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Topic: Protostar

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	Protostar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Protostar is a period after clouds of hydrogen, helium and dust begin to contract and before the star reaches the main sequence.
		Protostars of the mass of the Sun typically take 10 million years to evolve from a condensing cloud to a main-sequence star.
		Observations reveal that giant molecular clouds are approximately in a state of virial equilibrium—on the whole, the gravitational binding energy of the cloud is balanced by the kinetic energy of the cloud's constituent molecules.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Protostar (752 words)

	Protostar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Most of the clouds of interstellar medium are in a state of equilibrium - the force of gravity is balanced by the thermal kinetic energy of the constituent atom s or molecule s of the cloud.
		ProtoStar Professional-grade diagonal mounts and secondary mirrors, with unique features, for use in small to large telescopes.
		ProtoStar Produces a line of diagonal mount assemblies and secondary mirrors for use in small, medium, and large amateur telescopes.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Protostar.html (831 words)

	Protostar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The protostar period is the period in the evolution of a star after thecloud of hydrogen, helium and dust hasstarted contraction and before the star has reached the main sequence on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
		Protostars of around the mass of the Sun typicallytake 10 million years to evolve from a condensing cloud to a main-sequence star.
		Most ofthe clouds of interstellar medium are in a state of equilibrium - the forceof gravity is balanced by the thermal kineticenergy of the constituent atoms or molecules of the cloud.
	www.therfcc.org /protostar-34594.html (696 words)

	Protostar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The protostar period is the period in the of a star after the cloud of hydrogen helium and dust has started contraction and the star has reached the main sequence the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
		Protostars of around the mass of the Sun typically take 10 million years to from a condensing cloud to a main-sequence A protostar of 15 solar masses evolves more quickly typically taking only 100 000 to reach the main sequence.
		Most of the clouds of interstellar are in a state of equilibrium - the force of gravity is balanced by the thermal kinetic of the constituent atoms or molecules of the cloud.
	www.freeglossary.com /Protostar (816 words)

	Planetary Formation: Contents of Simulating the Capture Theory
		In early investigations of the capture mechanism, the protostar was assumed to be in a state of quasi-static collapse at the time of the interaction (Woolfson, 1964; Dormand and Woolfson, 1971), although a more freely collapsing protostar was recently envisaged (Dormand and Woolfson, 1988).
		Protostars which collapse at a moderate rate, such that when placed on the Roche limit of the Sun, they are just disrupted at perihelion, tend to produce results similar to those obtained using slowly contracting protostars, rather than rapidly contracting ones.
		Although the protostar is initially stationary in its frame of reference, the angular momentum imparted to it during the course of the interaction, results in the protoplanets containing a finite angular momentum in their spin.
	www.droxley.freeserve.co.uk /node12_ct.html (7339 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The structure of the molecular cloud and the effects of the protostar are best observed in rotational transitions of CO and other molecules; these are observed in the millimeter and submillimeter range.
		Ignition of fusion reactions in the cores of stars and protostars requires tremendous temperatures and pressures, which are difficult to attain.
		Herndon suggests that the fusion reactions may, in fact, be ignited by a central fission reactor in the same manner that a fusion bomb is triggered by a fission bomb.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/P/protostar.htm (1096 words)

	Protostar download @ Game Downloads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Protostar came almost unnoticed though, as 1993 was year of Privateer, and as always happens with games (and movies) the bigger fish won.
		Protostar stands out as one of the better games Tsunami produced in their short career.
		Unfortunately, Protostar plays like a game that has been rushed out the door too soon-- the interface is not very user-friendly, and the plot (even with mixture of political intrigue thrown in) doesn't develop all too well.
	free-game-downloads.mosw.com /abandonware/pc/simulations/games_p_r/protostar.html (361 words)

	Young star kicks out X-rays like a grown-up - Breaking News \| Print \| New Scientist
		One or two of these protostars may also produce a trickle of X-rays, but researchers have not been able to confirm that because the few photons observed could have come from other sources nearby.
		But the team believes this protostar, which lies about 500 light years away in a group of about 10 young stars, is genuinely youthful.
		That is because ground-based observations at radio and infrared wavelengths suggest the protostar is surrounded by a lot of gas and is generally cool.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn7094&print=true (700 words)

