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Topic: Protostomia

Related Topics

Protostome

Deuterostomia

Blastula

Cell division

Animal

Oocyte

Mesoderm

Caenogastropoda

Hemichordata

Embryo

Radiata

Radial cleavage

Parazoa

Mollusca

Arthropoda

	Palaeos Invertebrates: Protostomia
		The protostome condition is defined by a spiral and determinant cleavage in the early stages of embryo development, schizocoelous coelom formation (as the archenteron (embryonic gut) forms the coelom begins as splits within the solid mesodermal mass, and the formation of the blastopore (the original opening) into the mouth
		There is a tendency among researchers in the field of molecular phylogeny to divide the Protostomia into two further groups, the Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa.
		Paleontologist Conway Morris presents a different tree again, and it is clear that there is a lot to be resolved before we can have a clear picture of the early branchings of the animal evolutionary tree.
	www.palaeos.com /Invertebrates/Protostoma.htm (846 words)

	Wikipedia: Animal
		The simplest of such animals are the Platyhelminthes (flatworms), which may be paraphyletic to the higher phyla.
		The vast majority of the triploblastic phyla form a group called the Protostomia.
		These phyla all have a complete digestive tract (including a mouth and an anus), with the mouth developing from the archenteron and the anus arising later.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/a/an/animal.html (1428 words)

	CSIRO PUBLISHING - Australian Journal of Zoology
		Because of evidence that Protostomia and Deuterostomia were never linked during evolution, the origin of the coeloms in the former are explained by the Gonocoelic Theory and in the latter by the Enterocoelic.
		This, with the recognition of the monomeric protostomes as a distinct group, establishes that segmentation arose at the same time as the coeloms, so that their origins are one problem and not two as usually thought.
		Thus, the classic Animalia division into Protostomia and Deuterostomia may represent a Protista division such that the animal groups are closer to fungi and plants respectively than they are to each other.
	www.publish.csiro.au /nid/90/paper/ZO9850153.htm (342 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Print Preview - Animal
		Such groups are founded on the basis of how the cells divide and how various organs are formed.
		For example, one such basic division is into the Protostomia, in which the embryonic mouth persists, and Deuterostomia, in which a new mouth is formed.
		The ancestral bilaterian had a gut but no other body cavity; because of the absence of such a cavity, or coelom, the animal could be called an acoelomate.
	au.encarta.msn.com /text_761558664___3/Animal.html (871 words)

	articulata
		Protostomia (Gastroneuralia), Ecdysozoa and Spiralia (bold lines) are strongly supported groups.
		Proposed relationships under the Ecdysozoa hypothesis: Panarthropoda and Cycloneuralia are sister taxa, the closest sister group of Ecdysozoa is Gastrotricha.
		Protostomia (Gastroneuralia): dorsofrontal cerebral ganglion with inner neuropil, longitudinal nerve cords including one pair of ventrolateral nerves.
	chuma.cas.usf.edu /~garey/articulata.html (622 words)

	Nature Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Because of this important difference in larval gut ontogeny, the tube-shaped guts in protostome and deuterostome primary larvae are thought to have evolved independently.
		To test this hypothesis, we have analysed the expression of brachyury, otx and goosecoid homologues in the polychaete Platynereis dumerilii, which develops by means of a trochophora larva---the primary, ciliary larva prototypic for Protostomia.
		We present molecular evidence for the evolutionary conservation of larval foreguts and mouth regions of Protostomia and Deuterostomia.
	www.natureasia.com /get.pl5/japan/nature/abstracts/issue6816/abstract409081a.html (180 words)

	Protostomia
		The group of animals to which the molluscs, arthropods and annelid worms belong is called the Protostomia.
		Protostomia means "first mouth", so called because the mouth develops from the first opening into the gut (blastopore).
		The body cavity or coelom forms from a split in the embryonic middle tissue (mesoderm).
	www.historyoftheuniverse.com /protosto.html (92 words)

