationary growth phases by using 0.5% glycine in the culture medium.
		To observe the protoplast regeneration, plates containing 10ml of regeneration medium-RM (2), modified by the absence of MOPS, were inoculated with 0.2 and 0.5mL of the protoplast suspension, and 5mL of regeneration medium-RM were over laid.
		We consider that medium composition and presence of stabilizers influenced protoplast formation and regeneration, but the growth phase is the most important parameter on the process of protoplast regeneration.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1517-83822002000400014 (1772 words)

	Biotechnology in Potato Breeding of China \| World Potato Congress
		Protoplast is a special plant cell type without the protection of cell wall and the selective penetration of the cell membrane.
		The earliest protoplast research of potato in China was conducted in the group leading by Professor Dai Caoxi of Gansu Agricultural University who isolated protoplasts from cotyledon and hypocotyls of true potato seeds and successfully regenerated plants (Dai et al, 1987).
		Protoplast fusion is an effective way to get rid of the barriers of distant hybridization, use of wild genetic resources and production of nuclear-cytoplasmic hybrids.
	www.potatocongress.org /sub.cfm?source=288 (5953 words)

	Hybrid Formation and Metabolism of Plant Cell Protoplasts in Microgravity
		Such types of protoplasts are present in differentiated leaf (vacuolated) and in meristematic tissues (largely free of vacuoles).
		By changing the pumping direction, the protoplasts were drawn from their respective chambers under continuous mixing in a ratio of 1:1.
		Droplets (100 µl each) of the agarose protoplast suspension were transferred into 6 cm- diameter petri dishes and incubated in the dark at 22°C in the presence of feeder cells (tobacco mesophyll protoplasts or carrot suspension culture cells; 50 000 and 100 000/ml).
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /sp/sp1206/hampp.htm (2781 words)

	Cell wall - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When a cell wall is removed using cell wall degrading enzymes, what is left of the cell and its surrounding plasma membrane is called a protoplast.
		The cells are held together and share the gelatinous membrane called the middle lamella, which contains magnesium and calcium pectates (salts of pectic acid).
		Cells interact though plasmodesma(ta), which are inter-connecting channels of cytoplasm that connect to the protoplasts of adjacent cells across the cell wall.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Cell_wall (914 words)

	Protoplast
		Protoplast : A membrane-bound cell from which the outer wall has been partially or completely removed.
		Bacterial protoplast fusion: recombination in fused protoplasts of...
		Genetic recombination in Streptomyces fradiae by protoplast fusion...
	www.mongabay.com /reference/environment/Protoplast.html (338 words)

	Bovine Hemoglobin in Protoplast Cultures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A recent method of improving oxygenation of plant cell or protoplast cultures involves the use of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) — compounds that are remarkable for their ability to carry and release extremely large amounts of oxygen as compared with other liquids (J. Exp. Bot.
		The University of Nottingham researchers found that while division of protoplasts derived from both plants was increased by all treatments, optimal results with Passiflora protoplasts were obtained with haemoglobin alone added to the medium (120% increase over liquid medium alone).
		In contrast, optimal division of Petunia protoplasts was achieved with the use of both oxygenated PFC and haemoglobin (140% increase over control).
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /tisscult/proto/hemo.html (464 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Protoplast Isolation, Regeneration and Fusion in Filamentous Fungi
		The successful applications of such protoplast manipulations has led to a better understanding of many biochemical, physiological, and genetic phenomena in fungi.
		The contents of this chapter include first a review of the salient features of protoplast isolation, followed by a discussion of fusion studies specifically in filamentous fungi, in the context of fungal genetics.
		This article is targeted for those relatively "new" to the world of protoplasts, but should also serve as a source of literature to the more established fungal researchers.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=140114 (163 words)

	Title of Invention: Methods for producing improved strains of seaweed by fusion of spore-protoplasts, and resultant ...
		Based on evidence from protoplast fusion in land plants, where protoplast fusions have been completed between plants that were intraspecific, interspecific and even intergeneric, the two parental plants do not have to belong to the same species.
		The term spore-protoplast refers to protoplasts derived from spores, which in the case of red algae are of two types, tetraspores and carpospores, and in the case of brown algae are of one type, zoospores.
		The protoplast pellet was gently resuspended in the centrifuge tube by piper and then transferred to the center of three 3.5 cm Nunc culture dishes, three drops (approximately 150.mu.l) per dish.
	www.nal.usda.gov /bic/Biotech_Patents/1995patents/05426040.html (8552 words)

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