	Why ProtoStar
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	THE INFRARED UNIVERSE - Star Formation
		Since a protostar is embedded in a cloud of gas and dust, it is difficult to detect in visible light.
		Only during the later stages, when a protostar is hot enough for its radiation to blow away most of the material surrounding it, can it be seen in visible light.
		The light from the protostar is absorbed by the dust surrounding it, causing the dust to warm up and radiate in the infrared.
	www.ipac.caltech.edu /Outreach/Edu/sform.html (673 words)

	Protostar - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Protostar, an embryonic star in the process of formation.
		The protostar stage begins when a cloud of gas in space collapses under the inward pull of...
		The protostar begins to condense from inside a relatively...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Protostar.html (101 words)

	NASA - Baby Star is Way Ahead of its Time
		The six blue sources are protostars, mostly corresponding to the reddish dots seen in figure 1.
		Although not obviously visible in figure 1, this protostar would be just left of the bright central source in that image.
		The detection of magnetic fields from an extremely young Class 0 protostar provides a crucial link in understanding the star formation process, because magnetic field loops are believed to play a critical role in moderating the cloud collapse.
	www.nasa.gov /vision/universe/starsgalaxies/xmm_magnetic_starbirth.html (1068 words)

	Chapter 20
		A protostar is formed when gravitational attraction causes matter from the molecular cloud to collapse and the density of the core to increase.
		A disk of a gas surrounds the protostar since the rapid spin of the protostar prevents material from falling inward at the equator.
		A dense disk surrounds the protostar and stellar wind flows outward from the poles perpendicular to the disk.
	www.auburn.edu /academic/classes/phys/0215/astro/ch20/web20.html (1228 words)

	Science Question of the Week - when is a star born - March 11, 2005
		In the beginning the protostar is a loose, spherical cloud of very cold gas and dust.
		Once the protostar core gets hot and dense enough (density is related the pressure, helping to squeeze atoms together), a nuclear reaction takes place.
		It seems that the scientists are seeing activity in the protostar core, which is much hotter and more energetic than many had assumed.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /scienceques2004/20050311.htm (554 words)

	Stars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Protostars are stars that are about to be born.
		The next 20 million years is the last stage of the protostar's development where it equals the Sun in luminosity and its size becomes fixed at about 1.6 million km in diameter.
		The life cycle of a star can be compared to a human life: the 30 million years as a protostar is like infancy or early childhood, from birth to about age 4.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/1364/Stars.html (880 words)

	Catalog Page for PIA04940
		HH 46/47 is a striking example of a low mass protostar ejecting a jet and creating a bipolar, or two-sided, outflow.
		The central protostar lies inside a dark cloud (known as a 'Bok globule') which is illuminated by the nearby Gum Nebula.
		Located at a distance of 1140 light-years and found in the constellation Vela, the protostar is hidden from view in the visible-light image (inset).
	photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov /catalog/PIA04940 (453 words)

	In the Stars: Starmaking's helping hand - (United Press International) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A class 0 protostar is the youngest -- very much analogous to a fetus in its first trimester -- only about 10,000 years to 100,000 years old.
		In the case of this object, however, somehow magnetic fields in the spinning protostar's core are accelerating the accumulating matter to high speeds, producing superheating and generating X-rays.
		Hamaguchi said the protostar probably is generating X-rays in the same way solar flares do on the surface of the sun.
	www.washingtontimes.com /upi-breaking/20050303-060321-2529r.htm (786 words)

	ProtoStar Closes on Initial Funding from New Enterprise Associates and SpaceVest
		ProtoStar was formed to acquire and operate high-power geostationary satellites optimised for direct-to-home (DTH) satellite television and broadband Internet access services in the Asia-Pacific region.
		"ProtoStar is in a unique position to serve a significantly untapped market," said Peter Barris, NEA managing general partner and newly appointed ProtoStar board member.
		ProtoStar with operational headquarters in San Francisco, California was formed to acquire and operate high-power geostationary satellites optimised for DTH satellite television and broadband Internet access services in the Asia-Pacific region.
	www.spacenewsfeed.co.uk /2005/20March2005_35.html (554 words)