	Re: What are the 'advantages' of developing a deuterostome pattern of embryonic
		The term "Deuterostomia" was coined by K. Grobben in 1908 as part of an attempt to apply order to the Metazoa (multicellular animals).
		In fact, recent data confirm that the only real difference between the Protostome and Deuterostome body plans is an inverted Dorso-ventral axis; an idea originally proposed by E. Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire in 1822 and swept under the developmental rug by scientists like Grobben who didn't like the idea of man having a common ancestry with bugs.
		As far as 'advantages' of Deuterostomia over Protostomia, it is important to remember that Deuterostomes make up less than one percent of all animal species, with at least twice as many non-arthropod Protostomes as all Deuterostomes (Arthropoda accounts for about 85% of all metazoan species).
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/1999-02/918160589.Dv.r.html (799 words)

	Issihk.com - Animal, Animal Behavior, Animal Migration - All Trade and Business Information You Need ! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Within the Bilateria, a number of phyla have been linked on the basis of early embryology—specifically, how the cells divide and how various organs are formed.
		One basic division is into the Protostomia, in which the embryonic mouth persists, and the Deuterostomia, in which the mouth is produced secondarily in development.
		A major advance of the Protostomia occurred with the addition of a coelom to the gut.
	www.issicn.com /animals.htm (3359 words)

	[No title]
		Therefore attempts to derive Deuterostomia from Protostomia cannot be rejected because of the crossing of the alimentary canal and nervous system.
		The origin of the Deuterostomia, which includes Vertebrata, is also important problem in the biology of evolution.　 Some scholars think that the Deuterostomia originated from the Protostomia, which includes Annelida and Arthropoda.　 The upturned features of Protostomia are similar to Deuterostomia (Fig.
		7).　 The genes of determination of ventral side of Protostomia have made clear to be similar to ones of dorsal side of Deuterostomia(19).
	www.geocities.jp /tomioitow/newpage16.html (1386 words)

	Introduction to the Ecdysozoa
		The Ecdysozoa is one of the two large subdivisions within the Protostomia, a group in which the mouth develops from the first opening to develop in the embryo.
		In turn, the Protostomia belongs to a larger group within the Animalia called the Bilateria, because these animals are bilaterally symmetrical, with a left and a right side to their bodies.
		Unlike other animals with skeletons who build their body's support from minerals, an ecdysozoan builds a cuticle, an outer layer of organic material that functions as its skeleton.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /phyla/ecdysozoa.html (602 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The unique “Big Bang” of life is represented by the rise and prosperity of the triploblastic animals, which, accounting for more than 90% of the total animal species, are subdivided into two major super-groups, the Protostomia and the Deuterostomia.
		This Chinese unique fossil deposit has produced not only numerous taxa of ecdysozoans and lophotrochoans in Protostomia, but also many primitive representatives of all the three living deuterostome phyla, i.e.
		However, based on new molecular data, the two phyla are now believed to be separated into two major realms within Protostomia, i.e.
	www.globalzoology.org /de-gan-shu.doc (1943 words)

	Explanations
		The Division of Arthropoda is integrated into Subdivision Eumetazoa, the associated Group of Articulate Protostomia into Animals Kingdom.
		During the process of embryogenesis, the protostoma is developing to mouth opening and the anus is rupturing secondarily.
		The Group of Protostomia with coelum is presented by Articulate Protostomia.
	www.wir-trilobiten.de /Erlaeuterungen_e.htm (1394 words)

	Search in gallery
		Embryology.The protostomia (= first mouth) develops from the first opening into the gut (blastopore).
		The body coelom (= cavity) forms from a split (schizo) in the embryonic mesoderm (middle tissue).
		The group of animals belonging to the Protostomia are: molluscs, arthropods and annelids.
	www.vcbio.science.ru.nl /eng/image-gallery/show/IL020 (62 words)

	General Patterns
		The Deuterostomia show mesoderm formation of two types; Primary mesenchyme is formed from the blastoporal micromeres in echinoderms, while coelomic sacs are formed through various types of enterocoely in most phyla (AE 307).
		Protonephridia are found in almost all bilaterian phyla, but the morphology of the organs is highly variable, for example, since Protostomia and Deuterostomia are not homologous, the metanephridia of these groups cannot be homologous either (AE 69).
		Flame cells do not exist in Nematoda and Nematomorpha; they are pluricellular in Kinorhyncha and Nemertea; Ctenophora possess pluricellular ciliary rosettes whose function is almost identical to that of a flame-cell (OR 228-9).
	nausicaa.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp /MDS/anima97/node4.html (625 words)

	Animals Scientific classification Scientific classification ...
		The simplest of such animals are the Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes (flatworms), which may be paraphyletic to the higher phyla.
		The vast majority of the triploblastic phyla form a group called the Protostomia Protostomia.
		These phyla all have a complete digestive tract (including a mouth mouth and an anus anus), with the mouth developing from the archenteron archenteron and the anus arising later.
	www.biodatabase.de /Animal (1501 words)

	The Invertebrate Animals
		HOX genes in one or more clusters with the genes within a cluster arranged in the same order as the body parts they affect.
		The bilaterians contain two clades, the protostomia and the deuterostomia.
		Their name was created from the names of formerly-separated groups that have now been joined in a single clade on the basis of the similarities of their genomes:
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/I/Invertebrates.html (1969 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
		male germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
		female germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
	www.fruitfly.org /~cjm/obol/export/cell.owl (26 words)

	An old body became a new brain and heart (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		According to the protostomia - deuterostomia concept, a widening and deformation of the blastopore took place in one dimension, resulting in a slit-like geometry that forms the future midline (below left).
		In protostomia such as insects, the anterior part of the slit remained open as the mouth.
		In deuterostomia including vertebrates, a posterior part remained open forming the anus.
	www.eb.tuebingen.mpg.de /dept4/meinhardt/web_org/hy-hea-brain.htm (799 words)

	Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa and Protostomia -- ...
		Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa and Protostomia -- Philippe et al., 10.1093/molbev/msi111 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution
		Articles by Philippe, H. Articles by Brinkmann, H. Molecular Biology and Evolution © Published by Oxford University Press 2005.
		Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa and Protostomia
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/msi111v1 (324 words)

	EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: ON THE SCHEME OF ANIMAL PHYLA
		3) In contrast, the new trees [1-3,7] suggest that the basic division in animals is between the Protostomia and Deuterostomia (a distinction based on the origin of the mouth during embryo formation).
		The Protostomia can be divided into two "superphyla": Ecdysozoa (animals that undergo ecdysis or moulting, including flies and nematodes) and Lophotrochozoa (animals with a feeding structure called the lophophore, including snails and earthworms).
		In this new tree, the coelom must have arisen more than once, or have been lost from some phyla.
	scienceweek.com /2005/sw050603-3.htm (1707 words)

	Z250 - Lec12 Outline- Protostomia & Deuterostomia (2004) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Z250 - Lec12 Outline- Protostomia & Deuterostomia (2004)
		Two major divisions of the Bilateria (Protostomia and Deuterostomia) exhibit many differences:
		schizocoely: mesenchyme cells proliferate into balls of cells that then 'split' to form mesodermally lined coelom (Protostomia)
	biodb.biology.ualberta.ca /courses.hp/zool250/LecOutl-04/LecOutl/outl12.htm (69 words)

	Hemichordata Lecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Fig 2 Metazoan phylogeny showing the relationships of Deuterostomia.
		Bilateria is divided into two great taxa, Protostomia and Deuterostomia.
		Fig 27.12B A recently proposed deuterostome phylogeny based on molecules and morphology.
	www.lander.edu /RSFOX/310hemichorLec.html (2196 words)

	Development of pigment-cup eyes in the polychaete Platynereis dumerilii and evolutionary conservation of larval eyes in ...
		across the Protostomia and Deuterostomia split is disputed from
		so far in Protostomia are either highly derived (squid lens
		active in Protostomia but not in the vertebrates.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/129/5/1143?ck=nck (6161 words)

	Definition of protostome - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		: any of a major group (Protostomia) of bilateral metazoan animals (as mollusks, annelids, and arthropods) characterized in typical forms by determinate and spiral cleavage, formation of a mouth and anus directly from the blastopore, and formation of the coelom by splitting of the embryonic mesoderm -- compare
		For More Information on "protostome" go to Britannica.com
		Now you can take the Eleventh Edition with you anywhere as Franklin's new Speaking Electronic Handheld!
	www.m-w.com /cgi-bin/dictionary?va=protostomes (132 words)

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