	STARS STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION, PART 1 - Physics New Theories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We show after Shklovsky that the protostar formation occurs due to gravity compression in clouds of interstellar gas.
		It causes the protostar substance rotating and forms its complex structure consisting of positively charged core of future star, vacuum insulating layer and exterior electrically negative dense envelope.
		In its turn, rotating mass of protostar together with forming electric dipole creates the conditions for the magnetic field of future star; at early stages of evolution it has a complex structure of magnetic field of envelope and enclosed field of core.
	www.okka.biz /STARS_STRUCTURE_AND_EVOLUTION__PART_1-1601639-290-a.html (500 words)

	Main
		As a highly customer-oriented operator, ProtoStar is uniquely positioned to supply customized transponder configurations to meet the power and footprint requirements of both existing and emerging DTH operators.
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	www.protostarsat.com (264 words)

	ProtoStar Closes on Initial Funding From New Enterprise Associates and SpaceVest; New Direct-to-Home Satellite Provider ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		ProtoStar was formed to acquire and operate high-power geostationary satellites...
		ProtoStar was formed to acquire and operate high-power geostationary satellites optimized for direct-to-home (DTH) satellite television and broadband Internet access services in the Asia-Pacific region.
		ProtoStar with operational headquarters in San Francisco, California was formed to acquire and operate high-power geostationary satellites optimized for DTH satellite television and broadband Internet access services in the Asia-Pacific region.
	www.zdnetindia.com /print.html?iElementId=118804 (607 words)

	Protostar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The difference between a brown dwarf and a protostar that makes it to “star status” depends largely upon the mass of the protostar.
		Protostars are often hard to see, even in great Hubble Telescope pictures, because they are hidden deep inside a big dusty gas cloud.
		As the more massive protostars contract to become hot, glowing stars, the light and gas flowing away from the newborn star blows the material that was not accreted away, revealing the new stars.
	outreach.physics.utah.edu /labs/star_life/support/protostar.html (276 words)

	Protostar Technologies, Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Protostar Technologies offers conductive and transparent films (Protostar CTF 500 and Protostar CTF 1500) for use in a variety of diverse applications.
		Protostar Technologies' films are based on conductive polymer technology (Nobel Prize 2000).
		Protostar CTF products are available in custom patterned sheets or standard coated sheets.
	www.protostartechnologies.com (127 words)

	Lives and Deaths of Stars
		A protostar will reach a temperature of 2000 to 3000 K, hot enough to glow red, but the cocoon of gas and dust surrounding them blocks the visible light.
		A star remains in the protostar stage for only a short time, so it is hard to catch many stars in that stage of their life.
		Most of the energy produced by the protostar is from the gravitational collapse of the cloud material.
	www.astronomynotes.com /evolutn/s3.htm (1146 words)

	Protostar Models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Such protostars are referred to as T Tauri stars.
		It turns out that it is primarily how protostars appear and where they form in the clouds (and therefore presumably how they are triggered) which differs according to their masses.
		Massive Protostars appear to form in the larger Giant Molecular Clouds where T greater than 20 K, e.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~imamura/208/feb15/feb15.html (379 words)

	Star Formation
		The protostar is now considered a young star since its mass is fixed, and its future evolution is now set.
		Once a protostar has become a hydrogen-burning star, a strong stellar wind forms, usually along the axis of rotation.
		The evolution of young stars is from a cluster of protostars deep in a molecular clouds core, to a cluster of T-Tauri stars whose hot surface and stellar winds heat the surrounding gas to form an HII region (HII, pronounced H-two, means ionized hydrogen).
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/ast222/lectures/lec11.html (969 words)

	Satellite Industry Leader Steven Dorfman Joins ProtoStar's Board of Directors
		ProtoStar was formed to acquire and operate high-power geostationary satellites optimized for direct- to-home (DTH) satellite television services in the Asia-Pacific region and is funded by leading private equity investors New Enterprise Associates (NEA) and SpaceVest.
		ProtoStar's Chairman, John Higginbotham who is also the chairman of SpaceVest said: "We are delighted that Steve has joined us to bring his wealth of industry insights, perspectives and relationships to ProtoStar.
		About ProtoStar ProtoStar with operational headquarters in San Francisco, California was formed to acquire and operate high-power geostationary satellites optimized for DTH satellite television and broadband Internet access services in the Asia-Pacific region.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/12-01-2005/0004226031&EDATE= (1004 words)

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